GDAL

Classes | Macros | Enumerations | Functions
cpl_string.h File Reference

Various convenience functions for working with strings and string lists. More...

`#include "cpl_error.h"`
`#include "cpl_conv.h"`
`#include "cpl_vsi.h"`
`#include <stdbool.h>`

Go to the source code of this file.

## Classes
class | CPLString
| Convenient string class based on std::string. More...
class | CPLStringList
| String list class designed around our use of C "char**" string lists. More...

## Macros
#define | CSLT_HONOURSTRINGS 0x0001
| Flag for CSLTokenizeString2() to honour strings.
#define | CSLT_ALLOWEMPTYTOKENS 0x0002
| Flag for CSLTokenizeString2() to allow empty tokens.
#define | CSLT_PRESERVEQUOTES 0x0004
| Flag for CSLTokenizeString2() to preserve quotes.
#define | CSLT_PRESERVEESCAPES 0x0008
| Flag for CSLTokenizeString2() to preserve escape characters.
#define | CSLT_STRIPLEADSPACES 0x0010
| Flag for CSLTokenizeString2() to strip leading spaces.
#define | CSLT_STRIPENDSPACES 0x0020
| Flag for CSLTokenizeString2() to strip trailaing spaces.
#define | CPLES_BackslashQuotable 0
| Scheme for CPLEscapeString()/CPLUnescapeString() for backlash quoting.
#define | CPLES_XML 1
| Scheme for CPLEscapeString()/CPLUnescapeString() for XML.
#define | CPLES_URL 2
| Scheme for CPLEscapeString()/CPLUnescapeString() for URL.
#define | CPLES_SQL 3
| Scheme for CPLEscapeString()/CPLUnescapeString() for SQL.
#define | CPLES_CSV 4
| Scheme for CPLEscapeString()/CPLUnescapeString() for CSV.
#define | CPLES_XML_BUT_QUOTES 5
| Scheme for CPLEscapeString()/CPLUnescapeString() for XML (preserves quotes)
#define | CPLES_CSV_FORCE_QUOTING 6
| Scheme for CPLEscapeString()/CPLUnescapeString() for CSV (forced quoting)
#define | CPLES_SQLI 7
| Scheme for CPLEscapeString()/CPLUnescapeString() for SQL identifiers.
#define | CPL_ENC_LOCALE ""
| Encoding of the current locale.
#define | CPL_ENC_UTF8 "UTF-8"
| UTF-8 encoding.
#define | CPL_ENC_UTF16 "UTF-16"
| UTF-16 encoding.
#define | CPL_ENC_UCS2 "UCS-2"
| UCS-2 encoding.
#define | CPL_ENC_UCS4 "UCS-4"
| UCS-4 encoding.
#define | CPL_ENC_ASCII "ASCII"
| ASCII encoding.
#define | CPL_ENC_ISO8859_1 "ISO-8859-1"
| ISO-8859-1 (LATIN1) encoding.

