# GDALRasterBand C++ API

## Include file

gdal_rasterband.h

## GDALRasterBand class

class GDALRasterBand : public GDALMajorObject

  A single raster band (or channel).

  Subclassed by GDALApplyVSGRasterBand, GDALColorReliefRasterBand, GDALComputedRasterBand, GDALFootprintCombinedMaskBand, GDALFootprintMaskBand, GDALGeneric3x3RasterBand< T >, GDALMDArrayResampledDatasetRasterBand, GDALPamRasterBand

  Public Functions

  ~GDALRasterBand() override

    Destructor. Applications should never destroy GDALRasterBands directly, instead destroy the GDALDataset.

  int GetXSize() const

    Fetch XSize of raster.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterBandXSize().

    Returns:

      the width in pixels of this band.

  int GetYSize() const

    Fetch YSize of raster.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterBandYSize().

    Returns:

      the height in pixels of this band.

  int GetBand() const

    Fetch the band number.

    This method returns the band that this GDALRasterBand objects represents within its dataset. This method may return a value of 0 to indicate GDALRasterBand objects without an apparently relationship to a dataset, such as GDALRasterBands serving as overviews.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetBandNumber().

    Returns:

      band number (1+) or 0 if the band number isn't known.

  GDALDataset *GetDataset() const

    Fetch the owning dataset handle.

    Note that some GDALRasterBands are not considered to be a part of a dataset, such as overviews or other "freestanding" bands.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetBandDataset().

    Returns:

      the pointer to the GDALDataset to which this band belongs, or NULL if this cannot be determined.

  GDALDataType GetRasterDataType(void) const

    Fetch the pixel data type for this band.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterDataType().

    Returns:

      the data type of pixels for this band.

  void GetBlockSize(int *pnXSize, int *pnYSize) const

    Fetch the "natural" block size of this band.

    GDAL contains a concept of the natural block size of rasters so that applications can organized data access efficiently for some file formats. The natural block size is the block size that is most efficient for accessing the format. For many formats this is simple a whole scanline in which case *pnXSize is set to GetXSize(), and *pnYSize is set to 1.

    However, for tiled images this will typically be the tile size.

    Note that the X and Y block sizes don't have to divide the image size evenly, meaning that right and bottom edge blocks may be incomplete. See ReadBlock() for an example of code dealing with these issues.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetBlockSize().

    Parameters:

      - pnXSize -- integer to put the X block size into or NULL.

      - pnYSize -- integer to put the Y block size into or NULL.

  CPLErr GetActualBlockSize(int nXBlockOff, int nYBlockOff, int *pnXValid, int *pnYValid) const

    Fetch the actual block size for a given block offset.

    Handles partial blocks at the edges of the raster and returns the true number of pixels

    Parameters:

      - nXBlockOff -- the horizontal block offset for which to calculate the number of valid pixels, with zero indicating the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

      - nYBlockOff -- the vertical block offset, with zero indicating the top most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

      - pnXValid -- pointer to an integer in which the number of valid pixels in the x direction will be stored

      - pnYValid -- pointer to an integer in which the number of valid pixels in the y direction will be stored

    Returns:

      CE_None if the input parameters are valid, CE_Failure otherwise

  virtual GDALSuggestedBlockAccessPattern GetSuggestedBlockAccessPattern() const

    Return the suggested/most efficient access pattern to blocks (for read operations).

    While all GDAL drivers have to expose a block size, not all can guarantee efficient random access (GSBAP_RANDOM) to any block. Some drivers for example decompress sequentially a compressed stream from top raster to bottom (GSBAP_TOP_TO_BOTTOM), in which case best performance will be achieved while reading blocks in that order. (accessing blocks in random access in such rasters typically causes the decoding to be re-initialized from the start if accessing blocks in a non-sequential order)

    The base implementation returns GSBAP_UNKNOWN, which can also be explicitly returned by drivers that expose a somewhat artificial block size, because they can extract any part of a raster, but in a rather inefficient way.

    The GSBAP_LARGEST_CHUNK_POSSIBLE value can be combined as a logical bitmask with other enumeration values (GSBAP_UNKNOWN, GSBAP_RANDOM, GSBAP_TOP_TO_BOTTOM, GSBAP_BOTTOM_TO_TOP). When a driver sets this flag, the most efficient strategy is to read as many pixels as possible in the less RasterIO() operations.

    The return of this method is for example used to determine the swath size used by GDALDatasetCopyWholeRaster() and GDALRasterBandCopyWholeRaster().

    Since

      GDAL 3.6

  GDALAccess GetAccess()

    Find out if we have update permission for this band.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterAccess().

    Returns:

      Either GA_Update or GA_ReadOnly.

