# VRT -- GDAL Virtual Format

Driver short name

VRT

Driver built-in by default

This driver is built-in by default

## Introduction

The VRT driver is a format driver for GDAL that allows a virtual GDAL dataset to be composed from other GDAL datasets with repositioning, and algorithms potentially applied as well as various kinds of metadata altered or added. VRT descriptions of datasets can be saved in an XML format normally given the extension .vrt.

The VRT format can also describe Warped VRT and Pansharpened VRT

An example of a simple .vrt file referring to a 512x512 dataset with one band loaded from `utm.tif` might look like this:

    <VRTDataset rasterXSize="512" rasterYSize="512">
        <GeoTransform>440720.0, 60.0, 0.0, 3751320.0, 0.0, -60.0</GeoTransform>
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="1">
            <ColorInterp>Gray</ColorInterp>
            <SimpleSource>
            <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">utm.tif</SourceFilename>
            <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
            <SrcRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="512" ySize="512"/>
            <DstRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="512" ySize="512"/>
            </SimpleSource>
        </VRTRasterBand>
    </VRTDataset>

Many aspects of the VRT file are a direct XML encoding of the Raster Data Model which should be reviewed for understanding of the semantics of various elements.

VRT files can be produced by translating to VRT format. The resulting file can then be edited to modify mappings, add metadata or other purposes. VRT files can also be produced programmatically by various means.

This tutorial will cover the .vrt file format (suitable for users editing .vrt files), and how .vrt files may be created and manipulated programmatically for developers.

## Creation options

The following creations options are supported:

- BLOCKXSIZE=value: (GDAL >= 3.7) Sets block width.

- BLOCKYSIZE=value: (GDAL >= 3.7) Sets block height.

  Setting explicitly the block size is an advanced setting that should only be used when the user has determined that it is needed. By default the block size is set to:

  - 128x128 for a source-based VRT raster band. Unless the VRT is made of a single source and this single source is not subsetted, in which case the block size of the unique source will be set as the VRT raster band block size)

  - 512x128 for a warped VRT.

## .vrt Format

A XML schema of the GDAL VRT format is available.

Virtual files stored on disk are kept in an XML format with the following elements.

VRTDataset: This is the root element for the whole GDAL dataset. It must have the attributes rasterXSize and rasterYSize describing the width and height of the dataset in pixels. It may have a subClass attributes with values VRTWarpedDataset (Warped VRT) or VRTPansharpenedDataset (Pansharpened VRT). It may have SRS, GeoTransform, GCPList, Metadata, MaskBand and VRTRasterBand subelements.

    <VRTDataset rasterXSize="512" rasterYSize="512">

### VRTDataset

The allowed subelements for VRTDataset are :

- SRS: This element contains the spatial reference system (coordinate system) in OGC WKT format. Note that this must be appropriately escaped for XML, so items like quotes will have the ampersand escape sequences substituted. As well as WKT, valid input to the `OGRSpatialReference::SetFromUserInput()` method (such as well known GEOGCS names, and PROJ.4 format) is also allowed in the SRS element.

    <SRS dataAxisToSRSAxisMapping="1,2">PROJCS[&quot;NAD27 / UTM zone 11N&quot;,GEOGCS[&quot;NAD27&quot;,DATUM[&quot;North_American_Datum_1927&quot;,SPHEROID[&quot;Clarke 1866&quot;,6378206.4,294.9786982139006,AUTHORITY[&quot;EPSG&quot;,&quot;7008&quot;]],AUTHORITY[&quot;EPSG&quot;,&quot;6267&quot;]],PRIMEM[&quot;Greenwich&quot;,0],UNIT[&quot;degree&quot;,0.0174532925199433],AUTHORITY[&quot;EPSG&quot;,&quot;4267&quot;]],PROJECTION[&quot;Transverse_Mercator&quot;],PARAMETER[&quot;latitude_of_origin&quot;,0],PARAMETER[&quot;central_meridian&quot;,-117],PARAMETER[&quot;scale_factor&quot;,0.9996],PARAMETER[&quot;false_easting&quot;,500000],PARAMETER[&quot;false_northing&quot;,0],UNIT[&quot;metre&quot;,1,AUTHORITY[&quot;EPSG&quot;,&quot;9001&quot;]],AUTHORITY[&quot;EPSG&quot;,&quot;26711&quot;]]</SRS>

The dataAxisToSRSAxisMapping attribute is allowed since GDAL 3.0 to describe the relationship between the axis indicated in the CRS definition and the axis of the GeoTransform or GCP metadata. The value of the attribute is a comma separated list of integers. The number of elements of this list must be the number of axis of the CRS. Values start at 1. If m denotes the array values of this attribute, then m[0] is the data axis number for the first axis of the CRS. If the attribute is missing, then the OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER data axis to CRS axis mapping strategy is implied.

- GeoTransform: This element contains a six value affine geotransformation for the dataset, mapping between pixel/line coordinates and georeferenced coordinates. Typically (geotransform[0], geotransform[3]) will be the (easting, northing) of the upper-left corner of the raster, geotransform[1] the horizontal resolution in geospatial coordinates/pixel, and geotransform[5] the vertical resolution in geospatial coordinates/pixel, as a negative value if the image is north-up oriented. See Affine GeoTransform for more details about that mapping.

    <GeoTransform>440720.0,  60,  0.0,  3751320.0,  0.0, -60.0</GeoTransform>

- GCPList: This element contains a list of Ground Control Points for the dataset, mapping between pixel/line coordinates and georeferenced coordinates. The Projection attribute should contain the SRS of the georeferenced coordinates in the same format as the SRS element. The dataAxisToSRSAxisMapping attribute is the same as in the SRS element.

    <GCPList Projection="EPSG:4326">
        <GCP Id="1" Info="a" Pixel="0.5" Line="0.5" X="0.0" Y="0.0" Z="0.0" />
        <GCP Id="2" Info="b" Pixel="13.5" Line="23.5" X="1.0" Y="2.0" Z="0.0" />
    </GCPList>

- Metadata: This element contains a list of metadata name/value pairs associated with the VRTDataset as a whole, or a VRTRasterBand. It has <MDI> (metadata item) subelements which have a "key" attribute and the value as the data of the element. The Metadata element can be repeated multiple times, in which case it must be accompanied with a "domain" attribute to indicate the name of the metadata domain.

    <Metadata>
      <MDI key="md_key">Metadata value</MDI>
    </Metadata>

- MaskBand: This element represents a mask band that is shared between all bands on the dataset (see GMF_PER_DATASET in RFC 15). It must contain a single VRTRasterBand child element, that is the description of the mask band itself.

    <MaskBand>
      <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte">
        <SimpleSource>
          <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">utm.tif</SourceFilename>
          <SourceBand>mask,1</SourceBand>
          <SrcRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="512" ySize="512"/>
          <DstRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="512" ySize="512"/>
        </SimpleSource>
      </VRTRasterBand>
    </MaskBand>

- OverviewList: (GDAL >= 3.2.0, not valid for VRTPansharpenedDataset) This elements contains a list of overview factors, separated by space, to create "virtual overviews". For example `2 4`. It can be used so that bands of the VRT datasets declare overviews. This only makes sense to use if the sources added in those bands have themselves overviews compatible with the declared factor. It is generally not necessary to use this mechanism, since downsampling pixel requests on a VRT dataset/band are able to use overviews of the sources, even when the VRT bands do not declare them. One situation where explicit overviews are needed at the VRT level is the warping of a VRT to a lower resolution. This element can also be used with an existing VRT dataset by running `GDALDataset::BuildOverviews()` or gdaladdo with the `VRT_VIRTUAL_OVERVIEWS` configuration option set to `YES`:

  VRT_VIRTUAL_OVERVIEWS=[YES/NO]: Defaults to `NO`.

  Virtual overviews have the least priority compared to the Overview element at the VRTRasterBand level, or to materialized .vrt.ovr files.

- VRTRasterBand: This represents one band of a dataset.

### VRTRasterBand

The attributes for VRTRasterBand are:

- dataType (optional): type of the pixel data associated with this band (use names Byte, UInt16, Int16, UInt32, Int32, Float32, Float64, CInt16, CInt32, CFloat32 or CFloat64). If not specified, defaults to 1

- band (optional): band number this element represents (1 based).

- blockXSize (optional, GDAL >= 3.3): block width. If not specified, defaults to the minimum of the raster width and 128.

- blockYSize (optional, GDAL >= 3.3): block height. If not specified, defaults to the minimum of the raster height and 128.

This element may have Metadata, ColorInterp, NoDataValue, HideNoDataValue, ColorTable, GDALRasterAttributeTable, Description and MaskBand subelements as well as the various kinds of source elements such as SimpleSource, ComplexSource, AveragedSource, KernelFilteredSource and ArraySource. A raster band may have many "sources" indicating where the actual raster data should be fetched from, and how it should be mapped into the raster bands pixel space.

The allowed subelements for VRTRasterBand are :

- ColorInterp: The data of this element should be the name of a color interpretation type. One of Gray, Palette, Red, Green, Blue, Alpha, Hue, Saturation, Lightness, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black, or Unknown.

    <ColorInterp>Gray</ColorInterp>:

- NoDataValue: If the input datasets to be composed have a nodata value for this raster band, set this element's value to that nodata value for it to be reflected in the VRT. This must not be confused with the NODATA element of a VRTComplexSource element.

    <NoDataValue>-100.0</NoDataValue>

- HideNoDataValue: If this value is 1, the nodata value will not be reported. Essentially, the caller will not be aware of a nodata pixel when it reads one. Any datasets copied/translated from this will not have a nodata value. This is useful when you want to specify a fixed background value for the dataset. The background will be the value specified by the NoDataValue element. Default value is 0 when this element is absent.

    <HideNoDataValue>1</HideNoDataValue>

- ColorTable: This element is parent to a set of Entry elements defining the entries in a color table. Currently only RGBA color tables are supported with c1 being red, c2 being green, c3 being blue and c4 being alpha. The entries are ordered and will be assumed to start from color table entry 0.

    <ColorTable>
      <Entry c1="0" c2="0" c3="0" c4="255"/>
      <Entry c1="145" c2="78" c3="224" c4="255"/>
    </ColorTable>

- GDALRasterAttributeTable: (GDAL >=2.3) This element is parent to a set of FieldDefn elements defining the columns of a raster attribute table, followed by a set of Row elements defining the values of the columns of each row.