## Enumerations
enum | CPLValueType { CPL_VALUE_STRING , CPL_VALUE_REAL , CPL_VALUE_INTEGER }
| Type of value. More...

## Functions
char ** | CSLAddString (char **papszStrList, const char *pszNewString)
| Append a string to a StringList and return a pointer to the modified StringList. More...
char ** | CSLAddStringMayFail (char **papszStrList, const char *pszNewString)
| Same as CSLAddString() but may return NULL in case of (memory) failure.
int | CSLCount (CSLConstList papszStrList)
| Return number of items in a string list. More...
const char * | CSLGetField (CSLConstList, int)
| Fetches the indicated field, being careful not to crash if the field doesn't exist within this string list. More...
void | CSLDestroy (char **papszStrList)
| Free string list. More...
char ** | CSLDuplicate (CSLConstList papszStrList)
| Clone a string list. More...
char ** | CSLMerge (char **papszOrig, CSLConstList papszOverride)
| Merge two lists. More...
char ** | CSLTokenizeString (const char *pszString)
| Tokenizes a string and returns a StringList with one string for each token.
char ** | CSLTokenizeStringComplex (const char *pszString, const char *pszDelimiter, int bHonourStrings, int bAllowEmptyTokens)
| Obsolete tokenizing api. More...
char ** | CSLTokenizeString2 (const char *pszString, const char *pszDelimiter, int nCSLTFlags)
| Tokenize a string. More...
int | CSLPrint (CSLConstList papszStrList, FILE *fpOut)
| Print a StringList to fpOut. More...
char ** | CSLLoad (const char *pszFname)
| Load a text file into a string list. More...
char ** | CSLLoad2 (const char *pszFname, int nMaxLines, int nMaxCols, CSLConstList papszOptions)
| Load a text file into a string list. More...
int | CSLSave (CSLConstList papszStrList, const char *pszFname)
| Write a StringList to a text file. More...
char ** | CSLInsertStrings (char **papszStrList, int nInsertAtLineNo, CSLConstList papszNewLines)
| Copies the contents of a StringList inside another StringList before the specified line. More...
char ** | CSLInsertString (char **papszStrList, int nInsertAtLineNo, const char *pszNewLine)
| Insert a string at a given line number inside a StringList. More...
char ** | CSLRemoveStrings (char **papszStrList, int nFirstLineToDelete, int nNumToRemove, char ***ppapszRetStrings)
| Remove strings inside a StringList. More...
int | CSLFindString (CSLConstList papszList, const char *pszTarget)
| Find a string within a string list (case insensitive). More...
int | CSLFindStringCaseSensitive (CSLConstList papszList, const char *pszTarget)
| Find a string within a string list(case sensitive) More...
int | CSLPartialFindString (CSLConstList papszHaystack, const char *pszNeedle)
| Find a substring within a string list. More...
int | CSLFindName (CSLConstList papszStrList, const char *pszName)
| Find StringList entry with given key name. More...
int | CSLFetchBoolean (CSLConstList papszStrList, const char *pszKey, int bDefault)
| DEPRECATED. More...
int | CSLTestBoolean (const char *pszValue)
| Test what boolean value contained in the string. More...
int | CPLTestBoolean (const char *pszValue)
| Test what boolean value contained in the string. More...
bool | CPLTestBool (const char *pszValue)
| Test what boolean value contained in the string. More...
bool | CPLFetchBool (CSLConstList papszStrList, const char *pszKey, bool bDefault)
| Check for boolean key value. More...
const char * | CPLParseNameValue (const char *pszNameValue, char **ppszKey)
| Parse NAME=VALUE string into name and value components. More...
const char * | CPLParseNameValueSep (const char *pszNameValue, char **ppszKey, char chSep)
| Parse NAME<Sep>VALUE string into name and value components. More...
const char * | CSLFetchNameValue (CSLConstList papszStrList, const char *pszName)
| In a StringList of "Name=Value" pairs, look for the first value associated with the specified name. More...
const char * | CSLFetchNameValueDef (CSLConstList papszStrList, const char *pszName, const char *pszDefault)
| Same as CSLFetchNameValue() but return pszDefault in case of no match.
char ** | CSLFetchNameValueMultiple (CSLConstList papszStrList, const char *pszName)
| In a StringList of "Name=Value" pairs, look for all the values with the specified name. More...
char ** | CSLAddNameValue (char **papszStrList, const char *pszName, const char *pszValue)
| Add a new entry to a StringList of "Name=Value" pairs, ("Name:Value" pairs are also supported for backward compatibility with older stuff.) More...
char ** | CSLSetNameValue (char **papszStrList, const char *pszName, const char *pszValue)
| Assign value to name in StringList. More...
void | CSLSetNameValueSeparator (char **papszStrList, const char *pszSeparator)
| Replace the default separator (":" or "=") with the passed separator in the given name/value list. More...
char ** | CSLParseCommandLine (const char *pszCommandLine)
| Tokenize command line arguments in a list of strings. More...
char * | CPLEscapeString (const char *pszString, int nLength, int nScheme)
| Apply escaping to string to preserve special characters. More...
char * | CPLUnescapeString (const char *pszString, int *pnLength, int nScheme)
| Unescape a string. More...
char * | CPLBinaryToHex (int nBytes, const GByte *pabyData)
| Binary to hexadecimal translation. More...
GByte * | CPLHexToBinary (const char *pszHex, int *pnBytes)
| Hexadecimal to binary translation. More...
char * | CPLBase64Encode (int nBytes, const GByte *pabyData)
| Base64 encode a buffer.
int | CPLBase64DecodeInPlace (GByte *pszBase64)
| Decode base64 string "pszBase64" (null terminated) in place. More...
CPLValueType | CPLGetValueType (const char *pszValue)
| Detect the type of the value contained in a string, whether it is a real, an integer or a string Leading and trailing spaces are skipped in the analysis. More...
int | CPLToupper (int c)
| Converts a (ASCII) lowercase character to uppercase. More...
int | CPLTolower (int c)
| Converts a (ASCII) uppercase character to lowercase. More...
size_t | CPLStrlcpy (char *pszDest, const char *pszSrc, size_t nDestSize)
| Copy source string to a destination buffer. More...
size_t | CPLStrlcat (char *pszDest, const char *pszSrc, size_t nDestSize)
| Appends a source string to a destination buffer. More...
size_t | CPLStrnlen (const char *pszStr, size_t nMaxLen)
| Returns the length of a NUL terminated string by reading at most the specified number of bytes. More...
int | CPLvsnprintf (char *str, size_t size, const char *fmt, va_list args)
| vsnprintf() wrapper that is not sensitive to LC_NUMERIC settings. More...
int | CPLsnprintf (char *str, size_t size, const char *fmt,...)
| snprintf() wrapper that is not sensitive to LC_NUMERIC settings. More...
int | CPLprintf (const char *fmt,...)
| printf() wrapper that is not sensitive to LC_NUMERIC settings. More...
const char * | CPLSPrintf (const char *fmt,...)
| CPLSPrintf() that works with 10 static buffer. More...
char ** | CSLAppendPrintf (char **papszStrList, const char *fmt,...)
| Use CPLSPrintf() to append a new line at the end of a StringList. More...
int | CPLVASPrintf (char **buf, const char *fmt, va_list args)
| This is intended to serve as an easy to use C callable vasprintf() alternative. More...
int | CPLEncodingCharSize (const char *pszEncoding)
| Return bytes per character for encoding. More...
char * | CPLRecode (const char *pszSource, const char *pszSrcEncoding, const char *pszDstEncoding)
| Convert a string from a source encoding to a destination encoding. More...
char * | CPLRecodeFromWChar (const wchar_t *pwszSource, const char *pszSrcEncoding, const char *pszDstEncoding)
| Convert wchar_t string to UTF-8. More...
wchar_t * | CPLRecodeToWChar (const char *pszSource, const char *pszSrcEncoding, const char *pszDstEncoding)
| Convert UTF-8 string to a wchar_t string. More...
int | CPLIsUTF8 (const char *pabyData, int nLen)
| Test if a string is encoded as UTF-8. More...
bool | CPLIsASCII (const char *pabyData, size_t nLen)
| Test if a string is encoded as ASCII. More...
char * | CPLForceToASCII (const char *pabyData, int nLen, char chReplacementChar)
| Return a new string that is made only of ASCII characters. More...
char * | CPLUTF8ForceToASCII (const char *pszStr, char chReplacementChar)
| Return a new string that is made only of ASCII characters. More...
int | CPLStrlenUTF8 (const char *pszUTF8Str)
| Return the number of UTF-8 characters of a nul-terminated string. More...
int | CPLCanRecode (const char *pszTestStr, const char *pszSrcEncoding, const char *pszDstEncoding)
| Checks if it is possible to recode a string from one encoding to another. More...
CPLString | CPLOPrintf (const char *pszFormat,...)
| Return a CPLString with the content of sprintf()
CPLString | CPLOvPrintf (const char *pszFormat, va_list args)
| Return a CPLString with the content of vsprintf()
CPLString | CPLQuotedSQLIdentifier (const char *pszIdent)
| Return a CPLString of the SQL quoted identifier.
CPLString | CPLURLGetValue (const char *pszURL, const char *pszKey)
| Return the value matching a key from a key=value pair in a URL. More...
CPLString | CPLURLAddKVP (const char *pszURL, const char *pszKey, const char *pszValue)
| Return a new URL with a new key=value pair. More...