  CPLErr RasterIO(GDALRWFlag eRWFlag, int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize, void *pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize, GDALDataType eBufType, GSpacing nPixelSpace, GSpacing nLineSpace, GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)

    Read/write a region of image data for this band.

    This method allows reading a region of a GDALRasterBand into a buffer, or writing data from a buffer into a region of a GDALRasterBand. It automatically takes care of data type translation if the data type (eBufType) of the buffer is different than that of the GDALRasterBand. The method also takes care of image decimation / replication if the buffer size (nBufXSize x nBufYSize) is different than the size of the region being accessed (nXSize x nYSize).

    The window of interest expressed by (nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize) should be fully within the raster space, that is nXOff >= 0, nYOff >= 0, nXOff + nXSize <= GetXSize() and nYOff + nYSize <= GetYSize(). If reads larger than the raster space are wished, GDALTranslate() might be used. Or use nLineSpace and a possibly shifted pData value.

    The nPixelSpace and nLineSpace parameters allow reading into or writing from unusually organized buffers. This is primarily used for buffers containing more than one bands raster data in interleaved format.

    Some formats may efficiently implement decimation into a buffer by reading from lower resolution overview images. The logic of the default implementation in the base class GDALRasterBand is the following one. It computes a target_downscaling_factor from the window of interest and buffer size which is min(nXSize/nBufXSize, nYSize/nBufYSize). It then walks through overviews and will select the first one whose downscaling factor is greater than target_downscaling_factor / 1.2.

    Let's assume we have overviews at downscaling factors 2, 4 and 8. The relationship between target_downscaling_factor and the select overview level is the following one:

    target_downscaling_factor | selected_overview
    --- | ---
    ]0, 2 / 1.2] | full resolution band
    ]2 / 1.2, 4 / 1.2] | 2x downsampled band
    ]4 / 1.2, 8 / 1.2] | 4x downsampled band
    ]8 / 1.2, infinity[ | 8x downsampled band

    For highest performance full resolution data access, read and write on "block boundaries" as returned by GetBlockSize(), or use the ReadBlock() and WriteBlock() methods.

    This method is the same as the C GDALRasterIO() or GDALRasterIOEx() functions.

    Starting with GDAL 3.10, the GDALRasterBand::ReadRaster() methods may be more convenient to use for most common use cases.

    As nearly all GDAL methods, this method is NOT thread-safe, that is it cannot be called on the same GDALRasterBand instance (or another GDALRasterBand instance of this dataset) concurrently from several threads.

    See also

    GDALRasterBand::ReadRaster()

    Parameters:

      - eRWFlag -- Either GF_Read to read a region of data, or GF_Write to write a region of data.

      - nXOff -- The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the left side.

      - nYOff -- The line offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the top.

      - nXSize -- The width of the region of the band to be accessed in pixels.

      - nYSize -- The height of the region of the band to be accessed in lines.

      - pData -- [inout] The buffer into which the data should be read, or from which it should be written. This buffer must contain at least nBufXSize * nBufYSize words of type eBufType. It is organized in left to right, top to bottom pixel order. Spacing is controlled by the nPixelSpace, and nLineSpace parameters.

      - nBufXSize -- the width of the buffer image into which the desired region is to be read, or from which it is to be written.

      - nBufYSize -- the height of the buffer image into which the desired region is to be read, or from which it is to be written.

      - eBufType -- the type of the pixel values in the pData data buffer. The pixel values will automatically be translated to/from the GDALRasterBand data type as needed.

      - nPixelSpace -- The byte offset from the start of one pixel value in pData to the start of the next pixel value within a scanline. If defaulted (0) the size of the datatype eBufType is used.

      - nLineSpace -- The byte offset from the start of one scanline in pData to the start of the next. If defaulted (0) the size of the datatype eBufType * nBufXSize is used.

      - psExtraArg -- [in] Pointer to a GDALRasterIOExtraArg structure with additional arguments to specify resampling and progress callback, or NULL for default behavior. The GDAL_RASTERIO_RESAMPLING configuration option can also be defined to override the default resampling to one of BILINEAR, CUBIC, CUBICSPLINE, LANCZOS, AVERAGE or MODE.

    Returns:

      CE_Failure if the access fails, otherwise CE_None.

  template<class T>
  CPLErr ReadRaster(T *pData, size_t nArrayEltCount = 0, double dfXOff = 0, double dfYOff = 0, double dfXSize = 0, double dfYSize = 0, size_t nBufXSize = 0, size_t nBufYSize = 0, GDALRIOResampleAlg eResampleAlg = GRIORA_NearestNeighbour, GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress = nullptr, void *pProgressData = nullptr) const

    Read a region of image data for this band.

