#!/usr/bin/env pytest
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
###############################################################################
# $Id$
#
# Project:  GDAL/OGR Test Suite
# Purpose:  Test default implementation of GDALRasterBand::IRasterIO
# Author:   Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
#
###############################################################################
# Copyright (c) 2008-2013, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
# copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
# to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
# the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
# and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
# in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
# OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
# THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
# DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
###############################################################################

import math
import struct
import sys

import gdaltest
import pytest

from osgeo import gdal

###############################################################################
# Test writing a 1x1 buffer to a 10x6 raster and read it back


def test_rasterio_1():
    data = "A".encode("ascii")

    drv = gdal.GetDriverByName("GTiff")
    ds = drv.Create("tmp/rasterio1.tif", 10, 6, 1)

    ds.GetRasterBand(1).Fill(65)
    checksum = ds.GetRasterBand(1).Checksum()

    ds.GetRasterBand(1).Fill(0)

    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        ds.RasterXSize,
        ds.RasterYSize,
        data,
        buf_type=gdal.GDT_Byte,
        buf_xsize=1,
        buf_ysize=1,
    )
    assert checksum == ds.GetRasterBand(1).Checksum(), "Didn't get expected checksum "

    data2 = ds.ReadRaster(0, 0, ds.RasterXSize, ds.RasterYSize, 1, 1)
    assert data2 == data, "Didn't get expected buffer "

    ds = None
    drv.Delete("tmp/rasterio1.tif")


###############################################################################
# Test writing a 5x4 buffer to a 10x6 raster and read it back


def test_rasterio_2():
    data = "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA".encode("ascii")

    drv = gdal.GetDriverByName("GTiff")
    ds = drv.Create("tmp/rasterio2.tif", 10, 6, 1)

    ds.GetRasterBand(1).Fill(65)
    checksum = ds.GetRasterBand(1).Checksum()

    ds.GetRasterBand(1).Fill(0)

    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        ds.RasterXSize,
        ds.RasterYSize,
        data,
        buf_type=gdal.GDT_Byte,
        buf_xsize=5,
        buf_ysize=4,
    )
    assert checksum == ds.GetRasterBand(1).Checksum(), "Didn't get expected checksum "

    data2 = ds.ReadRaster(0, 0, ds.RasterXSize, ds.RasterYSize, 5, 4)
    assert data2 == data, "Didn't get expected buffer "

    ds = None
    drv.Delete("tmp/rasterio2.tif")


###############################################################################
# Test extensive read & writes into a non tiled raster


def test_rasterio_3():

    data = [["" for i in range(4)] for i in range(5)]
    for xsize in range(5):
        for ysize in range(4):
            for m in range((xsize + 1) * (ysize + 1)):
                data[xsize][ysize] = data[xsize][ysize] + "A"
            data[xsize][ysize] = data[xsize][ysize].encode("ascii")

    drv = gdal.GetDriverByName("GTiff")
    ds = drv.Create("tmp/rasterio3.tif", 10, 6, 1)

    i = 0
    while i < ds.RasterXSize:
        j = 0
        while j < ds.RasterYSize:
            k = 0
            while k < ds.RasterXSize - i:
                m = 0
                while m < ds.RasterYSize - j:
                    for xsize in range(5):
                        for ysize in range(4):
                            ds.GetRasterBand(1).Fill(0)
                            ds.WriteRaster(
                                i,
                                j,
                                k + 1,
                                m + 1,
                                data[xsize][ysize],
                                buf_type=gdal.GDT_Byte,
                                buf_xsize=xsize + 1,
                                buf_ysize=ysize + 1,
                            )
                            data2 = ds.ReadRaster(
                                i, j, k + 1, m + 1, xsize + 1, ysize + 1, gdal.GDT_Byte
                            )
                            assert (
                                data2 == data[xsize][ysize]
                            ), "Didn't get expected buffer "
                    m = m + 1
                k = k + 1
            j = j + 1
        i = i + 1

    ds = None
    drv.Delete("tmp/rasterio3.tif")


###############################################################################
# Test extensive read & writes into a tiled raster


def test_rasterio_4():

    data = ["" for i in range(5 * 4)]
    for size in range(5 * 4):
        for k in range(size + 1):
            data[size] = data[size] + "A"
        data[size] = data[size].encode("ascii")

    drv = gdal.GetDriverByName("GTiff")
    ds = drv.Create(
        "tmp/rasterio4.tif",
        20,
        20,
        1,
        options=["TILED=YES", "BLOCKXSIZE=16", "BLOCKYSIZE=16"],
    )

    i = 0
    while i < ds.RasterXSize:
        j = 0
        while j < ds.RasterYSize:
            k = 0
            while k < ds.RasterXSize - i:
                m = 0
                while m < ds.RasterYSize - j:
                    for xsize in range(5):
                        for ysize in range(4):
                            ds.GetRasterBand(1).Fill(0)
                            ds.WriteRaster(
                                i,
                                j,
                                k + 1,
                                m + 1,
                                data[(xsize + 1) * (ysize + 1) - 1],
                                buf_type=gdal.GDT_Byte,
                                buf_xsize=xsize + 1,
                                buf_ysize=ysize + 1,
                            )
                            data2 = ds.ReadRaster(
                                i, j, k + 1, m + 1, xsize + 1, ysize + 1, gdal.GDT_Byte
                            )
                            if data2 != data[(xsize + 1) * (ysize + 1) - 1]:
                                print(i, j, k, m, xsize, ysize)
                                pytest.fail("Didn't get expected buffer ")
                    m = m + 1
                k = k + 1
            if j >= 15:
                j = j + 1
            else:
                j = j + 3
        if i >= 15:
            i = i + 1
        else:
            i = i + 3

    ds = None
    drv.Delete("tmp/rasterio4.tif")


###############################################################################
# Test error cases of ReadRaster()


def test_rasterio_5():

    ds = gdal.Open("data/byte.tif")

    for obj in [ds, ds.GetRasterBand(1)]:
        obj.ReadRaster(0, 0, -2000000000, 1, 1, 1)
        obj.ReadRaster(0, 0, 1, -2000000000, 1, 1)

    for band_number in [-1, 0, 2]:
        gdal.ErrorReset()
        gdal.PushErrorHandler("CPLQuietErrorHandler")
        res = ds.ReadRaster(0, 0, 1, 1, band_list=[band_number])
        gdal.PopErrorHandler()
        error_msg = gdal.GetLastErrorMsg()
        assert res is None, "expected None"
        assert (
            error_msg.find("this band does not exist on dataset") != -1
        ), "did not get expected error msg"

    res = ds.ReadRaster(0, 0, 1, 1, band_list=[1, 1])
    assert res is not None, "expected non None"

    for obj in [ds, ds.GetRasterBand(1)]:
        gdal.ErrorReset()
        gdal.PushErrorHandler("CPLQuietErrorHandler")
        res = obj.ReadRaster(0, 0, 21, 21)
        gdal.PopErrorHandler()
        error_msg = gdal.GetLastErrorMsg()
        assert res is None, "expected None"
        assert (
            error_msg.find("Access window out of range in RasterIO()") != -1
        ), "did not get expected error msg (1)"