## Detailed Description

Various convenience functions for working with strings and string lists.

A StringList is just an array of strings with the last pointer being NULL. An empty StringList may be either a NULL pointer, or a pointer to a pointer memory location with a NULL value.

A common convention for StringLists is to use them to store name/value lists. In this case the contents are treated like a dictionary of name/value pairs. The actual data is formatted with each string having the format "<name>:<value>" (though "=" is also an acceptable separator). A number of the functions in the file operate on name/value style string lists (such as CSLSetNameValue(), and CSLFetchNameValue()).

To some extent the CPLStringList C++ class can be used to abstract managing string lists a bit but still be able to return them from C functions.

## Enumeration Type Documentation

## ◆ CPLValueType

enum CPLValueType

Type of value.

Enumerator
CPL_VALUE_STRING | String.
CPL_VALUE_REAL | Real number.
CPL_VALUE_INTEGER | Integer.

## Function Documentation

## ◆ CPLBase64DecodeInPlace()

int CPLBase64DecodeInPlace | ( | GByte * | pszBase64 | ) |

Decode base64 string "pszBase64" (null terminated) in place.

Returns length of decoded array or 0 on failure.

## ◆ CPLBinaryToHex()

char * CPLBinaryToHex | ( | int | nBytes,
|  | const GByte * | pabyData
| ) |  |

Binary to hexadecimal translation.

Parameters

  nBytes | number of bytes of binary data in pabyData.
  pabyData | array of data bytes to translate.

Returns
  hexadecimal translation, zero terminated. Free with CPLFree().

## ◆ CPLCanRecode()

int CPLCanRecode | ( | const char * | pszTestStr,
|  | const char * | pszSrcEncoding,
|  | const char * | pszDstEncoding
| ) |  |

Checks if it is possible to recode a string from one encoding to another.

Parameters

  pszTestStr | a NULL terminated string.
  pszSrcEncoding | the source encoding.
  pszDstEncoding | the destination encoding.

Returns
  a TRUE if recode is possible.

Since
  GDAL 3.1.0

## ◆ CPLEncodingCharSize()

int CPLEncodingCharSize | ( | const char * | pszEncoding | ) |

Return bytes per character for encoding.

This function returns the size in bytes of the smallest character in this encoding. For fixed width encodings (ASCII, UCS-2, UCS-4) this is straight forward. For encodings like UTF8 and UTF16 which represent some characters as a sequence of atomic character sizes the function still returns the atomic character size (1 for UTF8, 2 for UTF16).

This function will return the correct value for well known encodings with corresponding CPL_ENC_ values. It may not return the correct value for other encodings even if they are supported by the underlying iconv or windows transliteration services. Hopefully it will improve over time.

Parameters

  pszEncoding | the name of the encoding.

Returns
  the size of a minimal character in bytes or -1 if the size is unknown.

## ◆ CPLEscapeString()

char * CPLEscapeString | ( | const char * | pszInput,
|  | int | nLength,
|  | int | nScheme
| ) |  |

Apply escaping to string to preserve special characters.

This function will "escape" a variety of special characters to make the string suitable to embed within a string constant or to write within a text stream but in a form that can be reconstituted to its original form. The escaping will even preserve zero bytes allowing preservation of raw binary data.

CPLES_BackslashQuotable(0): This scheme turns a binary string into a form suitable to be placed within double quotes as a string constant. The backslash, quote, '\0' and newline characters are all escaped in the usual C style.

CPLES_XML(1): This scheme converts the '<', '>', '"' and '&' characters into their XML/HTML equivalent (<, >, " and &) making a string safe to embed as CDATA within an XML element. The '\0' is not escaped and should not be included in the input.

CPLES_URL(2): Everything except alphanumerics and the characters '$', '-', '_', '.', '+', '!', '*', ''', '(', ')' and ',' (see RFC1738) are converted to a percent followed by a two digit hex encoding of the character (leading zero supplied if needed). This is the mechanism used for encoding values to be passed in URLs.

CPLES_SQL(3): All single quotes are replaced with two single quotes. Suitable for use when constructing literal values for SQL commands where the literal will be enclosed in single quotes.

CPLES_CSV(4): If the values contains commas, semicolons, tabs, double quotes, or newlines it placed in double quotes, and double quotes in the value are doubled. Suitable for use when constructing field values for .csv files. Note that CPLUnescapeString() currently does not support this format, only CPLEscapeString(). See cpl_csv.cpp for CSV parsing support.

CPLES_SQLI(7): All double quotes are replaced with two double quotes. Suitable for use when constructing identifiers for SQL commands where the literal will be enclosed in double quotes.

Parameters

  pszInput | the string to escape.
  nLength | The number of bytes of data to preserve. If this is -1 the strlen(pszString) function will be used to compute the length.
  nScheme | the encoding scheme to use.

Returns
  an escaped, zero terminated string that should be freed with CPLFree() when no longer needed.

## ◆ CPLFetchBool()

bool CPLFetchBool | ( | CSLConstList | papszStrList,
|  | const char * | pszKey,
|  | bool | bDefault
| ) |  |

Check for boolean key value.

In a StringList of "Name=Value" pairs, look to see if there is a key with the given name, and if it can be interpreted as being TRUE. If the key appears without any "=Value" portion it will be considered true. If the value is NO, FALSE or 0 it will be considered FALSE otherwise if the key appears in the list it will be considered TRUE. If the key doesn't appear at all, the indicated default value will be returned.

Parameters

  papszStrList | the string list to search.
  pszKey | the key value to look for (case insensitive).
  bDefault | the value to return if the key isn't found at all.

Returns
  true or false

## ◆ CPLForceToASCII()

char * CPLForceToASCII | ( | const char * | pabyData,
|  | int | nLen,
|  | char | chReplacementChar
| ) |  |

Return a new string that is made only of ASCII characters.

If non-ASCII characters are found in the input string, they will be replaced by the provided replacement character.

This function does not make any assumption on the encoding of the input string (except it must be nul-terminated if nLen equals -1, or have at least nLen bytes otherwise). CPLUTF8ForceToASCII() can be used instead when the input string is known to be UTF-8 encoded.