    <GDALRasterAttributeTable>
      <FieldDefn index="0">
        <Name>Value</Name>
        <Type>0</Type>
        <Usage>0</Usage>
      </FieldDefn>
      <FieldDefn index="1">
        <Name>Red</Name>
        <Type>0</Type>
        <Usage>6</Usage>
      </FieldDefn>
      <FieldDefn index="2">
        <Name>Green</Name>
        <Type>0</Type>
        <Usage>7</Usage>
      </FieldDefn>
      <FieldDefn index="3">
        <Name>Blue</Name>
        <Type>0</Type>
        <Usage>8</Usage>
      </FieldDefn>
      <Row index="0">
        <F>-500</F>
        <F>127</F>
        <F>40</F>
        <F>65</F>
      </Row>
      <Row index="1">
        <F>-400</F>
        <F>154</F>
        <F>168</F>
        <F>118</F>
      </Row>
    </GDALRasterAttributeTable>

- Description: This element contains the optional description of a raster band as its text value.

    <Description>Crop Classification Layer</Description>

- UnitType: This optional element contains the vertical units for elevation band data. One of "m" for meters or "ft" for feet. Default assumption is meters.

    <UnitType>ft</UnitType>

- Offset: This optional element contains the offset that should be applied when computing "real" pixel values from scaled pixel values on a raster band. The default is 0.0.

    <Offset>0.0</Offset>

- Scale: This optional element contains the scale that should be applied when computing "real" pixel values from scaled pixel values on a raster band. The default is 1.0.

    <Scale>0.0</Scale>

- Overview: This optional element describes one overview level for the band. It should have a child SourceFilename and SourceBand element. The SourceFilename may have a relativeToVRT boolean attribute. Multiple elements may be used to describe multiple overviews.

    <Overview>
      <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">yellowstone_2.1.ntf.r2</SourceFilename>
      <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
    </Overview>

- CategoryNames: This optional element contains a list of Category subelements with the names of the categories for classified raster band.

    <CategoryNames>
      <Category>Missing</Category>
      <Category>Non-Crop</Category>
      <Category>Wheat</Category>
      <Category>Corn</Category>
      <Category>Soybeans</Category>
    </CategoryNames>

- SimpleSource: The SimpleSource indicates that raster data should be read from a separate dataset, indicating the dataset, and band to be read from, and how the data should map into this band's raster space.

- AveragedSource: The AveragedSource is derived from the SimpleSource and shares the same properties except that it uses an averaging resampling instead of a nearest neighbour algorithm as in SimpleSource, when the size of the destination rectangle is not the same as the size of the source rectangle. Note: a more general mechanism to specify resampling algorithms can be used. See above paragraph about the 'resampling' attribute.

- ComplexSource: The ComplexSource is derived from the SimpleSource (so it shares the SourceFilename, SourceBand, SrcRect and DstRect elements), but it provides support to rescale and offset the range of the source values. Certain regions of the source can be masked by specifying the NODATA value, or starting with GDAL 3.3, with the <UseMaskBand>true</UseMaskBand> element.

- KernelFilteredSource: The KernelFilteredSource is a pixel source derived from the Simple Source (so it shares the SourceFilename, SourceBand, SrcRect and DstRect elements, but it also passes the data through a simple filtering kernel specified with the Kernel element.

- ArraySource: The ArraySource indicates that raster data should be read from a 2D array using the multidimensional API.

- MaskBand: This element represents a mask band that is specific to the VRTRasterBand it contains. It must contain a single VRTRasterBand child element, that is the description of the mask band itself.

#### Sources

##### SimpleSource

The SimpleSource may have the SourceFilename, SourceBand, SrcRect, and DstRect subelements. The SrcRect element will indicate what rectangle on the indicated source file should be read, and the DstRect element indicates how that rectangle of source data should be mapped into the VRTRasterBands space.

SrcRect and DstRect are expressed in pixel/line coordinate space. Their relationship with the geospatial coordinate space is given by the geotransform matrix of the source for SrcRect, and of the VRT itself (GeoTransform element) for DstRect. See Affine GeoTransform for more details about that mapping.

The relativeToVRT attribute on the SourceFilename indicates whether the filename should be interpreted as relative to the .vrt file (value is 1) or not relative to the .vrt file (value is 0). The default is 0.

Some characteristics of the source band can be specified in the optional `SourceProperties` element to enable the VRT driver to defer the opening of the source dataset until it really needs to read data from it. This is particularly useful when building VRTs with a big number of source datasets. The needed parameters are the raster dimensions, the size of the blocks and the data type. If the SourceProperties tag is not present, the source dataset will be opened at the same time as the VRT itself.

Note

Starting with GDAL 3.4, the `SourceProperties` element is no longer necessary for deferred opening of the source datasets.

The content of the SourceBand subelement can refer to a mask band. For example mask,1 means the mask band of the first band of the source.

    <SimpleSource>
      <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">utm.tif</SourceFilename>
      <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
      <SourceProperties RasterXSize="512" RasterYSize="512" DataType="Byte" BlockXSize="128" BlockYSize="128"/>
      <SrcRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="512" ySize="512"/>
      <DstRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="512" ySize="512"/>
    </SimpleSource>

A OpenOptions subelement can be added to specify the open options to apply when opening the source dataset. It has <OOI> (open option item) subelements which have a "key" attribute and the value as the data of the element.

    <SimpleSource>
      <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">utm.tif</SourceFilename>
      <OpenOptions>
          <OOI key="OVERVIEW_LEVEL">0</OOI>
      </OpenOptions>
      <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
      <SourceProperties RasterXSize="256" RasterYSize="256" DataType="Byte" BlockXSize="128" BlockYSize="128"/>
      <SrcRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="256" ySize="256"/>
      <DstRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="256" ySize="256"/>
    </SimpleSource>

A resampling attribute can be specified on a SimpleSource or ComplexSource element to specified the resampling algorithm used when the size of the destination rectangle is not the same as the size of the source rectangle. The values allowed for that attribute are : nearest,bilinear,cubic, cubicspline,lanczos,average,mode.

    <SimpleSource resampling="cubic">
      <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">utm.tif</SourceFilename>
      <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
      <SourceProperties RasterXSize="256" RasterYSize="256" DataType="Byte" BlockXSize="128" BlockYSize="128"/>
      <SrcRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="256" ySize="256"/>
      <DstRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="128" ySize="128"/>
    </SimpleSource>

##### ComplexSource

Alternatively to linear scaling, non-linear scaling using a power function can be used by specifying the Exponent, SrcMin, SrcMax, DstMin and DstMax elements. If SrcMin and SrcMax are not specified, they are computed from the source minimum and maximum value (which might require analyzing the whole source dataset). Exponent must be positive. (Those 5 values can be set with the -exponent and -scale options of gdal_translate.)

The ComplexSource supports adding a custom lookup table to transform the source values to the destination. The LUT can be specified using the following form:

    <LUT>[src value 1]:[dest value 1],[src value 2]:[dest value 2],...</LUT>

The intermediary values are calculated using a linear interpolation between the bounding destination values of the corresponding range.

The ComplexSource supports fetching a color component from a source raster band that has a color table. The ColorTableComponent value is the index of the color component to extract : 1 for the red band, 2 for the green band, 3 for the blue band or 4 for the alpha band.

When transforming the source values the operations are executed in the following order:

- Masking, if the NODATA element is set or, starting with GDAL 3.3, if the UseMaskBand is set to true and the source band has a mask band. Note that this is binary masking only, so no alpha blending is done if the mask band is actually an alpha band with non-0 or non-255 values.

- Color table expansion

- For linear scaling, applying the scale ratio, then scale offset

- For non-linear scaling, apply (DstMax-DstMin) * pow( (SrcValue-SrcMin) / (SrcMax-SrcMin), Exponent) + DstMin

- Table lookup

    <ComplexSource>
      <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">utm.tif</SourceFilename>
      <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
      <ScaleOffset>0</ScaleOffset>
      <ScaleRatio>1</ScaleRatio>
      <ColorTableComponent>1</ColorTableComponent>
      <LUT>0:0,2345.12:64,56789.5:128,2364753.02:255</LUT>
      <NODATA>0</NODATA>  <!-- if the mask is a mask or alpha band, use <UseMaskBand>true</UseMaskBand> -->
      <SrcRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="512" ySize="512"/>
      <DstRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="512" ySize="512"/>
    </ComplexSource>

Non-linear scaling:

    <ComplexSource>
      <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">16bit.tif</SourceFilename>
      <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
      <Exponent>0.75</Exponent>
      <SrcMin>0</SrcMin>
      <SrcMax>65535</SrcMax>
      <DstMin>0</DstMin>
      <DstMax>255</DstMax>
      <SrcRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="512" ySize="512"/>
      <DstRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="512" ySize="512"/>
    </ComplexSource>

##### KernelFilteredSource

The Kernel element should have two child elements, Size and Coefs and optionally the boolean attribute normalized (defaults to false=0). The size must always be an odd number, and the Coefs must have Size * Size entries separated by spaces. For now kernel is not applied to sub-sampled or over-sampled data.

    <KernelFilteredSource>
      <SourceFilename>/debian/home/warmerda/openev/utm.tif</SourceFilename>
      <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
      <Kernel normalized="1">
        <Size>3</Size>
        <Coefs>0.11111111 0.11111111 0.11111111 0.11111111 0.11111111 0.11111111 0.11111111 0.11111111 0.11111111</Coefs>
      </Kernel>
    </KernelFilteredSource>

Starting with GDAL 2.3, a separable kernel may also be used. In this case the number of Coefs entries should correspond to the Size. The Coefs specify a one-dimensional kernel which is applied along each axis in succession, resulting in far quicker execution. Many common image-processing filters are separable. For example, a Gaussian blur:

    <KernelFilteredSource>
      <SourceFilename>/debian/home/warmerda/openev/utm.tif</SourceFilename>
      <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
      <Kernel normalized="1">
        <Size>13</Size>
        <Coefs>0.01111 0.04394 0.13534 0.32465 0.60653 0.8825 1.0 0.8825 0.60653 0.32465 0.13534 0.04394 0.01111</Coefs>
      </Kernel>
    </KernelFilteredSource>

##### ArraySource

New in version 3.8.

The ArraySource indicates that raster data should be read from a 2D array using the multidimensional API. If the original array is not a 3D array, a DerivedArray with a View step must be typically used to create a 2D slice.

ArraySource can have the following child elements:

- `SingleSourceArray`, `DerivedArray` or `Array`: required as first child element

- `SrcRect` (same syntax and semantics as in SimpleSource): optional

- `DstRect` (same syntax and semantics as in SimpleSource): optional

###### SingleSourceArray

SingleSourceArray references a multidimensional raster through a SourceFilename element and an array through its full path within it with SourceArray. When SingleSourceArray is used as a direct child of ArraySource, it must be a 2-dimensional array.

Example:

    <ArraySource>
      <SingleSourceArray>
        <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">byte.nc</SourceFilename>
        <SourceArray>/my_array</SourceArray>
      </SingleSourceArray>
    </ArraySource>

Be careful that quite often arrays in the multidimensional API use a "bottom-up" approach, and it might thus be needed to reverse the Y axis, with a View expression with a DerivedArray (cf below example)

###### DerivedArray

A DerivedArray starts with an array coming from a SingleSourceArray (but it could also be a DerivedArray or a Array), which must be the first child element, and applies different processing steps wrapped in zero or more Step elements.