        # This should only fail on a 32bit build
        try:
            maxsize = sys.maxint
        except AttributeError:
            maxsize = sys.maxsize

        # On win64, maxsize == 2147483647 and ReadRaster()
        # fails because of out of memory condition, not
        # because of integer overflow. I'm not sure on how
        # to detect win64 better.
        if maxsize == 2147483647 and sys.platform != "win32":
            gdal.ErrorReset()
            gdal.PushErrorHandler("CPLQuietErrorHandler")
            res = obj.ReadRaster(0, 0, 1, 1, 1000000, 1000000)
            gdal.PopErrorHandler()
            error_msg = gdal.GetLastErrorMsg()
            assert res is None, "expected None"
            assert (
                error_msg.find("Integer overflow") != -1
            ), "did not get expected error msg (2)"

        gdal.ErrorReset()
        gdal.PushErrorHandler("CPLQuietErrorHandler")
        res = obj.ReadRaster(0, 0, 0, 1)
        gdal.PopErrorHandler()
        error_msg = gdal.GetLastErrorMsg()
        assert res is None, "expected None"
        assert (
            error_msg.find("Illegal values for buffer size") != -1
        ), "did not get expected error msg (3)"

    ds = None


###############################################################################
# Test error cases of WriteRaster()


def test_rasterio_6():

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 2, 2)

    for obj in [ds, ds.GetRasterBand(1)]:
        with pytest.raises(Exception):
            obj.WriteRaster(0, 0, 2, 2, None)

        gdal.ErrorReset()
        gdal.PushErrorHandler("CPLQuietErrorHandler")
        obj.WriteRaster(0, 0, 2, 2, " ")
        gdal.PopErrorHandler()
        error_msg = gdal.GetLastErrorMsg()
        assert (
            error_msg.find("Buffer too small") != -1
        ), "did not get expected error msg (1)"

        gdal.ErrorReset()
        gdal.PushErrorHandler("CPLQuietErrorHandler")
        obj.WriteRaster(-1, 0, 1, 1, " ")
        gdal.PopErrorHandler()
        error_msg = gdal.GetLastErrorMsg()
        assert (
            error_msg.find("Access window out of range in RasterIO()") != -1
        ), "did not get expected error msg (2)"

        gdal.ErrorReset()
        gdal.PushErrorHandler("CPLQuietErrorHandler")
        obj.WriteRaster(0, 0, 0, 1, " ")
        gdal.PopErrorHandler()
        error_msg = gdal.GetLastErrorMsg()
        assert (
            error_msg.find("Illegal values for buffer size") != -1
        ), "did not get expected error msg (3)"

    ds = None


###############################################################################
# Test that default window reading works via ReadRaster()


def test_rasterio_7():

    ds = gdal.Open("data/byte.tif")

    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster()
    assert len(data) == 400, "did not read expected band data via ReadRaster()"

    data = ds.ReadRaster()
    assert len(data) == 400, "did not read expected dataset data via ReadRaster()"


###############################################################################
# Test callback of ReadRaster()


def rasterio_8_progress_callback(pct, message, user_data):
    # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    if pct != pytest.approx((user_data[0] + 0.05), abs=1e-5):
        print("Expected %f, got %f" % (user_data[0] + 0.05, pct))
        user_data[1] = False
    user_data[0] = pct
    return 1  # 1 to continue, 0 to stop


def rasterio_8_progress_interrupt_callback(pct, message, user_data):
    # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    user_data[0] = pct
    if pct >= 0.5:
        return 0
    return 1  # 1 to continue, 0 to stop


def rasterio_8_progress_callback_2(pct, message, user_data):
    # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    if pct < user_data[0]:
        print("Got %f, last pct was %f" % (pct, user_data[0]))
        return 0
    user_data[0] = pct
    return 1  # 1 to continue, 0 to stop


def test_rasterio_8():

    ds = gdal.Open("data/byte.tif")

    # Progress not implemented yet
    if (
        gdal.GetConfigOption("GTIFF_DIRECT_IO") == "YES"
        or gdal.GetConfigOption("GTIFF_VIRTUAL_MEM_IO") == "YES"
    ):
        pytest.skip()

    # Test RasterBand.ReadRaster
    tab = [0, True]
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_NearestNeighbour,
        callback=rasterio_8_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert len(data) == 400, "did not read expected band data via ReadRaster()"
    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1, abs=1e-5) and tab[1]

    # Test interruption
    tab = [0]
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_NearestNeighbour,
        callback=rasterio_8_progress_interrupt_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is None
    assert tab[0] >= 0.50

    # Test RasterBand.ReadRaster with type change
    tab = [0, True]
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_type=gdal.GDT_Int16,
        callback=rasterio_8_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is not None, "did not read expected band data via ReadRaster()"
    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1, abs=1e-5) and tab[1]

    # Same with interruption
    tab = [0]
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_type=gdal.GDT_Int16,
        callback=rasterio_8_progress_interrupt_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is None and tab[0] >= 0.50

    # Test RasterBand.ReadRaster with resampling
    tab = [0, True]
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=40, callback=rasterio_8_progress_callback, callback_data=tab
    )
    assert data is not None, "did not read expected band data via ReadRaster()"
    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1, abs=1e-5) and tab[1]

    # Same with interruption
    tab = [0]
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=40, callback=rasterio_8_progress_interrupt_callback, callback_data=tab
    )
    assert data is None and tab[0] >= 0.50

    # Test Dataset.ReadRaster
    tab = [0, True]
    data = ds.ReadRaster(
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_NearestNeighbour,
        callback=rasterio_8_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert len(data) == 400, "did not read expected dataset data via ReadRaster()"
    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1, abs=1e-5) and tab[1]

    ds = None

    # Test Dataset.ReadRaster on a multi band file, with INTERLEAVE=BAND
    ds = gdal.Open("data/rgbsmall.tif")
    last_pct = [0]
    data = ds.ReadRaster(
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_NearestNeighbour,
        callback=rasterio_8_progress_callback_2,
        callback_data=last_pct,
    )
    assert not (data is None or last_pct[0] != pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-5))

    # Same with interruption
    tab = [0]
    data = ds.ReadRaster(
        callback=rasterio_8_progress_interrupt_callback, callback_data=tab
    )
    assert data is None and tab[0] >= 0.50

    ds = None

    # Test Dataset.ReadRaster on a multi band file, with INTERLEAVE=PIXEL
    ds = gdal.Open("data/rgbsmall_cmyk.tif")
    last_pct = [0]
    data = ds.ReadRaster(
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_NearestNeighbour,
        callback=rasterio_8_progress_callback_2,
        callback_data=last_pct,
    )
    assert not (data is None or last_pct[0] != pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-5))

    # Same with interruption
    tab = [0]
    data = ds.ReadRaster(
        callback=rasterio_8_progress_interrupt_callback, callback_data=tab
    )
    assert data is None and tab[0] >= 0.50