Parameters

  pabyData | input string to test
  nLen | length of the input string, or -1 if the function must compute the string length. In which case it must be null terminated.
  chReplacementChar | character which will be used when the input stream contains a non ASCII character. Must be valid ASCII!

Returns
  a new string that must be freed with CPLFree().

Since
  GDAL 1.7.0

## ◆ CPLGetValueType()

CPLValueType CPLGetValueType | ( | const char * | pszValue | ) |

Detect the type of the value contained in a string, whether it is a real, an integer or a string Leading and trailing spaces are skipped in the analysis.

Note: in the context of this function, integer must be understood in a broad sense. It does not mean that the value can fit into a 32 bit integer for example. It might be larger.

Parameters

  pszValue | the string to analyze

Returns
  returns the type of the value contained in the string.

## ◆ CPLHexToBinary()

GByte * CPLHexToBinary | ( | const char * | pszHex,
|  | int * | pnBytes
| ) |  |

Hexadecimal to binary translation.

Parameters

  pszHex | the input hex encoded string.
  pnBytes | the returned count of decoded bytes placed here.

Returns
  returns binary buffer of data - free with CPLFree().

## ◆ CPLIsASCII()

bool CPLIsASCII | ( | const char * | pabyData,
|  | size_t | nLen
| ) |  |

Test if a string is encoded as ASCII.

Parameters

  pabyData | input string to test
  nLen | length of the input string, or -1 if the function must compute the string length. In which case it must be null terminated.

Returns
  true if the string is encoded as ASCII. false otherwise

Since
  GDAL 3.6.0

## ◆ CPLIsUTF8()

int CPLIsUTF8 | ( | const char * | pabyData,
|  | int | nLen
| ) |  |

Test if a string is encoded as UTF-8.

Parameters

  pabyData | input string to test
  nLen | length of the input string, or -1 if the function must compute the string length. In which case it must be null terminated.

Returns
  TRUE if the string is encoded as UTF-8. FALSE otherwise

Since
  GDAL 1.7.0

## ◆ CPLParseNameValue()

const char * CPLParseNameValue | ( | const char * | pszNameValue,
|  | char ** | ppszKey
| ) |  |

Parse NAME=VALUE string into name and value components.

Note that if ppszKey is non-NULL, the key (or name) portion will be allocated using CPLMalloc(), and returned in that pointer. It is the applications responsibility to free this string, but the application should not modify or free the returned value portion.

This function also support "NAME:VALUE" strings and will strip white space from around the delimiter when forming name and value strings.

Eventually CSLFetchNameValue() and friends may be modified to use CPLParseNameValue().

Parameters

  pszNameValue | string in "NAME=VALUE" format.
  ppszKey | optional pointer though which to return the name portion.

Returns
  the value portion (pointing into original string).

## ◆ CPLParseNameValueSep()

const char * CPLParseNameValueSep | ( | const char * | pszNameValue,
|  | char ** | ppszKey,
|  | char | chSep
| ) |  |

Parse NAME<Sep>VALUE string into name and value components.

This is derived directly from CPLParseNameValue() which will separate on '=' OR ':', here chSep is required for specifying the separator explicitly.

Parameters

  pszNameValue | string in "NAME=VALUE" format.
  ppszKey | optional pointer though which to return the name portion.
  chSep | required single char separator

Returns
  the value portion (pointing into original string).

## ◆ CPLprintf()

int CPLprintf | ( | const char * | fmt,
|  |  | ...
| ) |  |

printf() wrapper that is not sensitive to LC_NUMERIC settings.

This function has the same contract as standard printf(), except that formatting of floating-point numbers will use decimal point, whatever the current locale is set.

Parameters

  fmt | formatting string
  ... | arguments

Returns
  the number of characters (excluding terminating nul) written in output buffer.

Since
  GDAL 2.0

## ◆ CPLRecode()

char * CPLRecode | ( | const char * | pszSource,
|  | const char * | pszSrcEncoding,
|  | const char * | pszDstEncoding
| ) |  |

Convert a string from a source encoding to a destination encoding.

The only guaranteed supported encodings are CPL_ENC_UTF8, CPL_ENC_ASCII and CPL_ENC_ISO8859_1. Currently, the following conversions are supported :

- CPL_ENC_ASCII -> CPL_ENC_UTF8 or CPL_ENC_ISO8859_1 (no conversion in fact)
- CPL_ENC_ISO8859_1 -> CPL_ENC_UTF8
- CPL_ENC_UTF8 -> CPL_ENC_ISO8859_1

If an error occurs an error may, or may not be posted with CPLError().

Parameters

  pszSource | a NULL terminated string.
  pszSrcEncoding | the source encoding.
  pszDstEncoding | the destination encoding.

Returns
  a NULL terminated string which should be freed with CPLFree().

Since
  GDAL 1.6.0

## ◆ CPLRecodeFromWChar()

char * CPLRecodeFromWChar | ( | const wchar_t * | pwszSource,
|  | const char * | pszSrcEncoding,
|  | const char * | pszDstEncoding
| ) |  |

Convert wchar_t string to UTF-8.

Convert a wchar_t string into a multibyte utf-8 string. The only guaranteed supported source encoding is CPL_ENC_UCS2, and the only guaranteed supported destination encodings are CPL_ENC_UTF8, CPL_ENC_ASCII and CPL_ENC_ISO8859_1. In some cases (i.e. using iconv()) other encodings may also be supported.

Note that the wchar_t type varies in size on different systems. On win32 it is normally 2 bytes, and on UNIX 4 bytes.

If an error occurs an error may, or may not be posted with CPLError().

Parameters

  pwszSource | the source wchar_t string, terminated with a 0 wchar_t.
  pszSrcEncoding | the source encoding, typically CPL_ENC_UCS2.
  pszDstEncoding | the destination encoding, typically CPL_ENC_UTF8.

Returns
  a zero terminated multi-byte string which should be freed with CPLFree(), or NULL if an error occurs.

Since
  GDAL 1.6.0

## ◆ CPLRecodeToWChar()

wchar_t * CPLRecodeToWChar | ( | const char * | pszSource,
|  | const char * | pszSrcEncoding,
|  | const char * | pszDstEncoding
| ) |  |

Convert UTF-8 string to a wchar_t string.