- View step: applies the `GDALMDArray::GetView()` method

The `View` element must have an `expr` attribute, which is the argument of `GDALMDArray::GetView()` method

The following example slices the 3D dimension at index 0 and flips the vertical axis (assuming 1st dimension is a non-spatial one, 2nd dimension is the Y dimension and 3rd dimension is the X dimension)

    <ArraySource>
      <DerivedArray>
          <SingleSourceArray>
            <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">3d_array.nc</SourceFilename>
            <SourceArray>/my_array</SourceArray>
          </SingleSourceArray>
          <Step>
              <View expr="[0,::-1,...]"/>
          </Step>
       </DerivedArray>
    </ArraySource>

- `Transpose` step: applies the `GDALMDArray::Transpose()` method

The `Transpose` element must have a `newOrder` attribute, which is the argument of `GDALMDArray::Transpose()` method

The following example transposes the 2 axis of a 2D array

    <ArraySource>
      <DerivedArray>
          <SingleSourceArray>
            <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">2d_array.nc</SourceFilename>
            <SourceArray>/my_array</SourceArray>
          </SingleSourceArray>
          <Step>
              <Transpose newOrder="[1,0]"/>
          </Step>
       </DerivedArray>
    </ArraySource>

- Resample step: applies the `GDALMDArray::GetResampled()` method

The `Resample` element may have the following child elements, which correspond to the arguments of the `GDALMDArray::GetResampled()` method:

- `Dimension`: with a `name` and `size` attribute. This element may be repeated.

- `ResampleAlg`: whose value is `NearestNeighbour` (default), `Cubic`, `CubicSpline`, `Bilinear`, `Lanczos`, `Average`, `RMS` or `Mode`

- `SRS`: target SRS (string recognized by `OGRSpatialReference::SetFromUserInput()`)

- `Option` with a `name` attribute and the value as the content of the element. This element may be repeated.

    <ArraySource>
      <DerivedArray>
          <SingleSourceArray>
            <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">test.nc</SourceFilename>
            <SourceArray>/Band1</SourceArray>
          </SingleSourceArray>
          <Step>
              <Resample>
                <Dimension name="Y" size="40"/>
                <Dimension name="X" size="40"/>
                <ResampleAlg>Bilinear</ResampleAlg>
                <SRS>EPSG:4267</SRS>
                <Option name="IGNORED">YES</Option>
              </Resample>
          </Step>
       </DerivedArray>
    </ArraySource>

- Grid step: applies the `GDALMDArray::GetGridded()` method

The `Grid` element may have the following child elements, which correspond to the arguments of the `GDALMDArray::GetGridded()` method:

- `GridOptions` (required): name and options of the gridding algorithm

- `XArray` (optional): its child value should be a SingleSourceArray, DerivedArray or Array pointing to the array to use for the X dimension. This is needed if the source array does not have a `coordinates` attribute.

- `YArray` (optional): its child value should be a SingleSourceArray, DerivedArray or Array pointing to the array to use for the Y dimension. This is needed if the source array does not have a `coordinates` attribute.

- `Option` with a `name` attribute and the value as the content of the element. This element may be repeated.

    <ArraySource>
      <DerivedArray>
          <SingleSourceArray>
            <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">test.nc</SourceFilename>
            <SourceArray>/Band1</SourceArray>
          </SingleSourceArray>
          <Step>
              <Grid>
                  <GridOptions>invdist</GridOptions>
                  <XArray>
                      <SingleSourceArray>
                        <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">test.nc</SourceFilename>
                        <SourceArray>/varX</SourceArray>
                      </SingleSourceArray>
                  </XArray>
                  <YArray>
                      <SingleSourceArray>
                        <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">test.nc</SourceFilename>
                        <SourceArray>/varY</SourceArray>
                      </SingleSourceArray>
                  </YArray>
                  <Option name="IGNORED">YES</Option>
              </Grid>
          </Step>
       </DerivedArray>
    </ArraySource>

- `GetUnscaled` step: applies the `GDALMDArray::GetUnscaled()` method

It does not have any child elements.

    <ArraySource>
      <DerivedArray>
          <SingleSourceArray>
            <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">2d_array.nc</SourceFilename>
            <SourceArray>/my_array</SourceArray>
          </SingleSourceArray>
          <Step>
              <GetUnscaled/>
          </Step>
       </DerivedArray>
    </ArraySource>

- `GetMask` step: applies the `GDALMDArray::GetMask()` method

The `GetMask` element may have the following child elements, which correspond to the arguments of the `GDALMDArray::GetMask()` method:

- `Option` with a `name` attribute and the value as the content of the element. This element may be repeated.

    <ArraySource>
      <DerivedArray>
          <SingleSourceArray>
            <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">2d_array.nc</SourceFilename>
            <SourceArray>/my_array</SourceArray>
          </SingleSourceArray>
          <Step>
              <GetMask>
                  <Option name="UNMASK_FLAGS">microwave,land</Option>
              </GetMask>
          </Step>
       </DerivedArray>
    </ArraySource>

###### Array

Array can be used to mosaic several multidimensional arrays.

## Overviews

GDAL can make efficient use of overviews available in the sources that compose the bands when dealing with RasterIO() requests that involve downsampling. But in the general case, the VRT bands themselves will not expose overviews.

Except if (from top priority to lesser priority) :

- The Overview element is present in the VRTRasterBand element. See above.

- or external .vrt.ovr overviews are built

- (starting with GDAL 3.2) explicit virtual overviews, if a OverviewList element is declared in the VRTDataset element (see above). Those virtual overviews will be hidden by external .vrt.ovr overviews that might be built later.

- (starting with GDAL 2.1) implicit virtual overviews, if the VRTRasterBand are made of a single SimpleSource or ComplexSource that has overviews. Those virtual overviews will be hidden by external .vrt.ovr overviews that might be built later.

## .vrt Descriptions for Raw Files

So far we have described how to derive new virtual datasets from existing files supports by GDAL. However, it is also common to need to utilize raw binary raster files for which the regular layout of the data is known but for which no format specific driver exists. This can be accomplished by writing a .vrt file describing the raw file.

For example, the following .vrt describes a raw raster file containing floating point complex pixels in a file called <i>l2p3hhsso.img</i>. The image data starts from the first byte (ImageOffset=0). The byte offset between pixels is 8 (PixelOffset=8), the size of a CFloat32. The byte offset from the start of one line to the start of the next is 9376 bytes (LineOffset=9376) which is the width (1172) times the size of a pixel (8).

    <VRTDataset rasterXSize="1172" rasterYSize="1864">
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="CFloat32" band="1" subClass="VRTRawRasterBand">
            <SourceFilename relativetoVRT="1">l2p3hhsso.img</SourceFilename>
            <ImageOffset>0</ImageOffset>
            <PixelOffset>8</PixelOffset>
            <LineOffset>9376</LineOffset>
            <ByteOrder>MSB</ByteOrder>
        </VRTRasterBand>
    </VRTDataset>

Some things to note are that the VRTRasterBand has a subClass specifier of "VRTRawRasterBand". Also, the VRTRawRasterBand contains a number of previously unseen elements but no "source" information. VRTRawRasterBands may never have sources (i.e. SimpleSource), but should contain the following elements in addition to all the normal "metadata" elements previously described which are still supported.

- SourceFilename: The name of the raw file containing the data for this band. The relativeToVRT attribute can be used to indicate if the SourceFilename is relative to the .vrt file (1) or not (0).

- ImageOffset: The offset in bytes to the beginning of the first pixel of data of this image band. Defaults to zero.

- PixelOffset: The offset in bytes from the beginning of one pixel and the next on the same line. In packed single band data this will be the size of the dataType in bytes.

- LineOffset: The offset in bytes from the beginning of one scanline of data and the next scanline of data. In packed single band data this will be PixelOffset * rasterXSize.

- ByteOrder: Defines the byte order of the data on disk. Either LSB (Least Significant Byte first) such as the natural byte order on Intel x86 systems or MSB (Most Significant Byte first) such as the natural byte order on Motorola or Sparc systems. Defaults to being the local machine order.

A few other notes:

- The image data on disk is assumed to be of the same data type as the band dataType of the VRTRawRasterBand.

- All the non-source attributes of the VRTRasterBand are supported, including color tables, metadata, nodata values, and color interpretation.

- The VRTRawRasterBand supports in place update of the raster, whereas the source based VRTRasterBand is always read-only.

- The OpenEV tool includes a File menu option to input parameters describing a raw raster file in a GUI and create the corresponding .vrt file.

- Multiple bands in the one .vrt file can come from the same raw file. Just ensure that the ImageOffset, PixelOffset, and LineOffset definition for each band is appropriate for the pixels of that particular band.

Another example, in this case a 400x300 RGB pixel interleaved image.

    <VRTDataset rasterXSize="400" rasterYSize="300">
    <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="1" subClass="VRTRawRasterBand">
        <ColorInterp>Red</ColorInterp>
        <SourceFilename relativetoVRT="1">rgb.raw</SourceFilename>
        <ImageOffset>0</ImageOffset>
        <PixelOffset>3</PixelOffset>
        <LineOffset>1200</LineOffset>
    </VRTRasterBand>
    <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="2" subClass="VRTRawRasterBand">
        <ColorInterp>Green</ColorInterp>
        <SourceFilename relativetoVRT="1">rgb.raw</SourceFilename>
        <ImageOffset>1</ImageOffset>
        <PixelOffset>3</PixelOffset>
        <LineOffset>1200</LineOffset>
    </VRTRasterBand>
    <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="3" subClass="VRTRawRasterBand">
        <ColorInterp>Blue</ColorInterp>
        <SourceFilename relativetoVRT="1">rgb.raw</SourceFilename>
        <ImageOffset>2</ImageOffset>
        <PixelOffset>3</PixelOffset>
        <LineOffset>1200</LineOffset>
    </VRTRasterBand>
    </VRTDataset>

## Creation of VRT Datasets

The VRT driver supports several methods of creating VRT datasets. The `vrtdataset.h` include file should be installed with the core GDAL include files, allowing direct access to the VRT classes. However, even without that most capabilities remain available through standard GDAL interfaces.

To create a VRT dataset that is a clone of an existing dataset use the `GDALDriver::CreateCopy()` method. For example to clone `utm.tif` into a `wrk.vrt` file in C++ the following could be used:

    GDALDriver *poDriver = (GDALDriver *) GDALGetDriverByName( "VRT" );
    GDALDataset *poSrcDS, *poVRTDS;

    poSrcDS = (GDALDataset *) GDALOpenShared( "utm.tif", GA_ReadOnly );

    poVRTDS = poDriver->CreateCopy( "wrk.vrt", poSrcDS, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL );

    GDALClose((GDALDatasetH) poVRTDS);
    GDALClose((GDALDatasetH) poSrcDS);

Note the use of `GDALOpenShared()` when opening the source dataset. It is advised to use `GDALOpenShared()` in this situation so that you are able to release the explicit reference to it before closing the VRT dataset itself. In other words, in the previous example, you could also invert the 2 last lines, whereas if you open the source dataset with `GDALOpen()`, you'd need to close the VRT dataset before closing the source dataset.