    This is a slightly more convenient alternative to GDALRasterBand::RasterIO() for common use cases, like reading a whole band. It infers the GDAL data type of the buffer from the C/C++ type of the buffer. This template is instantiated for the following types: [u?]int[8|16|32|64]_t, float, double, std::complex<float|double>.

    When possible prefer the ReadRaster(std::vector<T>& vData, double dfXOff, double dfYOff, double dfXSize, double dfYSize, size_t nBufXSize, size_t nBufYSize, GDALRIOResampleAlg eResampleAlg, GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress, void *pProgressData) const variant that takes a std::vector<T>&, and can allocate memory automatically.

    To read a whole band (assuming it fits into memory), as an array of double:

        double* myArray = static_cast<double*>(
            VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(sizeof(double), poBand->GetXSize(), poBand->GetYSize()));
        // TODO: check here that myArray != nullptr
        const size_t nArrayEltCount =
            static_cast<size_t>(poBand->GetXSize()) * poBand->GetYSize());
        if (poBand->ReadRaster(myArray, nArrayEltCount) == CE_None)
        {
            // do something
        }
        VSIFree(myArray)

    To read 128x128 pixels starting at (col=12, line=24) as an array of double:

        double* myArray = static_cast<double*>(
            VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(sizeof(double), 128, 128));
        // TODO: check here that myArray != nullptr
        const size_t nArrayEltCount = 128 * 128;
        if (poBand->ReadRaster(myArray, nArrayEltCount, 12, 24, 128, 128) == CE_None)
        {
            // do something
        }
        VSIFree(myArray)

    As nearly all GDAL methods, this method is NOT thread-safe, that is it cannot be called on the same GDALRasterBand instance (or another GDALRasterBand instance of this dataset) concurrently from several threads.

    The window of interest expressed by (dfXOff, dfYOff, dfXSize, dfYSize) should be fully within the raster space, that is dfXOff >= 0, dfYOff >= 0, dfXOff + dfXSize <= GetXSize() and dfYOff + dfYSize <= GetYSize(). If reads larger than the raster space are wished, GDALTranslate() might be used. Or use nLineSpace and a possibly shifted pData value.

    See also

    GDALRasterBand::RasterIO()

    Since

      GDAL 3.10

    Parameters:

      - pData -- [out] The buffer into which the data should be written. This buffer must contain at least nBufXSize * nBufYSize words of type T. It is organized in left to right, top to bottom pixel order, and fully packed. The type of the buffer does not need to be the one of GetDataType(). The method will perform data type translation (with potential rounding, clamping) if needed.

      - nArrayEltCount -- Number of values of pData. If non zero, the method will check that it is at least greater or equal to nBufXSize * nBufYSize, and return in error if it is not. If set to zero, then pData is trusted to be large enough.

      - dfXOff -- The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the left side. Defaults to 0.

      - dfYOff -- The line offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the top. Defaults to 0.

      - dfXSize -- The width of the region of the band to be accessed in pixels. If all of dfXOff, dfYOff, dfXSize and dfYSize are left to their zero default value, dfXSize is set to the band width.

      - dfYSize -- The height of the region of the band to be accessed in lines. If all of dfXOff, dfYOff, dfXSize and dfYSize are left to their zero default value, dfYSize is set to the band height.

      - nBufXSize -- the width of the buffer image into which the desired region is to be read. If set to zero, and both dfXSize and dfYSize are integer values, then nBufXSize is initialized with dfXSize.

      - nBufYSize -- the height of the buffer image into which the desired region is to be read. If set to zero, and both dfXSize and dfYSize are integer values, then nBufYSize is initialized with dfYSize.

      - eResampleAlg -- Resampling algorithm. Defaults to GRIORA_NearestNeighbour.

      - pfnProgress -- Progress function. May be nullptr.

      - pProgressData -- User data of pfnProgress. May be nullptr.

    Returns:

      CE_Failure if the access fails, otherwise CE_None.

  template<class T>
  CPLErr ReadRaster(std::vector<T> &vData, double dfXOff = 0, double dfYOff = 0, double dfXSize = 0, double dfYSize = 0, size_t nBufXSize = 0, size_t nBufYSize = 0, GDALRIOResampleAlg eResampleAlg = GRIORA_NearestNeighbour, GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress = nullptr, void *pProgressData = nullptr) const

    Read a region of image data for this band.

    This is a slightly more convenient alternative to GDALRasterBand::RasterIO() for common use cases, like reading a whole band. It infers the GDAL data type of the buffer from the C/C++ type of the buffer. This template is instantiated for the following types: [u?]int[8|16|32|64]_t, float, double, std::complex<float|double>.