Convert a 8bit, multi-byte per character input string into a wide character (wchar_t) string. The only guaranteed supported source encodings are CPL_ENC_UTF8, CPL_ENC_ASCII and CPL_ENC_ISO8869_1 (LATIN1). The only guaranteed supported destination encoding is CPL_ENC_UCS2. Other source and destination encodings may be supported depending on the underlying implementation.

Note that the wchar_t type varies in size on different systems. On win32 it is normally 2 bytes, and on UNIX 4 bytes.

If an error occurs an error may, or may not be posted with CPLError().

Parameters

  pszSource | input multi-byte character string.
  pszSrcEncoding | source encoding, typically CPL_ENC_UTF8.
  pszDstEncoding | destination encoding, typically CPL_ENC_UCS2.

Returns
  the zero terminated wchar_t string (to be freed with CPLFree()) or NULL on error.

Since
  GDAL 1.6.0

## ◆ CPLsnprintf()

int CPLsnprintf | ( | char * | str,
|  | size_t | size,
|  | const char * | fmt,
|  |  | ...
| ) |  |

snprintf() wrapper that is not sensitive to LC_NUMERIC settings.

This function has the same contract as standard snprintf(), except that formatting of floating-point numbers will use decimal point, whatever the current locale is set.

Parameters

  str | output buffer
  size | size of the output buffer (including space for terminating nul)
  fmt | formatting string
  ... | arguments

Returns
  the number of characters (excluding terminating nul) that would be written if size is big enough. Or potentially -1 with Microsoft C runtime for Visual Studio < 2015.

Since
  GDAL 2.0

## ◆ CPLSPrintf()

const char * CPLSPrintf | ( | const char * | fmt,
|  |  | ...
| ) |  |

CPLSPrintf() that works with 10 static buffer.

It returns a ref. to a static buffer that should not be freed and is valid only until the next call to CPLSPrintf().

## ◆ CPLStrlcat()

size_t CPLStrlcat | ( | char * | pszDest,
|  | const char * | pszSrc,
|  | size_t | nDestSize
| ) |  |

Appends a source string to a destination buffer.

This function ensures that the destination buffer is always NUL terminated (provided that its length is at least 1 and that there is at least one byte free in pszDest, that is to say strlen(pszDest_before) < nDestSize)

This function is designed to be a safer, more consistent, and less error prone replacement for strncat. Its contract is identical to libbsd's strlcat.

Truncation can be detected by testing if the return value of CPLStrlcat is greater or equal to nDestSize.

    char szDest[5] = {};
    CPLStrlcpy(szDest, "ab", sizeof(szDest));
    if( CPLStrlcat(szDest, "cde", sizeof(szDest)) >= sizeof(szDest) )
        fprintf(stderr, "truncation occurred !\n");

Parameters

  pszDest | destination buffer. Must be NUL terminated before running CPLStrlcat
  pszSrc | source string. Must be NUL terminated
  nDestSize | size of destination buffer (including space for the NUL terminator character)

Returns
  the theoretical length of the destination string after concatenation (=strlen(pszDest_before) + strlen(pszSrc)). If strlen(pszDest_before) >= nDestSize, then it returns nDestSize + strlen(pszSrc)

Since
  GDAL 1.7.0

## ◆ CPLStrlcpy()

size_t CPLStrlcpy | ( | char * | pszDest,
|  | const char * | pszSrc,
|  | size_t | nDestSize
| ) |  |

Copy source string to a destination buffer.

This function ensures that the destination buffer is always NUL terminated (provided that its length is at least 1).

This function is designed to be a safer, more consistent, and less error prone replacement for strncpy. Its contract is identical to libbsd's strlcpy.

Truncation can be detected by testing if the return value of CPLStrlcpy is greater or equal to nDestSize.

    char szDest[5] = {};
    if( CPLStrlcpy(szDest, "abcde", sizeof(szDest)) >= sizeof(szDest) )
        fprintf(stderr, "truncation occurred !\n");

Parameters

  pszDest | destination buffer
  pszSrc | source string. Must be NUL terminated
  nDestSize | size of destination buffer (including space for the NUL terminator character)

Returns
  the length of the source string (=strlen(pszSrc))

Since
  GDAL 1.7.0

## ◆ CPLStrlenUTF8()

int CPLStrlenUTF8 | ( | const char * | pszUTF8Str | ) |

Return the number of UTF-8 characters of a nul-terminated string.

This is different from strlen() which returns the number of bytes.

Parameters

  pszUTF8Str | a nul-terminated UTF-8 string

Returns
  the number of UTF-8 characters.

## ◆ CPLStrnlen()

size_t CPLStrnlen | ( | const char * | pszStr,
|  | size_t | nMaxLen
| ) |  |

Returns the length of a NUL terminated string by reading at most the specified number of bytes.

The CPLStrnlen() function returns min(strlen(pszStr), nMaxLen). Only the first nMaxLen bytes of the string will be read. Useful to test if a string contains at least nMaxLen characters without reading the full string up to the NUL terminating character.

Parameters

  pszStr | a NUL terminated string
  nMaxLen | maximum number of bytes to read in pszStr

Returns
  strlen(pszStr) if the length is lesser than nMaxLen, otherwise nMaxLen if the NUL character has not been found in the first nMaxLen bytes.

Since
  GDAL 1.7.0

## ◆ CPLTestBool()

bool CPLTestBool | ( | const char * | pszValue | ) |

Test what boolean value contained in the string.

If pszValue is "NO", "FALSE", "OFF" or "0" will be returned false. Otherwise, true will be returned.

Parameters

  pszValue | the string should be tested.

Returns
  true or false.

## ◆ CPLTestBoolean()

int CPLTestBoolean | ( | const char * | pszValue | ) |

Test what boolean value contained in the string.

If pszValue is "NO", "FALSE", "OFF" or "0" will be returned FALSE. Otherwise, TRUE will be returned.

Use this only in C code. In C++, prefer CPLTestBool().

Parameters

  pszValue | the string should be tested.

Returns
  TRUE or FALSE.

## ◆ CPLTolower()

int CPLTolower | ( | int | c | ) |

Converts a (ASCII) uppercase character to lowercase.