###############################################################################
# Test resampling algorithm of ReadRaster()


def rasterio_9_progress_callback(pct, message, user_data):
    # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    if pct < user_data[0]:
        print("Got %f, last pct was %f" % (pct, user_data[0]))
        return 0
    user_data[0] = pct
    if user_data[1] is not None and pct >= user_data[1]:
        return 0
    return 1  # 1 to continue, 0 to stop


def rasterio_9_checksum(data, buf_xsize, buf_ysize, data_type=gdal.GDT_Byte):
    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", buf_xsize, buf_ysize, 1)
    ds.GetRasterBand(1).WriteRaster(
        0, 0, buf_xsize, buf_ysize, data, buf_type=data_type
    )
    cs = ds.GetRasterBand(1).Checksum()
    return cs


def test_rasterio_9():
    ds = gdal.Open("data/byte.tif")

    # Test RasterBand.ReadRaster, with Bilinear
    tab = [0, None]
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_type=gdal.GDT_Int16,
        buf_xsize=10,
        buf_ysize=10,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Bilinear,
        callback=rasterio_9_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is not None
    data_ar = struct.unpack("h" * 10 * 10, data)
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data, 10, 10, data_type=gdal.GDT_Int16)
    assert cs == 1211

    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-5)

    # Same but query with GDT_Float32. Check that we do not get floating-point
    # values, since the band type is Byte
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_type=gdal.GDT_Float32,
        buf_xsize=10,
        buf_ysize=10,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Bilinear,
    )

    data_float32_ar = struct.unpack("f" * 10 * 10, data)
    assert data_ar == data_float32_ar

    # Test RasterBand.ReadRaster, with Lanczos
    tab = [0, None]
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=10,
        buf_ysize=10,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Lanczos,
        callback=rasterio_9_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is not None
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data, 10, 10)
    assert cs == 1154

    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-5)

    # Test RasterBand.ReadRaster, with Bilinear and UInt16 data type
    src_ds_uint16 = gdal.Open("data/uint16.tif")
    tab = [0, None]
    data = src_ds_uint16.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_type=gdal.GDT_UInt16,
        buf_xsize=10,
        buf_ysize=10,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Bilinear,
        callback=rasterio_9_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is not None
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data, 10, 10, data_type=gdal.GDT_UInt16)
    assert cs == 1211

    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-5)

    # Test RasterBand.ReadRaster, with Bilinear on Complex, thus using warp API
    tab = [0, None]
    complex_ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 20, 20, 1, gdal.GDT_CInt16)
    complex_ds.GetRasterBand(1).WriteRaster(
        0, 0, 20, 20, ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(), buf_type=gdal.GDT_Byte
    )
    data = complex_ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=10,
        buf_ysize=10,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Bilinear,
        callback=rasterio_9_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is not None
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data, 10, 10, data_type=gdal.GDT_CInt16)
    assert cs == 1211

    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-5)

    # Test interruption
    tab = [0, 0.5]
    gdal.PushErrorHandler("CPLQuietErrorHandler")
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=10,
        buf_ysize=10,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Bilinear,
        callback=rasterio_9_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    gdal.PopErrorHandler()
    assert data is None
    assert tab[0] >= 0.50

    # Test RasterBand.ReadRaster, with Gauss, and downsampling
    tab = [0, None]
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=10,
        buf_ysize=10,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Gauss,
        callback=rasterio_9_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is not None
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data, 10, 10)
    assert cs == 1089

    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-5)

    # Test RasterBand.ReadRaster, with Cubic, and downsampling
    tab = [0, None]
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=10,
        buf_ysize=10,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Cubic,
        callback=rasterio_9_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is not None
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data, 10, 10)
    assert cs == 1059

    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-5)

    # Test RasterBand.ReadRaster, with Cubic, and downsampling with >=8x8 source samples used for a dest sample
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=5, buf_ysize=5, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Cubic
    )
    assert data is not None
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data, 5, 5)
    assert cs == 214

    # Same with UInt16
    data = src_ds_uint16.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=5, buf_ysize=5, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Cubic
    )
    assert data is not None
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data, 5, 5, data_type=gdal.GDT_UInt16)
    assert cs == 214

    # Test RasterBand.ReadRaster, with Cubic and supersampling
    tab = [0, None]
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=40,
        buf_ysize=40,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Cubic,
        callback=rasterio_9_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is not None
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data, 40, 40)
    assert cs == 19556

    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-5)

    # Test Dataset.ReadRaster, with Cubic and supersampling
    tab = [0, None]
    data = ds.ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=40,
        buf_ysize=40,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_CubicSpline,
        callback=rasterio_9_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is not None
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data, 40, 40)
    assert cs == 19041

    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-5)

    # Test Dataset.ReadRaster on a multi band file, with INTERLEAVE=PIXEL
    ds = gdal.Open("data/rgbsmall_cmyk.tif")
    tab = [0, None]
    data = ds.ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=25,
        buf_ysize=25,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Cubic,
        callback=rasterio_9_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is not None
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data[0 : 25 * 25], 25, 25)
    assert cs == 5975
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data[25 * 25 : 2 * 25 * 25], 25, 25)
    assert cs == 6248

    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-5)
    ds = None

    # Test Band.ReadRaster on a RGBA with parts fully opaque, and fully transparent and with huge upscaling
    ds = gdal.Open("data/stefan_full_rgba.png")
    tab = [0, None]
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=162 * 16,
        buf_ysize=150 * 16,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Cubic,
        callback=rasterio_9_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert data is not None
    cs = rasterio_9_checksum(data, 162 * 16, 150 * 16)
    assert cs == 18981
    assert tab[0] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-5)


###############################################################################
# Test error when getting a block


def test_rasterio_10():
    ds = gdal.Open("data/byte_truncated.tif")

    gdal.PushErrorHandler()
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster()
    gdal.PopErrorHandler()
    assert data is None

    # Change buffer type
    gdal.PushErrorHandler()
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(buf_type=gdal.GDT_Int16)
    gdal.PopErrorHandler()
    assert data is None

    # Resampling case
    gdal.PushErrorHandler()
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(buf_xsize=10, buf_ysize=10)
    gdal.PopErrorHandler()
    assert data is None


###############################################################################
# Test cubic resampling and nbits


def test_rasterio_11():
    numpy = pytest.importorskip("numpy")

    mem_ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 4, 3)
    mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).WriteArray(
        numpy.array([[80, 125, 125, 80], [80, 125, 125, 80], [80, 125, 125, 80]])
    )

    # A bit dummy
    mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).SetMetadataItem("NBITS", "8", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE")
    ar = mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadAsArray(
        0, 0, 4, 3, 8, 3, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Cubic
    )
    assert ar.max() == 129

    # NBITS=7
    mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).SetMetadataItem("NBITS", "7", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE")
    ar = mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadAsArray(
        0, 0, 4, 3, 8, 3, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Cubic
    )
    # Would overshoot to 129 if NBITS was ignored
    assert ar.max() == 127