To obtain the resulting VRT XML of `wrk.vrt` without having to read the text from an actual file, you can modify the above code to open the new dataset with an empty filename and use the "xml:VRT" metadata domain.

    // no filename
    poVRTDS = poDriver->CreateCopy( "", poSrcDS, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL );

    // obtain the actual XML text that a VRT file would contain
    const char *xmlvrt = poVRTDS->GetMetadata("xml:VRT")[0];

To create a virtual copy of a dataset with some attributes added or changed such as metadata or coordinate system that are often hard to change on other formats, you might do the following. In this case, the virtual dataset is created "in memory" only by virtual of creating it with an empty filename, and then used as a modified source to pass to a `GDALDriver::CreateCopy()` written out in TIFF format.

    poVRTDS = poDriver->CreateCopy( "", poSrcDS, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL );

    poVRTDS->SetMetadataItem( "SourceAgency", "United States Geological Survey");
    poVRTDS->SetMetadataItem( "SourceDate", "July 21, 2003" );

    poVRTDS->GetRasterBand( 1 )->SetNoDataValue( -999.0 );

    GDALDriver *poTIFFDriver = (GDALDriver *) GDALGetDriverByName( "GTiff" );
    GDALDataset *poTiffDS;

    poTiffDS = poTIFFDriver->CreateCopy( "wrk.tif", poVRTDS, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL );

    GDALClose((GDALDatasetH) poTiffDS);

In the above example the nodata value is set as -999. You can set the HideNoDataValue element in the VRT dataset's band using `GDALRasterBand::SetMetadataItem()` on that band.

    poVRTDS->GetRasterBand( 1 )->SetMetadataItem( "HideNoDataValue" , "1" );

In this example a virtual dataset is created with the `GDALDriver::Create()` method, and adding bands and sources programmatically, but still via the "generic" API. A special attribute of VRT datasets is that sources can be added to the VRTRasterBand (but not to VRTRawRasterBand) by passing the XML describing the source into `GDALRasterBand::SetMetadataItem()` on the special domain target "new_vrt_sources". The domain target "vrt_sources" may also be used, in which case any existing sources will be discarded before adding the new ones. In this example we construct a simple averaging filter source instead of using the simple source.

    // construct XML for simple 3x3 average filter kernel source.
    const char *pszFilterSourceXML  =
    "<KernelFilteredSource>"
    "  <SourceFilename>utm.tif</SourceFilename><SourceBand>1</SourceBand>"
    "  <Kernel>"
    "    <Size>3</Size>"
    "    <Coefs>0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111</Coefs>"
    "  </Kernel>"
    "</KernelFilteredSource>";

    // Create the virtual dataset.
    poVRTDS = poDriver->Create( "", 512, 512, 1, GDT_Byte, NULL );
    poVRTDS->GetRasterBand(1)->SetMetadataItem("source_0",pszFilterSourceXML,
                                                "new_vrt_sources");

A more general form of this that will produce a 3x3 average filtered clone of any input datasource might look like the following. In this case we deliberately set the filtered datasource as in the "vrt_sources" domain to override the SimpleSource created by the cpp:func:`GDALDriver::CreateCopy method. The fact that we used cpp:func:GDALDriver::CreateCopy ensures that all the other metadata, georeferencing and so forth is preserved from the source dataset ... the only thing we are changing is the data source for each band.

    int   nBand;
    GDALDriver *poDriver = (GDALDriver *) GDALGetDriverByName( "VRT" );
    GDALDataset *poSrcDS, *poVRTDS;

    poSrcDS = (GDALDataset *) GDALOpenShared( pszSourceFilename, GA_ReadOnly );

    poVRTDS = poDriver->CreateCopy( "", poSrcDS, FALSE, NULL, NULL, NULL );

    for( nBand = 1; nBand <= poVRTDS->GetRasterCount(); nBand++ )
    {
        char szFilterSourceXML[10000];

        GDALRasterBand *poBand = poVRTDS->GetRasterBand( nBand );

        sprintf( szFilterSourceXML,
            "<KernelFilteredSource>"
            "  <SourceFilename>%s</SourceFilename><SourceBand>%d</SourceBand>"
            "  <Kernel>"
            "    <Size>3</Size>"
            "    <Coefs>0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111</Coefs>"
            "  </Kernel>"
            "</KernelFilteredSource>",
            pszSourceFilename, nBand );

        poBand->SetMetadataItem( "source_0", szFilterSourceXML, "vrt_sources" );
    }

The `VRTDataset` class is one of the few dataset implementations that supports the `GDALDataset::AddBand()` method. The options passed to the `GDALDataset::AddBand()` method can be used to control the type of the band created (VRTRasterBand, VRTRawRasterBand, VRTDerivedRasterBand), and in the case of the VRTRawRasterBand to set its various parameters. For standard VRTRasterBand, sources should be specified with the above `GDALRasterBand::SetMetadataItem()` examples.

    GDALDriver *poDriver = (GDALDriver *) GDALGetDriverByName( "VRT" );
    GDALDataset *poVRTDS;

    poVRTDS = poDriver->Create( "out.vrt", 512, 512, 0, GDT_Byte, NULL );
    char** papszOptions = NULL;
    papszOptions = CSLAddNameValue(papszOptions, "subclass", "VRTRawRasterBand"); // if not specified, default to VRTRasterBand
    papszOptions = CSLAddNameValue(papszOptions, "SourceFilename", "src.tif"); // mandatory
    papszOptions = CSLAddNameValue(papszOptions, "ImageOffset", "156"); // optional. default = 0
    papszOptions = CSLAddNameValue(papszOptions, "PixelOffset", "2"); // optional. default = size of band type
    papszOptions = CSLAddNameValue(papszOptions, "LineOffset", "1024"); // optional. default = size of band type * width
    papszOptions = CSLAddNameValue(papszOptions, "ByteOrder", "LSB"); // optional. default = machine order
    papszOptions = CSLAddNameValue(papszOptions, "relativeToVRT", "true"); // optional. default = false
    poVRTDS->AddBand(GDT_Byte, papszOptions);
    CSLDestroy(papszOptions);

    delete poVRTDS;

## Using Derived Bands (with pixel functions in C/C++)

A specialized type of band is a 'derived' band which derives its pixel information from its source bands. With this type of band you must also specify a pixel function, which has the responsibility of generating the output raster. Pixel functions are created by an application and then registered with GDAL using a unique key.

Using derived bands you can create VRT datasets that manipulate bands on the fly without having to create new band files on disk. For example, you might want to generate a band using four source bands from a nine band input dataset (x0, x3, x4, and x8) and some constant y:

    band_value = sqrt((x3*x3+x4*x4)/(x0*x8)) + y;

You could write the pixel function to compute this value and then register it with GDAL with the name "MyFirstFunction". Then, the following VRT XML could be used to display this derived band:

    <VRTDataset rasterXSize="1000" rasterYSize="1000">
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="Float32" band="1" subClass="VRTDerivedRasterBand">
            <Description>Magnitude</Description>
            <PixelFunctionType>MyFirstFunction</PixelFunctionType>
            <PixelFunctionArguments y="4" />
            <SimpleSource>
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">nine_band.dat</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
                <SrcRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="1000" ySize="1000"/>
                <DstRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="1000" ySize="1000"/>
            </SimpleSource>
            <SimpleSource>
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">nine_band.dat</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>4</SourceBand>
                <SrcRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="1000" ySize="1000"/>
                <DstRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="1000" ySize="1000"/>
            </SimpleSource>
            <SimpleSource>
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">nine_band.dat</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>5</SourceBand>
                <SrcRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="1000" ySize="1000"/>
                <DstRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="1000" ySize="1000"/>
            </SimpleSource>
            <SimpleSource>
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">nine_band.dat</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>9</SourceBand>
                <SrcRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="1000" ySize="1000"/>
                <DstRect xOff="0" yOff="0" xSize="1000" ySize="1000"/>
            </SimpleSource>
        </VRTRasterBand>
    </VRTDataset>

Note

PixelFunctionArguments can only be used with C++ pixel functions in GDAL versions 3.4 and greater.

In addition to the subclass specification (VRTDerivedRasterBand) and the PixelFunctionType value, there is another new parameter that can come in handy: SourceTransferType. Typically the source rasters are obtained using the data type of the derived band. There might be times, however, when you want the pixel function to have access to higher resolution source data than the data type being generated. For example, you might have a derived band of type "Float", which takes a single source of type "CFloat32" or "CFloat64", and returns the imaginary portion. To accomplish this, set the SourceTransferType to "CFloat64". Otherwise the source would be converted to "Float" prior to calling the pixel function, and the imaginary portion would be lost.

    <VRTDataset rasterXSize="1000" rasterYSize="1000">
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="Float32" band="1" subClass="VRTDerivedRasterBand">
            <Description>Magnitude</Description>
            <PixelFunctionType>MyFirstFunction</PixelFunctionType>
            <SourceTransferType>CFloat64</SourceTransferType>
            ...