Same as standard tolower(), except that it is not locale sensitive.

Since
  GDAL 3.9

## ◆ CPLToupper()

int CPLToupper | ( | int | c | ) |

Converts a (ASCII) lowercase character to uppercase.

Same as standard toupper(), except that it is not locale sensitive.

Since
  GDAL 3.9

## ◆ CPLUnescapeString()

char * CPLUnescapeString | ( | const char * | pszInput,
|  | int * | pnLength,
|  | int | nScheme
| ) |  |

Unescape a string.

This function does the opposite of CPLEscapeString(). Given a string with special values escaped according to some scheme, it will return a new copy of the string returned to its original form.

Parameters

  pszInput | the input string. This is a zero terminated string.
  pnLength | location to return the length of the unescaped string, which may in some cases include embedded '\0' characters.
  nScheme | the escaped scheme to undo (see CPLEscapeString() for a list). Does not yet support CSV.

Returns
  a copy of the unescaped string that should be freed by the application using CPLFree() when no longer needed.

## ◆ CPLURLAddKVP()

CPLString CPLURLAddKVP | ( | const char * | pszURL,
|  | const char * | pszKey,
|  | const char * | pszValue
| ) |  |

Return a new URL with a new key=value pair.

Parameters

  pszURL | the URL.
  pszKey | the key to find.
  pszValue | the value of the key (may be NULL to unset an existing KVP).

Returns
  the modified URL.

Since
  GDAL 1.9.0

## ◆ CPLURLGetValue()

CPLString CPLURLGetValue | ( | const char * | pszURL,
|  | const char * | pszKey
| ) |  |

Return the value matching a key from a key=value pair in a URL.

Parameters

  pszURL | the URL.
  pszKey | the key to find.

Returns
  the value of empty string if not found.

Since
  GDAL 1.9.0

## ◆ CPLUTF8ForceToASCII()

char * CPLUTF8ForceToASCII | ( | const char * | pszStr,
|  | char | chReplacementChar
| ) |  |

Return a new string that is made only of ASCII characters.

If non-ASCII characters are found in the input string, for which an "equivalent" ASCII character is not found, they will be replaced by the provided replacement character.

This function is aware of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-1_Supplement and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Extended-A to provide sensible replacements for accented characters.

Parameters

  pszStr | NUL-terminated UTF-8 string.
  chReplacementChar | character which will be used when the input stream contains a non ASCII character that cannot be substituted with an equivalent ASCII character. Must be valid ASCII!

Returns
  a new string that must be freed with CPLFree().

Since
  GDAL 3.9

## ◆ CPLVASPrintf()

int CPLVASPrintf | ( | char ** | buf,
|  | const char * | fmt,
|  | va_list | ap
| ) |  |

This is intended to serve as an easy to use C callable vasprintf() alternative.

Used in the GeoJSON library for instance

## ◆ CPLvsnprintf()

int CPLvsnprintf | ( | char * | str,
|  | size_t | size,
|  | const char * | fmt,
|  | va_list | args
| ) |  |

vsnprintf() wrapper that is not sensitive to LC_NUMERIC settings.

This function has the same contract as standard vsnprintf(), except that formatting of floating-point numbers will use decimal point, whatever the current locale is set.

Parameters

  str | output buffer
  size | size of the output buffer (including space for terminating nul)
  fmt | formatting string
  args | arguments

Returns
  the number of characters (excluding terminating nul) that would be written if size is big enough. Or potentially -1 with Microsoft C runtime for Visual Studio < 2015.

Since
  GDAL 2.0

## ◆ CSLAddNameValue()

char ** CSLAddNameValue | ( | char ** | papszStrList,
|  | const char * | pszName,
|  | const char * | pszValue
| ) |  |

Add a new entry to a StringList of "Name=Value" pairs, ("Name:Value" pairs are also supported for backward compatibility with older stuff.)

This function does not check if a "Name=Value" pair already exists for that name and can generate multiple entries for the same name. Use CSLSetNameValue() if you want each name to have only one value.

Returns the modified StringList.

## ◆ CSLAddString()

char ** CSLAddString | ( | char ** | papszStrList,
|  | const char * | pszNewString
| ) |  |

Append a string to a StringList and return a pointer to the modified StringList.

If the input StringList is NULL, then a new StringList is created. Note that CSLAddString performance when building a list is in O(n^2) which can cause noticeable slow down when n > 10000.

## ◆ CSLAppendPrintf()

char ** CSLAppendPrintf | ( | char ** | papszStrList,
|  | const char * | fmt,
|  |  | ...
| ) |  |

Use CPLSPrintf() to append a new line at the end of a StringList.

Returns the modified StringList.

## ◆ CSLCount()

int CSLCount | ( | CSLConstList | papszStrList | ) |

Return number of items in a string list.

Returns the number of items in a string list, not counting the terminating NULL. Passing in NULL is safe, and will result in a count of zero.

Lists are counted by iterating through them so long lists will take more time than short lists. Care should be taken to avoid using CSLCount() as an end condition for loops as it will result in O(n^2) behavior.

Parameters

  papszStrList | the string list to count.

Returns
  the number of entries.

## ◆ CSLDestroy()

void CSLDestroy | ( | char ** | papszStrList | ) |

Free string list.

Frees the passed string list (null terminated array of strings). It is safe to pass NULL.

Parameters

  papszStrList | the list to free.

## ◆ CSLDuplicate()

char ** CSLDuplicate | ( | CSLConstList | papszStrList | ) |

Clone a string list.

Efficiently allocates a copy of a string list. The returned list is owned by the caller and should be freed with CSLDestroy().

Parameters

  papszStrList | the input string list.

Returns
  newly allocated copy.

## ◆ CSLFetchBoolean()

int CSLFetchBoolean | ( | CSLConstList | papszStrList,
|  | const char * | pszKey,
|  | int | bDefault
| ) |  |

DEPRECATED.

Check for boolean key value.

In a StringList of "Name=Value" pairs, look to see if there is a key with the given name, and if it can be interpreted as being TRUE. If the key appears without any "=Value" portion it will be considered true. If the value is NO, FALSE or 0 it will be considered FALSE otherwise if the key appears in the list it will be considered TRUE. If the key doesn't appear at all, the indicated default value will be returned.