###############################################################################
# Test cubic resampling on dataset RasterIO with an alpha channel


def rasterio_12_progress_callback(pct, message, user_data):
    if pct < user_data[0]:
        print("Got %f, last pct was %f" % (pct, user_data[0]))
        return 0
    user_data[0] = pct
    return 1  # 1 to continue, 0 to stop


def test_rasterio_12():
    numpy = pytest.importorskip("numpy")

    mem_ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 4, 3, 4)
    for i in range(3):
        mem_ds.GetRasterBand(i + 1).SetColorInterpretation(gdal.GCI_GrayIndex)
    mem_ds.GetRasterBand(4).SetColorInterpretation(gdal.GCI_AlphaBand)
    for i in range(4):
        mem_ds.GetRasterBand(i + 1).WriteArray(
            numpy.array([[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 255, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]])
        )

    tab = [0]
    ar_ds = mem_ds.ReadAsArray(
        0,
        0,
        4,
        3,
        buf_xsize=8,
        buf_ysize=3,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Cubic,
        callback=rasterio_12_progress_callback,
        callback_data=tab,
    )
    assert tab[0] == 1.0

    ar_ds2 = mem_ds.ReadAsArray(
        0, 0, 4, 3, buf_xsize=8, buf_ysize=3, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Cubic
    )
    assert numpy.array_equal(ar_ds, ar_ds2)

    ar_bands = [
        mem_ds.GetRasterBand(i + 1).ReadAsArray(
            0, 0, 4, 3, buf_xsize=8, buf_ysize=3, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Cubic
        )
        for i in range(4)
    ]

    # Results of band or dataset RasterIO should be the same
    for i in range(4):
        assert numpy.array_equal(ar_ds[i], ar_bands[i])

    # First, second and third band should have identical content
    assert numpy.array_equal(ar_ds[0], ar_ds[1])

    # Alpha band should be different
    assert not numpy.array_equal(ar_ds[0], ar_ds[3])


###############################################################################
# Test cubic resampling with masking


def test_rasterio_13():
    numpy = pytest.importorskip("numpy")

    for dt in [gdal.GDT_Byte, gdal.GDT_UInt16, gdal.GDT_UInt32]:

        mem_ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 4, 3, 1, dt)
        mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).SetNoDataValue(0)
        mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).WriteArray(
            numpy.array([[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 255, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]])
        )

        ar_ds = mem_ds.ReadAsArray(
            0, 0, 4, 3, buf_xsize=8, buf_ysize=3, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Cubic
        )

        expected_ar = numpy.array(
            [
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 255, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
            ]
        )
        assert numpy.array_equal(ar_ds, expected_ar), (ar_ds, dt)


###############################################################################
# Test average downsampling by a factor of 2 on exact boundaries


def test_rasterio_14():

    gdal.FileFromMemBuffer(
        "/vsimem/rasterio_14.asc",
        """ncols        6
nrows        6
xllcorner    0
yllcorner    0
cellsize     0
  0   0   100 0   0   0
  0   100 0   0   0 100
  0   0   0   0 100   0
100   0 100   0   0   0
  0 100   0 100   0   0
  0   0   0   0   0 100""",
    )

    ds = gdal.Translate(
        "/vsimem/rasterio_14_out.asc",
        "/vsimem/rasterio_14.asc",
        options="-of AAIGRID -r average -outsize 50% 50%",
    )
    cs = ds.GetRasterBand(1).Checksum()
    assert cs == 110, ds.ReadAsArray()

    gdal.Unlink("/vsimem/rasterio_14.asc")
    gdal.Unlink("/vsimem/rasterio_14_out.asc")

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 1000000, 1)
    ds.GetRasterBand(1).WriteRaster(
        ds.RasterXSize - 1, 0, 1, 1, struct.pack("B" * 1, 100)
    )
    data = ds.ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=int(ds.RasterXSize / 2), buf_ysize=1, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Average
    )
    data = struct.unpack("B" * int(ds.RasterXSize / 2), data)
    assert data[-1:][0] == 50

    data = ds.ReadRaster(
        ds.RasterXSize - 2,
        0,
        2,
        1,
        buf_xsize=1,
        buf_ysize=1,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Average,
    )
    data = struct.unpack("B" * 1, data)
    assert data[0] == 50

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 1, 1000000)
    ds.GetRasterBand(1).WriteRaster(
        0, ds.RasterYSize - 1, 1, 1, struct.pack("B" * 1, 100)
    )
    data = ds.ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=1, buf_ysize=int(ds.RasterYSize / 2), resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Average
    )
    data = struct.unpack("B" * int(ds.RasterYSize / 2), data)
    assert data[-1:][0] == 50

    data = ds.ReadRaster(
        0,
        ds.RasterYSize - 2,
        1,
        2,
        buf_xsize=1,
        buf_ysize=1,
        resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Average,
    )
    data = struct.unpack("B" * 1, data)
    assert data[0] == 50


###############################################################################
# Test average downsampling by a non-integer factor


def test_rasterio_average_4by4_to_3by3():

    gdal.FileFromMemBuffer(
        "/vsimem/test_rasterio_average_4by4_to_3by3.asc",
        """ncols        4
nrows        4
xllcorner    0
yllcorner    0
cellsize     1
 1.0 5 9 13
 2 6 10 14
 3 7 11 15
 4 8 12 16""",
    )

    ds = gdal.Translate(
        "",
        "/vsimem/test_rasterio_average_4by4_to_3by3.asc",
        options="-ot Float32 -f MEM -r average -outsize 3 3",
    )
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster()
    assert struct.unpack("f" * 9, data) == (
        2.25,
        7.25,
        12.25,
        3.5,
        8.5,
        13.5,
        4.75,
        9.75,
        14.75,
    )

    gdal.Unlink("/vsimem/test_rasterio_average_4by4_to_3by3.asc")


###############################################################################
# Test average oversampling by an integer factor (should behave like nearest)


def test_rasterio_15():

    gdal.FileFromMemBuffer(
        "/vsimem/rasterio_15.asc",
        """ncols        2
nrows        2
xllcorner    0
yllcorner    0
cellsize     1
  0   100
100   100""",
    )

    ds = gdal.Translate(
        "/vsimem/rasterio_15_out.asc",
        "/vsimem/rasterio_15.asc",
        options="-of AAIGRID -outsize 200% 200%",
    )
    data_ref = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster()
    ds = None
    ds = gdal.Translate(
        "/vsimem/rasterio_15_out.asc",
        "/vsimem/rasterio_15.asc",
        options="-of AAIGRID -r average -outsize 200% 200%",
    )
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster()
    cs = ds.GetRasterBand(1).Checksum()
    assert data == data_ref and cs == 134, ds.ReadAsArray()

    gdal.Unlink("/vsimem/rasterio_15.asc")
    gdal.Unlink("/vsimem/rasterio_15_out.asc")


###############################################################################
# Test mode downsampling by a factor of 2 on exact boundaries


def test_rasterio_16():

    gdal.FileFromMemBuffer(
        "/vsimem/rasterio_16.asc",
        """ncols        6
nrows        6
xllcorner    0
yllcorner    0
cellsize     0
  0   0   0   0   0   0
  2   100 0   0   0   0
100   100 0   0   0   0
  0   100 0   0   0   0
  0   0   0   0   0   0
  0   0   0   0   0  0""",
    )

    ds = gdal.Translate(
        "/vsimem/rasterio_16_out.asc",
        "/vsimem/rasterio_16.asc",
        options="-of AAIGRID -r mode -outsize 50% 50%",
    )
    cs = ds.GetRasterBand(1).Checksum()
    assert cs == 15, ds.ReadAsArray()

    gdal.Unlink("/vsimem/rasterio_16.asc")
    gdal.Unlink("/vsimem/rasterio_16_out.asc")