### Default Pixel Functions

GDAL provides a set of default pixel functions that can be used without writing new code:

PixelFunctionType | Number of input sources | PixelFunctionArguments | Description
--- | --- | --- | ---
cmul | 2 |  | multiply the first band for the complex conjugate of the second
complex | 2 |  | make a complex band merging two bands used as real and imag values
conj | 1 |  | computes the complex conjugate of a single raster band (just a copy if the input is non-complex)
dB | 1 | `fact` (optional) | perform conversion to dB of the abs of a single raster band (real or complex): `20. * log10( abs( x ) )`. The optional `fact` parameter can be set to `10` to get the alternative formula: `10. * log10( abs( x ) )`
dB2amp | 1 |  | perform scale conversion from logarithmic to linear (amplitude) (i.e. `10 ^ ( x / 20 )` ) of a single raster band (real only). Deprecated in GDAL v3.5. Please use the `exp` pixel function with `base = 10.` and `fact = 0.05` i.e. `1./20`
dB2pow | 1 |  | perform scale conversion from logarithmic to linear (power) (i.e. `10 ^ ( x / 10 )` ) of a single raster band (real only). Deprecated in GDAL v3.5. Please use the `exp` pixel function with `base = 10.` and `fact = 0.1` i.e. `1./10`
diff | 2 |  | computes the difference between 2 raster bands (`b1 - b2`)
div | 2 |  | divide one raster band by another (`b1 / b2`)
norm_diff | 2 |  | computes the normalized difference between two raster bands: `(b1 - b2)/(b1 + b2)`
exp | 1 | `base` (optional), `fact` (optional) | computes the exponential of each element in the input band `x` (of real values): `e ^ x`. The function also accepts two optional parameters: `base` and `fact` that allow to compute the generalized formula: `base ^ ( fact * x )`. Note: this function is the recommended one to perform conversion form logarithmic scale (dB): `` 10. ^ (x / 20.)``, in this case `base = 10.` and `fact = 0.05` i.e. `1. / 20`
imag | 1 |  | extract imaginary part from a single raster band (0 for non-complex)
intensity | 1 |  | computes the intensity `Re( x * conj(x) )` of a single raster band (real or complex)
interpolate_exp | >= 2 | `t0`, `dt`, `t` | interpolate a value at time (or position) `t` given input sources beginning at position `t0` with spacing `dt` using exponential interpolation
interpolate_linear | >= 2 | `t0`, `dt`, `t` | interpolate a value at time (or position) `t` given input sources beginning at `t0` with spacing `dt` using linear interpolation
inv | 1 | `k` (optional) | inverse (`1./x`). If the optional `k` parameter is set then the result is multiplied by `k` (`k / x`)
log10 | 1 |  | compute the logarithm (base 10) of the abs of a single raster band (real or complex): `log10( abs( x ) )`
max | >= 2 | `propagateNoData` (optional) | (GDAL >= 3.8) maximum of 2 or more raster bands, ignoring by default pixels at nodata. If the optional `propagateNoData` parameter is set to `true`, then if a nodata pixel is found in one of the bands, if will be propagated to the output value.
min | >= 2 | `propagateNoData` (optional) | (GDAL >= 3.8) minimum of 2 or more raster bands, ignoring by default pixels at nodata. If the optional `propagateNoData` parameter is set to `true`, then if a nodata pixel is found in one of the bands, if will be propagated to the output value.
mod | 1 |  | extract module from a single raster band (real or complex)
mul | >= 2 | `k` (optional) | multiply 2 or more raster bands. If the optional `k` parameter is provided then the result is multiplied by the scalar `k`.
phase | 1 |  | extract phase from a single raster band [-PI,PI] (0 or PI for non-complex)
polar | 2 | `amplitude_type` (optional) | make a complex band using input bands for amplitude and phase values `b1 * exp( j * b2 )`. The optional (string) parameter `amplitude_type` can be `AMPLITUDE` (default) `INTENSITY` or `dB`. Note: if `amplitude_type` is set to `INTENSITY` then negative values are clipped to zero.
pow | 1 | `power` | raise a single raster band to a constant power, specified with argument `power` (real only)
real | 1 |  | extract real part from a single raster band (just a copy if the input is non-complex)
sqrt | 1 |  | perform the square root of a single raster band (real only)
sum | >= 2 | `k` (optional) | sum 2 or more raster bands. If the optional `k` parameter is provided then it is added to each element of the result
replace_nodata | = 1 | `to` (optional) | convert incoming `NoData` values to a new value, IEEE 754 nan by default
scale | = 1 |  | perform scaling according to the `offset` and `scale` values of the raster band

### Writing Pixel Functions

To register this function with GDAL (prior to accessing any VRT datasets with derived bands that use this function), an application calls `GDALAddDerivedBandPixelFuncWithArgs()` with a key and a `GDALDerivedPixelFuncWithArgs`:

    static const char pszMetadata[] =
    "<PixelFunctionArgumentsList>"
    "   <Argument name='y' description='y' type='double' mandatory='1' />"
    "   <Argument type='builtin' value='offset' />"
    "   <Argument type='builtin' value='scale' />"
    "   <Argument type='builtin' value='NoData' />"
    "   <Argument name='customConstant' type='constant' value='42'>"
    "</PixelFunctionArgumentsList>";
    GDALAddDerivedBandPixelFuncWithArgs("MyFirstFunction", TestFunction, pszMetadata);

A good time to do this is at the beginning of an application when the GDAL drivers are registered. `pszMetadata` is optional and can be `nullptr`. It can be used to declare the function signature to the user and to request additional parameters aside from the ones from the Dataset.

A `GDALDerivedPixelFuncWithArgs` is defined with a signature similar to `GDALRasterBand::IRasterIO()`:

CPLErr TestFunction(void **papoSources, int nSources, void *pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize, GDALDataType eSrcType, GDALDataType eBufType, int nPixelSpace, int nLineSpace, CSLConstList papszArgs)
  Parameters:

    - papoSources -- A pointer to packed rasters; one per source. The datatype of all will be the same, specified in the `eSrcType` parameter.

    - nSources -- The number of source rasters.

    - pData -- The buffer into which the data should be read, or from which it should be written. This buffer must contain at least `nBufXSize * nBufYSize` words of type eBufType. It is organized in left to right, top to bottom pixel order. Spacing is controlled by the `nPixelSpace` and `nLineSpace` parameters.

    - nBufXSize -- The width of the buffer image into which the desired region is to be read, or from which it is to be written.

    - nBufYSize -- The height of the buffer image into which the desired region is to be read, or from which it is to be written.

    - eSrcType -- The type of the pixel values in the `papoSources` raster array.

    - eBufType -- The type of the pixel values that the pixel function must generate in the `pData` data buffer.

    - nPixelSpace -- The byte offset from the start of one pixel value in `pData` to the start of the next pixel value within a scanline. If defaulted (0) the size of the datatype eBufType is used.

    - nLineSpace -- The byte offset from the start of one scanline in pData to the start of the next.

    - papszArgs -- An optional string list of named function arguments (e.g. `y=4`)

It is also possible to register a `GDALDerivedPixelFunc` (which omits the final `CSLConstList` argument) using `GDALAddDerivedBandPixelFunc()`.

The following is an implementation of the pixel function:

    #include "gdal.h"

    CPLErr TestFunction(void **papoSources, int nSources, void *pData,
                        int nXSize, int nYSize,
                        GDALDataType eSrcType, GDALDataType eBufType,
                        int nPixelSpace, int nLineSpace,
                        CSLConstList papszArgs)
    {
        int ii, iLine, iCol;
        double pix_val;
        double x0, x3, x4, x8;

        // ---- Init ----
        if (nSources != 4) return CE_Failure;

        const char *pszY = CSLFetchNameValue(papszArgs, "y");
        if (pszY == nullptr) return CE_Failure;

        double NoData = NAN;
        const char *pszNoData = CSLFetchNameValue(papszArgs, "NoData");
        if (pszNoData != nullptr)
        {
            NoData = std::strtod(pszNoData, &end);
            if (end == pszNoData) return CE_Failure; // Could not parse
        }

        char *end = nullptr;
        double y = std::strtod(pszY, &end);
        if (end == pszY) return CE_Failure; // Could not parse

        // ---- Set pixels ----
        for( iLine = 0; iLine < nYSize; iLine++ )
        {
            for( iCol = 0; iCol < nXSize; iCol++ )
            {
                ii = iLine * nXSize + iCol;
                /* Source raster pixels may be obtained with SRCVAL macro */
                x0 = SRCVAL(papoSources[0], eSrcType, ii);
                x3 = SRCVAL(papoSources[1], eSrcType, ii);
                x4 = SRCVAL(papoSources[2], eSrcType, ii);
                x8 = SRCVAL(papoSources[3], eSrcType, ii);

                if (x0 == NoData || x3 == NoData || x4 == NoData || x8 == NoData)
                    pix_val = NAN;
                else
                    pix_val = sqrt((x3*x3+x4*x4)/(x0*x8)) + y;

                GDALCopyWords(&pix_val, GDT_Float64, 0,
                            ((GByte *)pData) + nLineSpace * iLine + iCol * nPixelSpace,
                            eBufType, nPixelSpace, 1);
            }
        }

        // ---- Return success ----
        return CE_None;
    }

## Using Derived Bands (with pixel functions in Python)

Starting with GDAL 2.2, in addition to pixel functions written in C/C++ as documented in the Using Derived Bands (with pixel functions in C/C++) section, it is possible to use pixel functions written in Python. Both CPython and NumPy are requirements at run-time.

The subelements for VRTRasterBand (whose subclass specification must be set to VRTDerivedRasterBand) are :

- PixelFunctionType (required): Must be set to a function name that will be defined as a inline Python module in PixelFunctionCode element or as the form "module_name.function_name" to refer to a function in an external Python module

- PixelFunctionLanguage (required): Must be set to Python.

- PixelFunctionCode (required if PixelFunctionType is of the form "function_name", ignored otherwise). The in-lined code of a Python module, that must be at least have a function whose name is given by PixelFunctionType.

- BufferRadius (optional, defaults to 0): Amount of extra pixels, with respect to the original RasterIO() request to satisfy, that are fetched at the left, right, bottom and top of the input and output buffers passed to the pixel function. Note that the values of the output buffer in this buffer zone willbe ignored.

- SkipNonContributingSources (optional, added in GDAL 3.7, defaults to false) = true/false: Whether sources that do not intersect the VRTRasterBand RasterIO() requested region should be omitted. By default, data for all sources, including ones that do not intersect it, are passed to the pixel function. By setting this parameter to false, only sources that intersect the requested region will be passed.

The signature of the Python pixel function must have the following arguments:

- in_ar: list of input NumPy arrays. One NumPy array for each source. If SkipNonContributingSources=true, only contributing sources will be passed.

- out_ar: output NumPy array to fill. The array is initialized at the right dimensions and with the VRTRasterBand.dataType.

- xoff: pixel offset to the top left corner of the accessed region of the band. Generally not needed except if the processing depends on the pixel position in the raster.

- yoff line offset to the top left corner of the accessed region of the band. Generally not needed.

- xsize: width of the region of the accessed region of the band. Can be used together with out_ar.shape[1] to determine the horizontal resampling ratio of the request.

- ysize: height of the region of the accessed region of the band. Can be used together with out_ar.shape[0] to determine the vertical resampling ratio of the request.

- raster_xsize: total width of the raster band. Generally not needed.

- raster_ysize: total height of the raster band. Generally not needed.

- buf_radius: radius of the buffer (in pixels) added to the left, right, top and bottom of in_ar / out_ar. This is the value of the optional BufferRadius element that can be set so that the original pixel request is extended by a given amount of pixels.

- gt: geotransform. Array of 6 double values.

- kwargs: dictionary with user arguments defined in PixelFunctionArguments

The provided `out_ar` array must be modified in-place. Any value currently returned by the pixel function is ignored.

Note

If wanting to fill `out_ar` from another array, use the `out_ar[:] = ...` syntax.