Parameters

  papszStrList | the string list to search.
  pszKey | the key value to look for (case insensitive).
  bDefault | the value to return if the key isn't found at all.

Returns
  TRUE or FALSE

## ◆ CSLFetchNameValue()

const char * CSLFetchNameValue | ( | CSLConstList | papszStrList,
|  | const char * | pszName
| ) |  |

In a StringList of "Name=Value" pairs, look for the first value associated with the specified name.

The search is not case sensitive. ("Name:Value" pairs are also supported for backward compatibility with older stuff.)

Returns a reference to the value in the StringList that the caller should not attempt to free.

Returns NULL if the name is not found.

## ◆ CSLFetchNameValueMultiple()

char ** CSLFetchNameValueMultiple | ( | CSLConstList | papszStrList,
|  | const char * | pszName
| ) |  |

In a StringList of "Name=Value" pairs, look for all the values with the specified name.

The search is not case sensitive. ("Name:Value" pairs are also supported for backward compatibility with older stuff.)

Returns StringList with one entry for each occurrence of the specified name. The StringList should eventually be destroyed by calling CSLDestroy().

Returns NULL if the name is not found.

## ◆ CSLFindName()

int CSLFindName | ( | CSLConstList | papszStrList,
|  | const char * | pszName
| ) |  |

Find StringList entry with given key name.

Parameters

  papszStrList | the string list to search.
  pszName | the key value to look for (case insensitive).

Returns
  -1 on failure or the list index of the first occurrence matching the given key.

## ◆ CSLFindString()

int CSLFindString | ( | CSLConstList | papszList,
|  | const char * | pszTarget
| ) |  |

Find a string within a string list (case insensitive).

Returns the index of the entry in the string list that contains the target string. The string in the string list must be a full match for the target, but the search is case insensitive.

Parameters

  papszList | the string list to be searched.
  pszTarget | the string to be searched for.

Returns
  the index of the string within the list or -1 on failure.

## ◆ CSLFindStringCaseSensitive()

int CSLFindStringCaseSensitive | ( | CSLConstList | papszList,
|  | const char * | pszTarget
| ) |  |

Find a string within a string list(case sensitive)

Returns the index of the entry in the string list that contains the target string. The string in the string list must be a full match for the target.

Parameters

  papszList | the string list to be searched.
  pszTarget | the string to be searched for.

Returns
  the index of the string within the list or -1 on failure.

Since
  GDAL 2.0

## ◆ CSLGetField()

const char * CSLGetField | ( | CSLConstList | papszStrList,
|  | int | iField
| ) |  |

Fetches the indicated field, being careful not to crash if the field doesn't exist within this string list.

The returned pointer should not be freed, and doesn't necessarily last long.

## ◆ CSLInsertString()

char ** CSLInsertString | ( | char ** | papszStrList,
|  | int | nInsertAtLineNo,
|  | const char * | pszNewLine
| ) |  |

Insert a string at a given line number inside a StringList.

nInsertAtLineNo is a 0-based line index before which the new string should be inserted. If this value is -1 or is larger than the actual number of strings in the list then the string is added at the end of the source StringList.

Returns the modified StringList.

## ◆ CSLInsertStrings()

char ** CSLInsertStrings | ( | char ** | papszStrList,
|  | int | nInsertAtLineNo,
|  | CSLConstList | papszNewLines
| ) |  |

Copies the contents of a StringList inside another StringList before the specified line.

nInsertAtLineNo is a 0-based line index before which the new strings should be inserted. If this value is -1 or is larger than the actual number of strings in the list then the strings are added at the end of the source StringList.

Returns the modified StringList.

## ◆ CSLLoad()

char ** CSLLoad | ( | const char * | pszFname | ) |

Load a text file into a string list.

The VSI*L API is used, so VSIFOpenL() supported objects that aren't physical files can also be accessed. Files are returned as a string list, with one item in the string list per line. End of line markers are stripped (by CPLReadLineL()).

If reading the file fails a CPLError() will be issued and NULL returned.

Parameters

  pszFname | the name of the file to read.

Returns
  a string list with the files lines, now owned by caller. To be freed with CSLDestroy()

## ◆ CSLLoad2()

char ** CSLLoad2 | ( | const char * | pszFname,
|  | int | nMaxLines,
|  | int | nMaxCols,
|  | CSLConstList | papszOptions
| ) |  |

Load a text file into a string list.

The VSI*L API is used, so VSIFOpenL() supported objects that aren't physical files can also be accessed. Files are returned as a string list, with one item in the string list per line. End of line markers are stripped (by CPLReadLineL()).

If reading the file fails a CPLError() will be issued and NULL returned.

Parameters

  pszFname | the name of the file to read.
  nMaxLines | maximum number of lines to read before stopping, or -1 for no limit.
  nMaxCols | maximum number of characters in a line before stopping, or -1 for no limit.
  papszOptions | NULL-terminated array of options. Unused for now.

Returns
  a string list with the files lines, now owned by caller. To be freed with CSLDestroy()

Since
  GDAL 1.7.0

## ◆ CSLMerge()

char ** CSLMerge | ( | char ** | papszOrig,
|  | CSLConstList | papszOverride
| ) |  |

Merge two lists.

The two lists are merged, ensuring that if any keys appear in both that the value from the second (papszOverride) list take precedence.

Parameters

  papszOrig | the original list, being modified.
  papszOverride | the list of items being merged in. This list is unaltered and remains owned by the caller.

Returns
  updated list.

## ◆ CSLParseCommandLine()

char ** CSLParseCommandLine | ( | const char * | pszCommandLine | ) |

Tokenize command line arguments in a list of strings.

Parameters

  pszCommandLine | command line

Returns
  NULL terminated list of strings to free with CSLDestroy()

Since
  GDAL 2.1

## ◆ CSLPartialFindString()

int CSLPartialFindString | ( | CSLConstList | papszHaystack,
|  | const char * | pszNeedle
| ) |  |

Find a substring within a string list.

Returns the index of the entry in the string list that contains the target string as a substring. The search is case sensitive (unlike CSLFindString()).