###############################################################################


def test_rasterio_nodata():
    pytest.importorskip("numpy")

    ndv = 123
    btype = [
        gdal.GDT_Byte,
        gdal.GDT_Int16,
        gdal.GDT_Int32,
        gdal.GDT_Float32,
        gdal.GDT_Float64,
    ]

    ### create a MEM dataset
    for src_type in btype:
        mem_ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 10, 9, 1, src_type)
        mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).SetNoDataValue(ndv)
        mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).Fill(ndv)

        for dst_type in btype:
            if dst_type > src_type:
                ### read to a buffer of a wider type (and resample)
                data = mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadAsArray(
                    0,
                    0,
                    10,
                    9,
                    4,
                    3,
                    resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Bilinear,
                    buf_type=dst_type,
                )
                assert int(data[0, 0]) == ndv, (
                    "did not read expected band data via ReadAsArray() - src type -> dst type: "
                    + str(src_type)
                    + " -> "
                    + str(dst_type)
                )


###############################################################################


def test_rasterio_lanczos_nodata():

    ds = gdal.Open("data/rasterio_lanczos_nodata.tif")

    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=9, buf_ysize=9, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Lanczos
    )
    data_ar = struct.unpack("H" * 9 * 9, data)
    expected_ar = (
        0,
        0,
        0,
        22380,
        22417,
        22509,
        22525,
        22505,
        22518,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        22415,
        22432,
        22433,
        22541,
        22541,
        22568,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        22355,
        22378,
        22429,
        22468,
        22562,
        22591,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        22271,
        22343,
        22384,
        22526,
        22565,
        22699,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        22404,
        22345,
        22537,
        22590,
        22582,
        22645,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        22461,
        22484,
        22464,
        22495,
        22633,
        22638,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        22481,
        22466,
        22500,
        22534,
        22536,
        22571,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        22460,
        22460,
        22547,
        22538,
        22456,
        22572,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        22504,
        22496,
        22564,
        22563,
        22610,
    )
    assert data_ar == expected_ar


###############################################################################


def test_rasterio_resampled_value_is_nodata():

    gdal.FileFromMemBuffer(
        "/vsimem/in.asc",
        """ncols        4
nrows        4
xllcorner    440720.000000000000
yllcorner    3750120.000000000000
cellsize     60.000000000000
nodata_value 0
 -1.1 -1.1 1.1 1.1
 -1.1 -1.1 1.1 1.1
 -1.1 -1.1 1.1 1.1
 -1.1 -1.1 1.1 1.1""",
    )

    ds = gdal.Open("/vsimem/in.asc")

    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=1, buf_ysize=1, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Lanczos
    )
    data_ar = struct.unpack("f" * 1, data)
    expected_ar = (1.1754943508222875e-38,)
    assert data_ar == expected_ar

    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=1, buf_ysize=1, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Average
    )
    data_ar = struct.unpack("f" * 1, data)
    expected_ar = (1.1754943508222875e-38,)
    assert data_ar == expected_ar

    gdal.Unlink("/vsimem/in.asc")

    gdal.FileFromMemBuffer(
        "/vsimem/in.asc",
        """ncols        4
nrows        4
xllcorner    440720.000000000000
yllcorner    3750120.000000000000
cellsize     60.000000000000
nodata_value 0
 -1 -1 1 1
 -1 -1 1 1
 -1 -1 1 1
 -1 -1 1 1""",
    )

    ds = gdal.Open("/vsimem/in.asc")

    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=1, buf_ysize=1, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Lanczos
    )
    data_ar = struct.unpack("I" * 1, data)
    expected_ar = (1,)
    assert data_ar == expected_ar

    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        buf_xsize=1, buf_ysize=1, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Average
    )
    data_ar = struct.unpack("I" * 1, data)
    expected_ar = (1,)
    assert data_ar == expected_ar

    gdal.Unlink("/vsimem/in.asc")


def test_rasterio_dataset_readarray_cint16():
    numpy = pytest.importorskip("numpy")

    mem_ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 1, 1, 2, gdal.GDT_CInt16)
    mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).WriteArray(numpy.array([[1 + 2j]]))
    mem_ds.GetRasterBand(2).WriteArray(numpy.array([[3 + 4j]]))
    got = mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadAsArray()
    assert got == numpy.array([[1 + 2j]])
    got = mem_ds.ReadAsArray()
    assert got[0] == numpy.array([[1 + 2j]])
    assert got[1] == numpy.array([[3 + 4j]])


def test_rasterio_rasterband_write_on_readonly():

    ds = gdal.Open("data/byte.tif")
    band = ds.GetRasterBand(1)
    with gdaltest.error_handler():
        err = band.WriteRaster(0, 0, 20, 20, band.ReadRaster())
    assert err != 0


def test_rasterio_dataset_write_on_readonly():

    ds = gdal.Open("data/byte.tif")
    with gdaltest.error_handler():
        err = ds.WriteRaster(0, 0, 20, 20, ds.ReadRaster())
    assert err != 0


@pytest.mark.parametrize("resample_alg", [-1, 8, "foo"])
def test_rasterio_dataset_invalid_resample_alg(resample_alg):

    mem_ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 2, 2)
    with gdaltest.error_handler():
        with pytest.raises(Exception):
            assert (
                mem_ds.ReadRaster(buf_xsize=1, buf_ysize=1, resample_alg=resample_alg)
                is None
            )
        with pytest.raises(Exception):
            assert (
                mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
                    buf_xsize=1, buf_ysize=1, resample_alg=resample_alg
                )
                is None
            )
        with pytest.raises(Exception):
            assert (
                mem_ds.ReadAsArray(buf_xsize=1, buf_ysize=1, resample_alg=resample_alg)
                is None
            )
        with pytest.raises(Exception):
            assert (
                mem_ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadAsArray(
                    buf_xsize=1, buf_ysize=1, resample_alg=resample_alg
                )
                is None
            )


def test_rasterio_floating_point_window_no_resampling():
    """Test fix for #3101"""

    ds = gdal.Translate(
        "/vsimem/test.tif",
        gdal.Open("data/rgbsmall.tif"),
        options="-co INTERLEAVE=PIXEL",
    )
    assert ds.GetMetadataItem("INTERLEAVE", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE") == "PIXEL"