### Examples

#### VRT that multiplies the values of the source file by a factor of 1.5

    <VRTDataset rasterXSize="20" rasterYSize="20">
        <SRS>EPSG:26711</SRS>
        <GeoTransform>440720,60,0,3751320,0,-60</GeoTransform>
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="1" subClass="VRTDerivedRasterBand">
            <PixelFunctionType>multiply</PixelFunctionType>
            <PixelFunctionLanguage>Python</PixelFunctionLanguage>
            <PixelFunctionArguments factor="1.5"/>
            <PixelFunctionCode><![CDATA[
                import numpy as np
                def multiply(in_ar, out_ar, xoff, yoff, xsize, ysize, raster_xsize,
                                raster_ysize, buf_radius, gt, **kwargs):
                    factor = float(kwargs['factor'])
                    out_ar[:] = np.round_(np.clip(in_ar[0] * factor,0,255))
                ]]>
            </PixelFunctionCode>
            <SimpleSource>
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">byte.tif</SourceFilename>
            </SimpleSource>
        </VRTRasterBand>
    </VRTDataset>

#### VRT that adds 2 (or more) rasters

    <VRTDataset rasterXSize="20" rasterYSize="20">
        <SRS>EPSG:26711</SRS>
        <GeoTransform>440720,60,0,3751320,0,-60</GeoTransform>
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="1" subClass="VRTDerivedRasterBand">
            <PixelFunctionType>add</PixelFunctionType>
            <PixelFunctionLanguage>Python</PixelFunctionLanguage>
            <PixelFunctionCode><![CDATA[
                import numpy as np
                def add(in_ar, out_ar, xoff, yoff, xsize, ysize, raster_xsize,
                                raster_ysize, buf_radius, gt, **kwargs):
                    np.round_(np.clip(np.sum(in_ar, axis = 0, dtype = 'uint16'),0,255),
                            out = out_ar)
                ]]>
            </PixelFunctionCode>
            <SimpleSource>
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">byte.tif</SourceFilename>
            </SimpleSource>
            <SimpleSource>
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">byte2.tif</SourceFilename>
            </SimpleSource>
        </VRTRasterBand>
    </VRTDataset>

#### VRT that computes hillshading using an external library

    <VRTDataset rasterXSize="121" rasterYSize="121">
        <SRS>EPSG:4326</SRS>
        <GeoTransform>-80.004166666666663,0.008333333333333,0,
        44.004166666666663,0,-0.008333333333333</GeoTransform>
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="1" subClass="VRTDerivedRasterBand">
            <ColorInterp>Gray</ColorInterp>
            <SimpleSource>
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">n43.dt0</SourceFilename>
            </SimpleSource>
            <PixelFunctionLanguage>Python</PixelFunctionLanguage>
            <PixelFunctionType>hillshading.hillshade</PixelFunctionType>
            <PixelFunctionArguments scale="111120" z_factor="30" />
            <BufferRadius>1</BufferRadius>
            <SourceTransferType>Int16</SourceTransferType>
        </VRTRasterBand>
    </VRTDataset>

with hillshading.py:

    # Licence: MIT
    # Copyright 2016, Even Rouault
    import math

    def hillshade_int(in_ar, out_ar, xoff, yoff, xsize, ysize, raster_xsize,
                            raster_ysize, radius, gt, z, scale):
        ovr_scale_x = float(out_ar.shape[1] - 2 * radius) / xsize
        ovr_scale_y = float(out_ar.shape[0] - 2 * radius) / ysize
        ewres = gt[1] / ovr_scale_x
        nsres = gt[5] / ovr_scale_y
        inv_nsres = 1.0 / nsres
        inv_ewres = 1.0 / ewres

        az = 315
        alt = 45
        degreesToRadians = math.pi / 180

        sin_alt = math.sin(alt * degreesToRadians)
        azRadians = az * degreesToRadians
        z_scale_factor = z / (8 * scale)
        cos_alt_mul_z_scale_factor = \
                math.cos(alt * degreesToRadians) * z_scale_factor
        cos_az_mul_cos_alt_mul_z_scale_factor_mul_254 = \
                    254 * math.cos(azRadians) * cos_alt_mul_z_scale_factor
        sin_az_mul_cos_alt_mul_z_scale_factor_mul_254 = \
                    254 * math.sin(azRadians) * cos_alt_mul_z_scale_factor
        square_z_scale_factor = z_scale_factor * z_scale_factor
        sin_alt_mul_254 = 254.0 * sin_alt

        for j in range(radius, out_ar.shape[0]-radius):
            win_line = in_ar[0][j-radius:j+radius+1,:]
            for i in range(radius, out_ar.shape[1]-radius):
                win = win_line[:,i-radius:i+radius+1].tolist()
                x = inv_ewres * ((win[0][0] + win[1][0] + win[1][0] + win[2][0])-\
                                (win[0][2] + win[1][2] + win[1][2] + win[2][2]))
                y = inv_nsres * ((win[2][0] + win[2][1] + win[2][1] + win[2][2])-\
                                (win[0][0] + win[0][1] + win[0][1] + win[0][2]))
                xx_plus_yy = x * x + y * y
                cang_mul_254 = (sin_alt_mul_254 - \
                    (y * cos_az_mul_cos_alt_mul_z_scale_factor_mul_254 - \
                        x * sin_az_mul_cos_alt_mul_z_scale_factor_mul_254)) / \
                    math.sqrt(1 + square_z_scale_factor * xx_plus_yy)
                if cang_mul_254 < 0:
                    out_ar[j,i] = 1
                else:
                    out_ar[j,i] = 1 + round(cang_mul_254)

    def hillshade(in_ar, out_ar, xoff, yoff, xsize, ysize, raster_xsize,
                raster_ysize, radius, gt, **kwargs):
        z = float(kwargs['z_factor'])
        scale= float(kwargs['scale'])
        hillshade_int(in_ar, out_ar, xoff, yoff, xsize, ysize, raster_xsize,
                    raster_ysize, radius, gt, z, scale)

### Python module path

When importing modules from inline Python code or when relying on out-of-line code (PixelFunctionType of the form "module_name.function_name"), you need to make sure the modules are accessible through the python path. Note that contrary to the Python interactive interpreter, the current path is not automatically added when used from GDAL. So you may need to define the PYTHONPATH environment variable if you get ModuleNotFoundError exceptions.

#### Security implications

The ability to run Python code potentially opens the door to many potential vulnerabilities if the user of GDAL may process untrusted datasets. To avoid such issues, by default, execution of Python pixel function will be disabled. The execution policy can be controlled with the following configuration options:

- GDAL_VRT_ENABLE_PYTHON=[YES/NO/TRUSTED_MODULES]: Defaults to `TRUSTED_MODULES`. Determine what Python code can be called from GDAL.

  - YES: all VRT scripts are considered as trusted and their Python pixel functions will be run when pixel operations are involved.

  - NO: all VRT scripts are considered untrusted, and none Python pixelfunction will be run.

  - TRUSTED_MODULES (default setting): all VRT scripts with inline Python code in their PixelFunctionCode elements will be considered untrusted and will not be run. VRT scripts that use a PixelFunctionType of the form "module_name.function_name" will be considered as trusted, only if "module_name" is allowed in the `GDAL_VRT_PYTHON_TRUSTED_MODULES` configuration option.

- GDAL_VRT_PYTHON_TRUSTED_MODULES=value: The value of this configuration option is a comma separated listed of trusted module names. The '*' wildcard can be used at the name of a string to match all strings beginning with the substring before the '*' character. For example 'every*' will make 'every.thing' or 'everything' module trusted. '*' can also be used to make all modules to be trusted. The ".*" wildcard can also be used to match exact modules or submodules names. For example 'every.*' will make 'every' and 'every.thing' modules trusted, but not 'everything'.

#### Linking mechanism to a Python interpreter

Currently only CPython 2 and 3 is supported. The GDAL shared object is not explicitly linked at build time to any of the CPython library. When GDAL will need to run Python code, it will first determine if the Python interpreter is loaded in the current process (which is the case if the program is a Python interpreter itself, or if another program, e.g. QGIS, has already loaded the CPython library). Otherwise it will look if the `PYTHONSO` configuration option is defined. This option can be set to point to the name of the Python library to use, either as a shortname like "libpython3.10.so" if it is accessible through the Linux dynamic loader (so typically in one of the paths in /etc/ld.so.conf or LD_LIBRARY_PATH) or as a full path name like "/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpython3.10.so". The same holds on Windows will shortnames like "python310.dll" if accessible through the PATH or full path names like "c:\python310\python310.dll". If the `PYTHONSO` configuration option is not defined, it will look for a "python" binary in the directories of the PATH and will try to determine the related shared object (it will retry with "python3" if no "python" has been found). If the above was not successful, then a predefined list of shared objects names will be tried. At the time of writing, the order of versions searched is 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.7, 3.6, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.2. Enabling debug information (`CPL_DEBUG=ON`) will show which Python version is used.

### Just-in-time compilation

The use of a just-in-time compiler may significantly speed up execution times. Numba has been successfully tested. For better performance, it is recommended to use a offline pixel function so that the just-in-time compiler may cache its compilation.

Given the following `mandelbrot.py` file :

    # Trick for compatibility with and without numba
    try:
        from numba import jit
        #print('Using numba')
        g_max_iterations = 100
    except Exception:
        class jit(object):
            def __init__(self, nopython = True, nogil = True):
                pass

            def __call__(self, f):
                return f

        #print('Using non-JIT version')
        g_max_iterations = 25

    # Use a wrapper for the entry point regarding GDAL, since GDAL cannot access
    # the jit decorated function with the expected signature.
    def mandelbrot(in_ar, out_ar, xoff, yoff, xsize, ysize, raster_xsize,
                            raster_ysize, r, gt, **kwargs):
        mandelbrot_jit(out_ar, xoff, yoff, xsize, ysize, raster_xsize, raster_ysize,
    g_max_iterations)

    # Will make sure that the code is compiled to pure native code without Python
    # fallback.
    @jit(nopython=True, nogil=True, cache=True)
    def mandelbrot_jit(out_ar, xoff, yoff, xsize, ysize, raster_xsize,
                            raster_ysize, max_iterations):
        ovr_factor_y = float(out_ar.shape[0]) / ysize
        ovr_factor_x = float(out_ar.shape[1]) / xsize
        for j in range( out_ar.shape[0]):
            y0 = 2.0 * (yoff + j / ovr_factor_y) / raster_ysize - 1
            for i in range(out_ar.shape[1]):
                x0 = 3.5 * (xoff + i / ovr_factor_x) / raster_xsize - 2.5
                x = 0.0
                y = 0.0
                x2 = 0.0
                y2 = 0.0
                iteration = 0
                while x2 + y2 < 4 and iteration < max_iterations:
                    y = 2*x*y + y0
                    x = x2 - y2 + x0
                    x2 = x * x
                    y2 = y * y
                    iteration += 1

                out_ar[j][i] = iteration * 255 / max_iterations

The following VRT file can be used (to be opened with QGIS for example)

    <VRTDataset rasterXSize="100000000" rasterYSize="100000000">
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="1" subClass="VRTDerivedRasterBand">
            <PixelFunctionLanguage>Python</PixelFunctionLanguage>
            <PixelFunctionType>mandelbrot.mandelbrot</PixelFunctionType>
            <Metadata>
            <MDI key="STATISTICS_MAXIMUM">255</MDI>
            <MDI key="STATISTICS_MEAN">127</MDI>
            <MDI key="STATISTICS_MINIMUM">0</MDI>
            <MDI key="STATISTICS_STDDEV">127</MDI>
            </Metadata>
            <ColorInterp>Gray</ColorInterp>
            <Histograms>
            <HistItem>
                <HistMin>-0.5</HistMin>
                <HistMax>255.5</HistMax>
                <BucketCount>256</BucketCount>
                <IncludeOutOfRange>0</IncludeOutOfRange>
                <Approximate>1</Approximate>
                <HistCounts>0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|
        0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|
        0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|
        0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|
        0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|
        0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|
        0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0</HistCounts>
            </HistItem>
            </Histograms>
        </VRTRasterBand>
    </VRTDataset>

## Warped VRT

A warped VRT is a VRTDataset with subClass="VRTWarpedDataset". It has a GDALWarpOptions element which describe the warping options.