Parameters

  papszHaystack | the string list to be searched.
  pszNeedle | the substring to be searched for.

Returns
  the index of the string within the list or -1 on failure.

## ◆ CSLPrint()

int CSLPrint | ( | CSLConstList | papszStrList,
|  | FILE * | fpOut
| ) |  |

Print a StringList to fpOut.

If fpOut==NULL, then output is sent to stdout.

Returns the number of lines printed.

## ◆ CSLRemoveStrings()

char ** CSLRemoveStrings | ( | char ** | papszStrList,
|  | int | nFirstLineToDelete,
|  | int | nNumToRemove,
|  | char *** | ppapszRetStrings
| ) |  |

Remove strings inside a StringList.

nFirstLineToDelete is the 0-based line index of the first line to remove. If this value is -1 or is larger than the actual number of strings in list then the nNumToRemove last strings are removed.

If ppapszRetStrings != NULL then the deleted strings won't be free'd, they will be stored in a new StringList and the pointer to this new list will be returned in *ppapszRetStrings.

Returns the modified StringList.

## ◆ CSLSave()

int CSLSave | ( | CSLConstList | papszStrList,
|  | const char * | pszFname
| ) |  |

Write a StringList to a text file.

Returns the number of lines written, or 0 if the file could not be written.

## ◆ CSLSetNameValue()

char ** CSLSetNameValue | ( | char ** | papszList,
|  | const char * | pszName,
|  | const char * | pszValue
| ) |  |

Assign value to name in StringList.

Set the value for a given name in a StringList of "Name=Value" pairs ("Name:Value" pairs are also supported for backward compatibility with older stuff.)

If there is already a value for that name in the list then the value is changed, otherwise a new "Name=Value" pair is added.

Parameters

  papszList | the original list, the modified version is returned.
  pszName | the name to be assigned a value. This should be a well formed token (no spaces or very special characters).
  pszValue | the value to assign to the name. This should not contain any newlines (CR or LF) but is otherwise pretty much unconstrained. If NULL any corresponding value will be removed.

Returns
  modified StringList.

## ◆ CSLSetNameValueSeparator()

void CSLSetNameValueSeparator | ( | char ** | papszList,
|  | const char * | pszSeparator
| ) |  |

Replace the default separator (":" or "=") with the passed separator in the given name/value list.

Note that if a separator other than ":" or "=" is used, the resulting list will not be manipulable by the CSL name/value functions any more.

The CPLParseNameValue() function is used to break the existing lines, and it also strips white space from around the existing delimiter, thus the old separator, and any white space will be replaced by the new separator. For formatting purposes it may be desirable to include some white space in the new separator. e.g. ": " or " = ".

Parameters

  papszList | the list to update. Component strings may be freed but the list array will remain at the same location.
  pszSeparator | the new separator string to insert.

## ◆ CSLTestBoolean()

int CSLTestBoolean | ( | const char * | pszValue | ) |

Test what boolean value contained in the string.

If pszValue is "NO", "FALSE", "OFF" or "0" will be returned FALSE. Otherwise, TRUE will be returned.

Deprecated. Removed in GDAL 3.x.

Use CPLTestBoolean() for C and CPLTestBool() for C++.

Parameters

  pszValue | the string should be tested.

Returns
  TRUE or FALSE.

## ◆ CSLTokenizeString2()

char ** CSLTokenizeString2 | ( | const char * | pszString,
|  | const char * | pszDelimiters,
|  | int | nCSLTFlags
| ) |  |

Tokenize a string.

This function will split a string into tokens based on specified' delimiter(s) with a variety of options. The returned result is a string list that should be freed with CSLDestroy() when no longer needed.

The available parsing options are:

- CSLT_ALLOWEMPTYTOKENS: allow the return of empty tokens when two delimiters in a row occur with no other text between them. If not set, empty tokens will be discarded;
- CSLT_STRIPLEADSPACES: strip leading space characters from the token (as reported by isspace());
- CSLT_STRIPENDSPACES: strip ending space characters from the token (as reported by isspace());
- CSLT_HONOURSTRINGS: double quotes can be used to hold values that should not be broken into multiple tokens;
- CSLT_PRESERVEQUOTES: string quotes are carried into the tokens when this is set, otherwise they are removed;
- CSLT_PRESERVEESCAPES: if set backslash escapes (for backslash itself, and for literal double quotes) will be preserved in the tokens, otherwise the backslashes will be removed in processing.

Example:

Parse a string into tokens based on various white space (space, newline, tab) and then print out results and cleanup. Quotes may be used to hold white space in tokens.

char **papszTokens =
CSLTokenizeString2( pszCommand, " \t\n",
CSLT_HONOURSTRINGS | CSLT_ALLOWEMPTYTOKENS );
for( int i = 0; papszTokens != NULL && papszTokens[i] != NULL; ++i )
printf( "arg %d: '%s'", papszTokens[i] ); // ok
CSLDestroy( papszTokens );
CSLT_HONOURSTRINGS
#define CSLT_HONOURSTRINGS
Flag for CSLTokenizeString2() to honour strings.
Definition: cpl_string.h:87
CSLT_ALLOWEMPTYTOKENS
#define CSLT_ALLOWEMPTYTOKENS
Flag for CSLTokenizeString2() to allow empty tokens.
Definition: cpl_string.h:89
CSLTokenizeString2
char ** CSLTokenizeString2(const char *pszString, const char *pszDelimiter, int nCSLTFlags)
Tokenize a string.
Definition: cpl_string.cpp:834
CSLDestroy
void CSLDestroy(char **papszStrList)
Free string list.
Definition: cpl_string.cpp:200

Parameters

  pszString | the string to be split into tokens.
  pszDelimiters | one or more characters to be used as token delimiters.
  nCSLTFlags | an ORing of one or more of the CSLT_ flag values.

Returns
  a string list of tokens owned by the caller.

## ◆ CSLTokenizeStringComplex()

char ** CSLTokenizeStringComplex | ( | const char * | pszString,
|  | const char * | pszDelimiters,
|  | int | bHonourStrings,
|  | int | bAllowEmptyTokens
| ) |  |

Obsolete tokenizing api.

Use CSLTokenizeString2()