    # Check that GDALDataset::IRasterIO() in block-based strategy behaves the
    # same as GDALRasterBand::IRasterIO() generic case (ie the one dealing
    # with floating-point window coordinates)
    data_per_band = b"".join(
        ds.GetRasterBand(i + 1).ReadRaster(0.1, 0.2, 10.4, 11.4, 10, 11)
        for i in range(3)
    )
    data_per_dataset = ds.ReadRaster(0.1, 0.2, 10.4, 11.4, 10, 11)
    ds = None
    gdal.Unlink("/vsimem/test.tif")
    assert data_per_band == data_per_dataset


def test_rasterio_floating_point_window_no_resampling_numpy():
    # Same as above but using ReadAsArray() instead of ReadRaster()
    numpy = pytest.importorskip("numpy")

    ds = gdal.Translate(
        "/vsimem/test.tif",
        gdal.Open("data/rgbsmall.tif"),
        options="-co INTERLEAVE=PIXEL",
    )
    assert ds.GetMetadataItem("INTERLEAVE", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE") == "PIXEL"

    data_per_band = numpy.stack(
        [
            ds.GetRasterBand(i + 1).ReadAsArray(
                0.1, 0.2, 10.4, 11.4, buf_xsize=10, buf_ysize=11
            )
            for i in range(3)
        ]
    )
    data_per_dataset = ds.ReadAsArray(0.1, 0.2, 10.4, 11.4, buf_xsize=10, buf_ysize=11)
    ds = None
    gdal.Unlink("/vsimem/test.tif")
    assert numpy.array_equal(data_per_band, data_per_dataset)


###############################################################################
# Test average downsampling by a factor of 2 on exact boundaries, with byte data type


def test_rasterio_average_halfsize_downsampling_byte():

    v1 = 255
    v2 = 255
    v3 = 255
    v4 = 255
    m1 = (v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 + 2) >> 2

    v5 = 255
    v6 = 2
    v7 = 0
    v8 = 0
    m2 = (v5 + v6 + v7 + v8 + 2) >> 2

    v9 = 127
    v10 = 127
    v11 = 127
    v12 = 127
    m3 = (v9 + v10 + v11 + v12 + 2) >> 2

    v13 = 1
    v14 = 0
    v15 = 1
    v16 = 1
    m4 = (v13 + v14 + v15 + v16 + 2) >> 2
    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 18, 4, 1, gdal.GDT_Byte)
    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        18,
        4,
        struct.pack(
            "B" * 18 * 4,
            v1,
            v2,
            v5,
            v6,
            v9,
            v10,
            v13,
            v14,
            v5,
            v6,
            v9,
            v10,
            v13,
            v14,
            v1,
            v2,
            v5,
            v6,
            v3,
            v4,
            v7,
            v8,
            v11,
            v12,
            v15,
            v16,
            v7,
            v8,
            v11,
            v12,
            v15,
            v16,
            v3,
            v4,
            v7,
            v8,
            v1,
            v2,
            v5,
            v6,
            v9,
            v10,
            v13,
            v14,
            v5,
            v6,
            v9,
            v10,
            v13,
            v14,
            v1,
            v2,
            v5,
            v6,
            v3,
            v4,
            v7,
            v8,
            v11,
            v12,
            v15,
            v16,
            v7,
            v8,
            v11,
            v12,
            v15,
            v16,
            v3,
            v4,
            v7,
            v8,
        ),
    )
    # Ask for at least 8 output pixels in width to trigger SSE2 optim
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        0, 0, 18, 4, 9, 2, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Average
    )
    assert struct.unpack("B" * 9 * 2, data) == (
        m1,
        m2,
        m3,
        m4,
        m2,
        m3,
        m4,
        m1,
        m2,
        m1,
        m2,
        m3,
        m4,
        m2,
        m3,
        m4,
        m1,
        m2,
    )

    ds.BuildOverviews("AVERAGE", [2])
    ovr_data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).GetOverview(0).ReadRaster()
    assert ovr_data == data


###############################################################################
# Test average downsampling by a factor of 2 on exact boundaries, with uint16 data type


def test_rasterio_average_halfsize_downsampling_uint16():

    v1 = 65535
    v2 = 65535
    v3 = 65535
    v4 = 65535
    m1 = (v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 + 2) >> 2

    v5 = 65535
    v6 = 2
    v7 = 0
    v8 = 0
    m2 = (v5 + v6 + v7 + v8 + 2) >> 2

    v9 = 32767
    v10 = 32767
    v11 = 32767
    v12 = 32767
    m3 = (v9 + v10 + v11 + v12 + 2) >> 2

    v13 = 1
    v14 = 0
    v15 = 1
    v16 = 1
    m4 = (v13 + v14 + v15 + v16 + 2) >> 2
    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 18, 4, 1, gdal.GDT_UInt16)
    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        18,
        4,
        struct.pack(
            "H" * 18 * 4,
            v1,
            v2,
            v5,
            v6,
            v9,
            v10,
            v13,
            v14,
            v5,
            v6,
            v9,
            v10,
            v13,
            v14,
            v1,
            v2,
            v5,
            v6,
            v3,
            v4,
            v7,
            v8,
            v11,
            v12,
            v15,
            v16,
            v7,
            v8,
            v11,
            v12,
            v15,
            v16,
            v3,
            v4,
            v7,
            v8,
            v1,
            v2,
            v5,
            v6,
            v9,
            v10,
            v13,
            v14,
            v5,
            v6,
            v9,
            v10,
            v13,
            v14,
            v1,
            v2,
            v5,
            v6,
            v3,
            v4,
            v7,
            v8,
            v11,
            v12,
            v15,
            v16,
            v7,
            v8,
            v11,
            v12,
            v15,
            v16,
            v3,
            v4,
            v7,
            v8,
        ),
    )  # Ask for at least 8 output pixels in width to trigger SSE2 optim
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        0, 0, 18, 4, 9, 2, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Average
    )
    assert struct.unpack("H" * 9 * 2, data) == (
        m1,
        m2,
        m3,
        m4,
        m2,
        m3,
        m4,
        m1,
        m2,
        m1,
        m2,
        m3,
        m4,
        m2,
        m3,
        m4,
        m1,
        m2,
    )

    ds.BuildOverviews("AVERAGE", [2])
    ovr_data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).GetOverview(0).ReadRaster()
    assert ovr_data == data


###############################################################################
# Test average downsampling by a factor of 2 on exact boundaries, with float32 data type


def test_rasterio_average_halfsize_downsampling_float32():

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 18, 4, 1, gdal.GDT_Float32)
    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        18,
        4,
        struct.pack(
            "f" * 18 * 4,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            2,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            2,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            2,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
        ),
    )
    # Ask for at least 8 output pixels in width to trigger SSE2 optim
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        0, 0, 18, 4, 9, 2, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_Average
    )
    assert struct.unpack("f" * 18, data) == pytest.approx(
        (
            16384.25,
            0.0,
            65535.0,
            16384.25,
            0.0,
            65535.0,
            16384.25,
            0.0,
            65535.0,
            49151.25,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            49151.25,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            49151.25,
            0.0,
            0.0,
        ),
        rel=1e-10,
    )

    ds.BuildOverviews("AVERAGE", [2])
    ovr_data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).GetOverview(0).ReadRaster()
    assert ovr_data == data


###############################################################################
# Test rms downsampling by a factor of 2 on exact boundaries, with float data type


def test_rasterio_rms_halfsize_downsampling_float32():

    inf = float("inf")
    nan = float("nan")