    <VRTDataset rasterXSize="20" rasterYSize="20" subClass="VRTWarpedDataset">
        <SRS>PROJCS["NAD27 / UTM zone 11N",GEOGCS["NAD27",DATUM["North_American_Datum_1927",SPHEROID["Clarke 1866",6378206.4,294.9786982138982,AUTHORITY["EPSG","7008"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","6267"]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4267"]],PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],PARAMETER["central_meridian",-117],PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],PARAMETER["false_northing",0],UNIT["metre",1,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],AXIS["Easting",EAST],AXIS["Northing",NORTH],AUTHORITY["EPSG","26711"]]</SRS>
        <GeoTransform>  4.4072000000000000e+05,  6.0000000000000000e+01,  0.0000000000000000e+00,  3.7513200000000000e+06,  0.0000000000000000e+00, -6.0000000000000000e+01</GeoTransform>
        <Metadata>
            <MDI key="AREA_OR_POINT">Area</MDI>
        </Metadata>
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="1" subClass="VRTWarpedRasterBand">
            <ColorInterp>Gray</ColorInterp>
        </VRTRasterBand>
        <BlockXSize>20</BlockXSize>
        <BlockYSize>20</BlockYSize>
        <GDALWarpOptions>
            <WarpMemoryLimit>6.71089e+07</WarpMemoryLimit>
            <ResampleAlg>NearestNeighbour</ResampleAlg>
            <WorkingDataType>Byte</WorkingDataType>
            <Option name="INIT_DEST">0</Option>
            <SourceDataset relativeToVRT="1">byte.vrt</SourceDataset>
            <Transformer>
            <ApproxTransformer>
                <MaxError>0.125</MaxError>
                <BaseTransformer>
                <GenImgProjTransformer>
                    <SrcGeoTransform>440720,60,0,3751320,0,-60</SrcGeoTransform>
                    <SrcInvGeoTransform>-7345.33333333333303,0.0166666666666666664,0,62522,0,-0.0166666666666666664</SrcInvGeoTransform>
                    <DstGeoTransform>440720,60,0,3751320,0,-60</DstGeoTransform>
                    <DstInvGeoTransform>-7345.33333333333303,0.0166666666666666664,0,62522,0,-0.0166666666666666664</DstInvGeoTransform>
                </GenImgProjTransformer>
                </BaseTransformer>
            </ApproxTransformer>
            </Transformer>
            <BandList>
            <BandMapping src="1" dst="1" />
            </BandList>
        </GDALWarpOptions>
    </VRTDataset>

## Pansharpened VRT

New in version 2.1.

A VRT can describe a dataset resulting from a pansharpening operation The pansharpening VRT combines a panchromatic band with several spectral bands of lower resolution to generate output spectral bands of the same resolution as the panchromatic band.

VRT pansharpening assumes that the panchromatic and spectral bands have the same projection (or no projection). If that is not the case, reprojection must be done in a prior step. Bands might have different geotransform matrices, in which case, by default, the resulting dataset will have as extent the union of all extents.

Currently the only supported pansharpening algorithm is a "weighted" Brovey algorithm. The general principle of this algorithm is that, after resampling the spectral bands to the resolution of the panchromatic band, a pseudo panchromatic intensity is computed from a weighted average of the spectral bands. Then the output value of the spectral band is its input value multiplied by the ratio of the real panchromatic intensity over the pseudo panchromatic intensity.

Corresponding pseudo code:

    pseudo_panchro[pixel] = sum(weight[i] * spectral[pixel][i] for i=0 to nb_spectral_bands-1)
    ratio = panchro[pixel] / pseudo_panchro[pixel]
    for i=0 to nb_spectral_bands-1:
        output_value[pixel][i] = input_value[pixel][i] * ratio

A valid pansharpened VRT must declare subClass="VRTPansharpenedDataset" as an attribute of the VRTDataset top element. The VRTDataset element must have a child PansharpeningOptions element. This PansharpeningOptions element must have a PanchroBand child element and one of several SpectralBand elements. PanchroBand and SpectralBand elements must have at least a SourceFilename child element to specify the name of the dataset. They may also have a SourceBand child element to specify the number of the band in the dataset (starting with 1). If not specify, the first band will be assumed.

The SpectralBand element must generally have a dstBand attribute to specify the number of the output band (starting with 1) to which the input spectral band must be mapped. If the attribute is not specified, the spectral band will be taken into account in the computation of the pansharpening, but not exposed as an output band.

Panchromatic and spectral bands should generally come from different datasets, since bands of a GDAL dataset are assumed to have all the same dimensions. Spectral bands themselves can come from one or several datasets. The only constraint is that they have all the same dimensions and geotransform.

An example of a minimalist working VRT is the following. It will generates a dataset with 3 output bands corresponding to the 3 input spectral bands of multispectral.tif, pansharpened with panchromatic.tif.

    <VRTDataset subClass="VRTPansharpenedDataset">
        <PansharpeningOptions>
            <PanchroBand>
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">panchromatic.tif</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
            </PanchroBand>
            <SpectralBand dstBand="1">
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">multispectral.tif</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
            </SpectralBand>
            <SpectralBand dstBand="2">
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">multispectral.tif</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>2</SourceBand>
            </SpectralBand>
            <SpectralBand dstBand="3">
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">multispectral.tif</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>3</SourceBand>
            </SpectralBand>
        </PansharpeningOptions>
    </VRTDataset>

In the above example, 3 output pansharpend bands will be created from the 3 declared input spectral bands. The weights will be 1/3. Cubic resampling will be used. The projection and geotransform from the panchromatic band will be reused for the VRT dataset.

It is possible to create more explicit and declarative pansharpened VRT, allowing for example to only output part of the input spectral bands (e.g. only RGB when the input multispectral dataset is RGBNir). It is also possible to add "classic" VRTRasterBands, in addition to the pansharpened bands.

In addition to the above mentioned required PanchroBand and SpectralBand elements, the PansharpeningOptions element may have the following children elements :

- Algorithm: to specify the pansharpening algorithm. Currently, only WeightedBrovey is supported.

- AlgorithmOptions: to specify the options of the pansharpening algorithm. With WeightedBrovey algorithm, the only supported option is a Weights child element whose content must be a comma separated list of real values assigning the weight of each of the declared input spectral bands. There must be as many values as declared input spectral bands.

- Resampling: the resampling kernel used to resample the spectral bands to the resolution of the panchromatic band. Can be one of Cubic (default), Average, Near, CubicSpline, Bilinear, Lanczos.

- NumThreads: Number of worker threads. Integer number or ALL_CPUS. If this option is not set, the `GDAL_NUM_THREADS` configuration option will be queried (its value can also be set to an integer or ALL_CPUS)

- BitDepth: Can be used to specify the bit depth of the panchromatic and spectral bands (e.g. 12). If not specified, the NBITS metadata item from the panchromatic band will be used if it exists.

- NoData: Nodata value to take into account for panchromatic and spectral bands. It will be also used as the output nodata value. If not specified and all input bands have the same nodata value, it will be implicitly used (unless the special None value is put in NoData to prevent that).

- SpatialExtentAdjustment: Can be one of Union (default), Intersection, None or NoneWithoutWarning. Controls the behavior when panchromatic and spectral bands have not the same geospatial extent. By default, Union will take the union of all spatial extents. Intersection the intersection of all spatial extents. None will not proceed to any adjustment at all, but will emit a warning. NoneWithoutWarning is the same as None, but in a silent way.

The below examples creates a VRT dataset with 4 bands. The first band is the panchromatic band. The 3 following bands are than red, green, blue pansharpened bands computed from a multispectral raster with red, green, blue and near-infrared bands. The near-infrared bands is taken into account for the computation of the pseudo panchromatic intensity, but not bound to an output band.

    <VRTDataset rasterXSize="800" rasterYSize="400" subClass="VRTPansharpenedDataset">
        <SRS>WGS84</SRS>
        <GeoTransform>-180, 0.45, 0, 90, 0, -0.45</GeoTransform>
        <Metadata>
            <MDI key="DESCRIPTION">Panchromatic band + pan-sharpened red, green and blue bands</MDI>
        </Metadata>
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="1" >
            <SimpleSource>
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">world_pan.tif</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
            </SimpleSource>
        </VRTRasterBand>
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="2" subClass="VRTPansharpenedRasterBand">
            <ColorInterp>Red</ColorInterp>
        </VRTRasterBand>
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="3" subClass="VRTPansharpenedRasterBand">
            <ColorInterp>Green</ColorInterp>
        </VRTRasterBand>
        <VRTRasterBand dataType="Byte" band="4" subClass="VRTPansharpenedRasterBand">
            <ColorInterp>Blue</ColorInterp>
        </VRTRasterBand>
        <BlockXSize>256</BlockXSize>
        <BlockYSize>256</BlockYSize>
        <PansharpeningOptions>
            <Algorithm>WeightedBrovey</Algorithm>
            <AlgorithmOptions>
                <Weights>0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25</Weights>
            </AlgorithmOptions>
            <Resampling>Cubic</Resampling>
            <NumThreads>ALL_CPUS</NumThreads>
            <BitDepth>8</BitDepth>
            <NoData>0</NoData>
            <SpatialExtentAdjustment>Union</SpatialExtentAdjustment>
            <PanchroBand>
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">world_pan.tif</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
            </PanchroBand>
            <SpectralBand dstBand="2">
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">world_rgbnir.tif</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>1</SourceBand>
            </SpectralBand>
            <SpectralBand dstBand="3">
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">world_rgbnir.tif</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>2</SourceBand>
            </SpectralBand>
                <SpectralBand dstBand="4">
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">world_rgbnir.tif</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>3</SourceBand>
            </SpectralBand>
            <SpectralBand> <!-- note the absence of the dstBand attribute, to indicate
                                that the NIR band is not bound to any output band -->
                <SourceFilename relativeToVRT="1">world_rgbnir.tif</SourceFilename>
                <SourceBand>4</SourceBand>
            </SpectralBand>
        </PansharpeningOptions>
    </VRTDataset>

## Multidimensional VRT

New in version 3.1.

See the dedicated Multidimensional VRT page.

## vrt:// connection string

New in version 3.1.

In some contexts, it might be useful to benefit from features of VRT without having to create a file or to provide the rather verbose VRT XML content as the connection string. For that purpose, the following URI syntax is supported for the dataset name since GDAL 3.1

    vrt://{path_to_gdal_dataset}?[bands=num1,...,numN]

    vrt://{path_to_gdal_dataset}?[a_srs=srs_def]

    vrt://{path_to_gdal_dataset}?[a_ullr=ulx,uly,lrx,lry]

For example:

    vrt://my.tif?bands=3,2,1

    vrt://my.tif?a_srs=OGC:CRS84

    vrt://my.tif?a_ullr=0,1,1,-1

    vrt://my.tif?bands=2&ovr=4

The supported options currently are `bands`, `a_srs`, `a_ullr`, `ovr`, `expand`, `a_scale`, `a_offset`, `ot`, `gcp`, `if`, `scale`, `exponent`, `outsize`, `projwin`, `projwin_srs`, `tr`, `r`, `srcwin`, `a_gt`, `oo`, `unscale`, `a_coord_epoch`, `nogcp`, `epo`, and `eco`.

Other options may be added in the future.

The effect of the `bands` option is to change the band composition. The values specified are the source band numbers (between 1 and N), possibly out-of-order or with repetitions. The `mask` value can be used to specify the global mask band. This can also be seen as an equivalent of running gdal_translate -of VRT -b num1 ... -b numN.

The effect of the `a_srs` option (added in GDAL 3.7) is to assign (override) the coordinate reference system of the source in the same way as (gdal_translate), it may be missing, or incorrect. The value provided for `a_srs` may be a string or a file containing a srs definition.

The effect of the `a_ullr` option (added in GDAL 3.7) is to assign (override) the georeferenced bounds of the source in the same way as (gdal_translate). The value consists of four numeric values separated by commas, in the order 'xmin,ymax,xmax,ymin' (upper left x,y, lower right x,y).

The effect of the `ovr` option (added in GDAL 3.7) is to specify which overview level of source file must be used, with the first overview level being 0 (gdal_translate).

The effect of the `expand` option (added in GDAL 3.7) is to expose a dataset with 1 band with a color table as a dataset with 3 (RGB) or 4 (RGBA) bands, as with (gdal_translate).

The effect of the `a_scale` option (added in GDAL 3.7) is to set band scaling value (no modification of pixel values is done), as with (gdal_translate).

The effect of the `a_offset` option (added in GDAL 3.7) is to set band offset value (no modification of pixel values is done), as with (gdal_translate).

The effect of the `ot` option (added in GDAL 3.7) is to force the output image bands to have a specific data type supported by the driver as with (gdal_translate).

The effect of the `gcp` option (added in GDAL 3.7) is to add the indicated ground control point to the output dataset. Values are a set of numbers as per (gdal_translate) `pixel,line,easting,northing[,elevation]`. Multiple entries may be included. This can also be seen as an equivalent of running gdal_translate -of VRT -gcp pixel1 line1 easting1 northing1 [elevation1] -gcp pixel2 line2 easting2 northing2 [elevation2] ... -gcp pixelN lineN eastingN northingN [elevationN].

The effect of the `if` option (added in GDAL 3.7) is to specify the format/driver name/s to be attempted to open the input file (gdal_translate). Values may be repeated separated by comma This can also be seen as an equivalent of running gdal_translate -of VRT -if DRV1 -if DRV2 ... -if DRVN.

The effect of the `scale` option (added in GDAL 3.7) is to rescale the input pixel values from the range src_min to src_max to the range dst_min to dst_max `src_min,src_max[,dst_min,dst_max]` either 2 or 4 comma separated values. The same rules apply for the source and destination ranges, and `scale_bn` syntax may be used as it is with (gdal_translate). The option `scale=true` (default if unspecified is `scale=false`) may also be used without value arguments (added in GDAL 3.8), where it results in the output range 0,255 from whatever the source range is. Do consider the need for also using `ot` option in order to accommodate the intended output range.

The effect of the `exponent` option (added in GDAL 3.7) is to apply non-linear scaling with a power function, a single value to be used with the `scale` option. The same `exponent_bn` syntax may be used in combination with `scale_bn` to target specific band/s as per (gdal_translate).

The effect of the `outsize` option (added in GDAL 3.7) is to set the size of the output, in numbers pixel,line or in fraction pixel%,line% as per (gdal_translate).

The effect of the `projwin` option (added in GDAL 3.8) is to select a subwindow from the source image in georeferenced coordinates in the same way as (gdal_translate). The value consists of four numeric values separated by commas, in the order 'xmin,ymax,xmax,ymin', these are in the native georeferenced coordinates of the source unless `projwin_srs` is also provided.

The effect of the `projwin_srs` option (added in GDAL 3.8) is to specify the SRS in which to interpret the coordinates given with `projwin` in the same way as (gdal_translate). This option only applies if `projwin` is also supplied.

The effect of the `tr` option (added in GDAL 3.8) is to set the target resolution, two positive values in georeferenced coordinates, applied in the same way as (gdal_translate). The value consists of two numeric values separated by commas in the order 'xres,yres'.

The effect of the `r` option (added in GDAL 3.8) is to set the resampling algorithm used, with 'nearest' as the default. This is applied in the same way as (gdal_translate).

The effect of the `srcwin` option (added in GDAL 3.8) is to select a subwindow from the source image based on pixel/line location as with (gdal_translate). The value consists of four integer values separated by commas, in the order 'xoff,yoff,xsize,ysize'.

The effect of the `a_gt` option (added in GDAL 3.8) is to override/assign the geotransform of the output as with (gdal_translate). The value consists of six numeric values separated by commas, in the order 'gt(0),gt(1),gt(2),gt(3),gt(4),gt(5)'.

The effect of the `oo` option (added in GDAL 3.8) is to set driver-specific dataset open options, multiple values are allowed. The value consists of string key value pairs with multiple pairs separated by commas e.g. `oo=<key>=<val>` or . `oo=<key1>=<val1>,<key2>=<val2>,...`. This is applied in the same way as (gdal_translate).

The effect of the `unscale` option (added in GDAL 3.8) is to apply the scale/offset metadata for the bands to convert scaled values to unscaled values. To apply this use syntax `unscale=true`, or `unscale=false` (which is the default if not specified). Do consider the need for also using `ot` option in order to accommodate the intended output range, see more details for the same argument as with (gdal_translate).

The effect of the `a_coord_epoch` option (added in GDAL 3.8) is to assign a coordinate epoch, linked with the output SRS as with (gdal_translate).

The effect of the `nogcp` option (added in GDAL 3.8) is to not copy the GCPs in the source dataset to the output dataset (gdal_translate). To apply this use syntax `nogcp=true`, or `nogcp=false` (which is the default if not specified).

The effect of the `epo` option (added in GDAL 3.8) is that `srcwin` or `projwin` values that fall partially outside the source raster extent will be considered as an error as per (gdal_translate). To apply this use syntax `epo=true`, or `epo=false` (which is the default if not specified).

The effect of the `eco` option (added in GDAL 3.8) is that `srcwin` or `projwin` values that fall completely outside the source raster extent will be considered as an error as per (gdal_translate). To apply this use syntax `eco=true`, or `eco=false` (which is the default if not specified).

The options may be chained together separated by '&'. (Beware the need for quoting to protect the ampersand).

    "vrt://my.tif?a_srs=OGC:CRS84&bands=2,1&a_ullr=-180,90,180,-90"

## Multi-threading optimizations

Starting with GDAL 3.6, the ComputeStatistics() implementation can benefit from multi-threading if the sources are not overlapping and belong to different datasets. This can be enabled by setting the `GDAL_NUM_THREADS` configuration option to an integer or `ALL_CPUS`.

## Multi-threading issues

Warning

The below section applies to GDAL <= 2.2. Starting with GDAL 2.3, the use of VRT datasets is subject to the standard GDAL dataset multi-threaded rules (that is a VRT dataset handle may only be used by a same thread at a time, but you may open several dataset handles on the same VRT file and use them in different threads)

When using VRT datasets in a multi-threading environment, you should be careful to open the VRT dataset by the thread that will use it afterwards. The reason for that is that the VRT dataset uses `GDALOpenShared()` when opening the underlying datasets. So, if you open twice the same VRT dataset by the same thread, both VRT datasets will share the same handles to the underlying datasets.

The shared attribute, on the SourceFilename indicates whether the dataset should be shared (value is 1) or not (value is 0). The default is 1. If several VRT datasets referring to the same underlying sources are used in a multithreaded context, shared should be set to 0. Alternatively, the `VRT_SHARED_SOURCE` configuration option can be set to `NO` to force non-shared mode:

- VRT_SHARED_SOURCE=[YES/NO]: Defaults to `YES`. Determines whether a VRT dataset should open its underlying sources in shared mode, for `SourceFilename` elements that do not specify a `shared` attribute. When the `shared` attribute is present this configuration option is ignored.

## Performance considerations

A VRT can reference many (hundreds, thousands, or more) datasets. Due to operating system limitations, and for performance at opening time, it is not reasonable/possible to open them all at the same time. GDAL has a "pool" of datasets opened by VRT files whose maximum limit is 100 by default. When it needs to access a dataset referenced by a VRT, it checks if it is already in the pool of open datasets. If not, when the pool has reached its limit, it closes the least recently used dataset to be able to open the new one. This maximum limit of the pool can be increased by setting the `GDAL_MAX_DATASET_POOL_SIZE` configuration option to a bigger value. Note that a typical user process on Linux is limited to 1024 simultaneously opened files, and you should let some margin for shared libraries, etc... gdal_translate and gdalwarp, by default, increase the pool size to 450.

Starting with GDAL 3.7, the `GDAL_MAX_DATASET_POOL_RAM_USAGE` configuration option to a number of bytes, to limit the RAM usage of opened datasets in the pool.

## Driver capabilities

Supports CreateCopy()

This driver supports the `GDALDriver::CreateCopy()` operation

Supports Create()

This driver supports the `GDALDriver::Create()` operation

Supports Georeferencing

This driver supports georeferencing

Supports VirtualIO

This driver supports virtual I/O operations (/vsimem/, etc.)