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 18, 4, 1, gdal.GDT_Float32)
    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        18,
        4,
        struct.pack(
            "f" * 18 * 4,
            0,
            0,
            nan,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            1e-38,
            1e-38,
            65535,
            65535,
            2,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            2,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            2,
            65535,
            1e-38,
            1e-38,
            65535,
            65535,
            1e38,
            -1e38,
            0,
            inf,
            1e-20,
            1e-20,
            -65535,
            -65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            1e38,
            -1e38,
            1e38,
            1e38,
            0,
            0,
            1e-20,
            1e-20,
            0,
            -65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            1e38,
            1e38,
        ),
    )
    # Ask for at least 8 output pixels in width to trigger SSE2 optim
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        0, 0, 18, 4, 9, 2, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_RMS
    )
    got = struct.unpack("f" * 18, data)
    # print(got)
    expected = (
        32767.5,
        nan,
        65535,
        32767.5,
        0,
        65535,
        32767.5,
        1e-38,
        65535,
        1e38,
        inf,
        1e-20,
        56754.974837013186,
        0,
        0,
        56754.974837013186,
        0,
        1e38,
    )
    for i in range(len(got)):
        if math.isnan(expected[i]):
            assert math.isnan(got[i])
        else:
            assert got[i] == pytest.approx(expected[i], rel=1e-7), i

    ds.BuildOverviews("RMS", [2])
    ovr_data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).GetOverview(0).ReadRaster()
    assert ovr_data == data


###############################################################################
# Test rms downsampling by a factor of 2 on exact boundaries, with byte data type


def internal_test_rasterio_rms_halfsize_downsampling_byte_content(gdal_dt, struct_type):

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 38, 6, 1, gdal_dt)
    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        38,
        6,
        struct.pack(
            struct_type * 38 * 6,
            0,
            0,
            1,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            1,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            1,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            1,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            2,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            2,
            100,
            2,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            2,
            100,
            2,
            100,
            2,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            2,
            100,
            2,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            2,
            100,
            2,
            100,
            2,
            100,
            100,
            100,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            100,
            100,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            100,
            100,
            0,
            100,
            1,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            1,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            100,
            1,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            1,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            100,
            188,
            229,
            0,
            0,
            255,
            255,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            255,
            255,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            255,
            255,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            255,
            255,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            188,
            229,
            233,
            233,
            0,
            0,
            255,
            255,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            255,
            255,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            255,
            255,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            255,
            255,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            233,
            233,
        ),
    )
    # Make sure to request at least 16 pixels in width to test the SSE2 implementation
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        0, 0, 38, 6, 19, 3, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_RMS
    )
    assert struct.unpack(struct_type * 19 * 3, data) == (
        50,
        0,
        0,
        50,
        50,
        0,
        0,
        50,
        50,
        50,
        0,
        0,
        50,
        50,
        0,
        0,
        50,
        50,
        50,
        87,
        1,
        1,
        0,
        0,
        1,
        1,
        0,
        0,
        87,
        1,
        1,
        0,
        0,
        1,
        1,
        0,
        0,
        87,
        222,
        0,
        255,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        255,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        255,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        255,
        0,
        0,
        222,
    )

    ds.BuildOverviews("RMS", [2])
    ovr_data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).GetOverview(0).ReadRaster()
    assert ovr_data == data


def test_rasterio_rms_halfsize_downsampling_byte():

    internal_test_rasterio_rms_halfsize_downsampling_byte_content(gdal.GDT_Byte, "B")


###############################################################################
# Test rms downsampling by a factor of 2 on exact boundaries, with byte data type
# and nodata never hit


def test_rasterio_rms_halfsize_downsampling_byte_nodata_not_hit():

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 20, 6, 1, gdal.GDT_Byte)
    ds.GetRasterBand(1).SetNoDataValue(180)
    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        20,
        6,
        struct.pack(
            "B" * 20 * 6,
            0,
            0,
            1,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            1,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            2,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            2,
            100,
            2,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            2,
            100,
            2,
            100,
            2,
            100,
            100,
            100,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            100,
            100,
            0,
            100,
            1,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            1,
            0,
            1,
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            255,
            255,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            255,
            255,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            255,
            255,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            255,
            255,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
        ),
    )
    # Make sure to request at least 8 pixels in width to test the SSE2 implementation
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        0, 0, 20, 6, 10, 3, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_RMS
    )
    assert struct.unpack("B" * 30, data) == (
        50,
        0,
        0,
        50,
        50,
        0,
        0,
        50,
        50,
        50,
        87,
        1,
        1,
        0,
        0,
        1,
        1,
        0,
        0,
        87,
        0,
        0,
        255,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        255,
        0,
        0,
        0,
    )

    ds.BuildOverviews("RMS", [2])
    ovr_data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).GetOverview(0).ReadRaster()
    assert ovr_data == data


###############################################################################
# Test rms downsampling by a factor of 2 on exact boundaries, with uint16 data type


def test_rasterio_rms_halfsize_downsampling_uint16():

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 18, 4, 1, gdal.GDT_UInt16)
    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        18,
        4,
        struct.pack(
            "H" * 18 * 4,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            2,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            2,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            2,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            65535,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
        ),
    )
    # Ask for at least 4 output pixels in width to trigger SSE2 optim
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        0, 0, 18, 4, 9, 2, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_RMS
    )
    assert struct.unpack("H" * 18, data) == (
        32768,
        0,
        65535,
        32768,
        0,
        65535,
        32768,
        0,
        65535,
        56755,
        0,
        0,
        56755,
        0,
        0,
        56755,
        0,
        0,
    )


###############################################################################
# Test rms downsampling by a factor of 2 on exact boundaries, with uint16 data type
# and all values fitting on 14 bits


def test_rasterio_rms_halfsize_downsampling_uint16_fits_in_14bits():

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 8, 4, 1, gdal.GDT_UInt16)
    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        8,
        4,
        struct.pack(
            "H" * 8 * 4,
            10,
            9,
            16383,
            16383,
            1,
            0,
            16380,
            16380,
            10,
            10,
            16383,
            16383,
            1,
            1,
            16378,
            16380,
            10,
            9,
            16383,
            16383,
            1,
            0,
            16380,
            16380,
            10,
            10,
            16383,
            16383,
            1,
            1,
            16378,
            16380,
        ),
    )
    # Ask for at least 4 output pixels in width to trigger SSE2 optim
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        0, 0, 8, 4, 4, 2, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_RMS
    )
    assert struct.unpack("H" * 8, data) == (10, 16383, 1, 16380, 10, 16383, 1, 16380)


###############################################################################
# Test rms downsampling by a factor of 2 on exact boundaries, with uint16 data type
# but with content as in test_rasterio_rms_halfsize_downsampling_byte to
# check UInt16 resampling is consistent with Byte one


def test_rasterio_rms_halfsize_downsampling_uint16_with_byte_content():

    internal_test_rasterio_rms_halfsize_downsampling_byte_content(gdal.GDT_UInt16, "H")


###############################################################################
# Test rms downsampling by a factor of 2. / 3, with float data type


def test_rasterio_rms_two_third_downsampling_float32():

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 6, 6, 1, gdal.GDT_Float32)
    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        6,
        6,
        struct.pack(
            "f" * 6 * 6,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            2,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            100,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
        ),
    )
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        0, 0, 6, 6, 4, 4, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_RMS
    )
    assert struct.unpack("f" * 16, data) == pytest.approx(
        (
            33.34666442871094,
            33.33333206176758,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            88.19674682617188,
            57.73502731323242,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            47.14045333862305,
            47.14045333862305,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
        ),
        rel=1e-10,
    )


###############################################################################
# Test rms downsampling by a factor of 2 on exact boundaries, with CFloat32


def test_rasterio_rms_halfsize_downsampling_cfloat32():

    # Test real part
    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 4, 6, 1, gdal.GDT_CFloat32)
    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        4,
        6,
        struct.pack(
            "f" * 2 * 4 * 6,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            2,
            0,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            100,
            0,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
        ),
    )
    # This will go through the warping code internally
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        0, 0, 4, 6, 2, 3, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_RMS
    )
    assert struct.unpack("f" * 2 * 2 * 3, data) == pytest.approx(
        (
            50.0099983215332,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            86.6025390625,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
        ),
        rel=1e-10,
    )

    # This will use the overview code
    ds.BuildOverviews("RMS", [2])
    ovr_data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).GetOverview(0).ReadRaster()
    assert ovr_data == data

    # Test imaginary part
    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 4, 6, 1, gdal.GDT_CFloat32)
    ds.WriteRaster(
        0,
        0,
        4,
        6,
        struct.pack(
            "f" * 2 * 4 * 6,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            2,
            0,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            100,
            0,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            100,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
        ),
    )
    # This will go through the warping code internally
    data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).ReadRaster(
        0, 0, 4, 6, 2, 3, resample_alg=gdal.GRIORA_RMS
    )
    assert struct.unpack("f" * 2 * 2 * 3, data) == pytest.approx(
        (
            0.0,
            50.0099983215332,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            86.6025390625,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
        ),
        rel=1e-10,
    )

    # This will use the overview code
    ds.BuildOverviews("RMS", [2])
    ovr_data = ds.GetRasterBand(1).GetOverview(0).ReadRaster()
    assert ovr_data == data


###############################################################################
# Test WriteRaster() on a bytearray


def test_rasterio_writeraster_from_bytearray():

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 1, 2)
    ar = bytearray([1, 2])
    ds.WriteRaster(0, 0, 1, 2, ar)
    assert ds.ReadRaster() == ar


###############################################################################
# Test WriteRaster() on a memoryview


def test_rasterio_writeraster_from_memoryview():

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 1, 2)
    ar = memoryview(bytearray([1, 2, 3]))[1:]
    ds.WriteRaster(0, 0, 1, 2, ar)
    assert ds.ReadRaster() == ar


###############################################################################
# Test ReadRaster() in an existing buffer


def test_rasterio_readraster_in_existing_buffer():

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 2, 1)
    ar = bytearray([1, 2])
    ds.WriteRaster(0, 0, 2, 1, ar)
    band = ds.GetRasterBand(1)

    # buf_obj is of expected size
    assert ds.ReadRaster(buf_obj=bytearray([0, 0])) == ar
    # buf_obj is larger than expected
    assert ds.ReadRaster(buf_obj=bytearray([0, 0, 10])) == bytearray([1, 2, 10])
    with gdaltest.error_handler():
        # buf_obj is a wrong object type
        assert ds.ReadRaster(buf_obj=123) is None
        # buf_obj is not large enough
        assert ds.ReadRaster(buf_obj=bytearray([0])) is None
        # buf_obj is read-only
        assert ds.ReadRaster(buf_obj=bytes(bytearray([0, 0]))) is None

    # buf_obj is of expected size
    assert band.ReadRaster(buf_obj=bytearray([0, 0])) == ar
    # buf_obj is larger than expected
    assert band.ReadRaster(buf_obj=bytearray([0, 0, 10])) == bytearray([1, 2, 10])
    with gdaltest.error_handler():
        # buf_obj is a wrong object type
        assert band.ReadRaster(buf_obj=123) is None
        # buf_obj is not large enough
        assert band.ReadRaster(buf_obj=bytearray([0])) is None
        # buf_obj is read-only
        assert band.ReadRaster(buf_obj=bytes(bytearray([0, 0]))) is None


###############################################################################
# Test ReadBlock() in an existing buffer


def test_rasterio_readblock_in_existing_buffer():

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 2, 1)
    ar = bytearray([1, 2])
    ds.WriteRaster(0, 0, 2, 1, ar)
    band = ds.GetRasterBand(1)

    assert band.ReadBlock(0, 0) == ar

    # buf_obj is of expected size
    assert band.ReadBlock(0, 0, buf_obj=bytearray([0, 0])) == ar
    # buf_obj is larger than expected
    assert band.ReadBlock(0, 0, buf_obj=bytearray([0, 0, 10])) == bytearray([1, 2, 10])
    with gdaltest.error_handler():
        # buf_obj is a wrong object type
        assert band.ReadBlock(0, 0, buf_obj=123) is None
        # buf_obj is not large enough
        assert band.ReadBlock(0, 0, buf_obj=bytearray([0])) is None
        # buf_obj is read-only
        assert band.ReadBlock(0, 0, buf_obj=bytes(bytearray([0, 0]))) is None


###############################################################################
# Test ReadRaster() in an existing buffer and alignment issues


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "datatype",
    [
        gdal.GDT_Int16,
        gdal.GDT_UInt16,
        gdal.GDT_Int32,
        gdal.GDT_UInt32,
        gdal.GDT_Float32,
        gdal.GDT_Float64,
        gdal.GDT_CInt16,
        gdal.GDT_CInt32,
        gdal.GDT_CFloat32,
        gdal.GDT_CFloat64,
    ],
    ids=gdal.GetDataTypeName,
)
def test_rasterio_readraster_in_existing_buffer_alignment_issues(datatype):

    ds = gdal.GetDriverByName("MEM").Create("", 2, 1, 1, datatype)
    band = ds.GetRasterBand(1)
    band.Fill(1)
    ar = band.ReadRaster()
    buffer_size = 2 * 1 * (gdal.GetDataTypeSize(datatype) // 8)

    # buf_obj has appropriate alignment
    assert ds.ReadRaster(buf_obj=bytearray([0] * buffer_size)) == ar

    with gdaltest.error_handler():
        # buf_obj has not appropriate alignment
        assert (
            ds.ReadRaster(buf_obj=memoryview(bytearray([0] * (buffer_size + 1)))[1:])
            is None
        )

    # buf_obj has appropriate alignment
    assert band.ReadRaster(buf_obj=bytearray([0] * buffer_size)) == ar

    with gdaltest.error_handler():
        # buf_obj has not appropriate alignment
        assert (
            band.ReadRaster(buf_obj=memoryview(bytearray([0] * (buffer_size + 1)))[1:])
            is None
        )

    # buf_obj has appropriate alignment
    assert band.ReadBlock(0, 0, buf_obj=bytearray([0] * buffer_size)) == ar

    with gdaltest.error_handler():
        # buf_obj has not appropriate alignment
        assert (
            band.ReadBlock(0, 0, buf_obj=memoryview(bytearray([0] * (2 * 8 + 1)))[1:])
            is None
        )