    To read a whole band (assuming it fits into memory), as a vector of double:

        std::vector<double> myArray;
        if (poBand->ReadRaster(myArray) == CE_None)
        {
            // do something
        }

    To read 128x128 pixels starting at (col=12, line=24) as a vector of double:

        std::vector<double> myArray;
        if (poBand->ReadRaster(myArray, 12, 24, 128, 128) == CE_None)
        {
            // do something
        }

    As nearly all GDAL methods, this method is NOT thread-safe, that is it cannot be called on the same GDALRasterBand instance (or another GDALRasterBand instance of this dataset) concurrently from several threads.

    The window of interest expressed by (dfXOff, dfYOff, dfXSize, dfYSize) should be fully within the raster space, that is dfXOff >= 0, dfYOff >= 0, dfXOff + dfXSize <= GetXSize() and dfYOff + dfYSize <= GetYSize(). If reads larger than the raster space are wished, GDALTranslate() might be used. Or use nLineSpace and a possibly shifted pData value.

    See also

    GDALRasterBand::RasterIO()

    Since

      GDAL 3.10

    Parameters:

      - vData -- [out] The vector into which the data should be written. The vector will be resized, if needed, to contain at least nBufXSize * nBufYSize values. The values in the vector are organized in left to right, top to bottom pixel order, and fully packed. The type of the vector does not need to be the one of GetDataType(). The method will perform data type translation (with potential rounding, clamping) if needed.

      - dfXOff -- The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the left side. Defaults to 0.

      - dfYOff -- The line offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the top. Defaults to 0.

      - dfXSize -- The width of the region of the band to be accessed in pixels. If all of dfXOff, dfYOff, dfXSize and dfYSize are left to their zero default value, dfXSize is set to the band width.

      - dfYSize -- The height of the region of the band to be accessed in lines. If all of dfXOff, dfYOff, dfXSize and dfYSize are left to their zero default value, dfYSize is set to the band height.

      - nBufXSize -- the width of the buffer image into which the desired region is to be read. If set to zero, and both dfXSize and dfYSize are integer values, then nBufXSize is initialized with dfXSize.

      - nBufYSize -- the height of the buffer image into which the desired region is to be read. If set to zero, and both dfXSize and dfYSize are integer values, then nBufYSize is initialized with dfYSize.

      - eResampleAlg -- Resampling algorithm. Defaults to GRIORA_NearestNeighbour.

      - pfnProgress -- Progress function. May be nullptr.

      - pProgressData -- User data of pfnProgress. May be nullptr.

    Returns:

      CE_Failure if the access fails, otherwise CE_None.

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator+(const GDALRasterBand &other) const

    Add this band with another one.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on both input datasets.

    Since

      3.12

    Throws:

      std::runtime_error -- if both bands do not have the same dimensions.

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator+(double cst) const

    Add this band with a constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator-(const GDALRasterBand &other) const

    Subtract this band with another one.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on both input datasets.

    Since

      3.12

    Throws:

      std::runtime_error -- if both bands do not have the same dimensions.

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator-(double cst) const

    Subtract this band with a constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator*(const GDALRasterBand &other) const

    Multiply this band with another one.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on both input datasets.

    Since

      3.12

    Throws:

      std::runtime_error -- if both bands do not have the same dimensions.

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator*(double cst) const

    Multiply this band by a constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator/(const GDALRasterBand &other) const

    Divide this band with another one.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on both input datasets.

    Since

      3.12

    Throws:

      std::runtime_error -- if both bands do not have the same dimensions.

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator/(double cst) const

    Divide this band by a constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator>(const GDALRasterBand &other) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is greater than the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator>(double cst) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is greater than the constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator>=(const GDALRasterBand &other) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is greater or equal to the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator>=(double cst) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is greater or equal to the constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator<(const GDALRasterBand &other) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is lesser than the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator<(double cst) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is lesser than the constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator<=(const GDALRasterBand &other) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is lesser or equal to the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator<=(double cst) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is lesser or equal to the constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator==(const GDALRasterBand &other) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is equal to the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator==(double cst) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is equal to the constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator!=(const GDALRasterBand &other) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is different from the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator!=(double cst) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is different from the constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator&&(const GDALRasterBand &other) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left and right operands is true.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator&&(bool cst) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is true, as well as the constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator||(const GDALRasterBand &other) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left or right operands is true.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator||(bool cst) const

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the pixel value of the left operand is true, or if the constant is true.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator!() const

    Return a band whose value is the logical negation of the pixel value.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand operator-() const

    Return a band whose value is the opposite value of the band for each pixel.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  GDALComputedRasterBand AsType(GDALDataType) const

    Cast this band to another type.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALRasterBandAsDataType()

    Since

      3.12

  CPLErr ReadBlock(int nXBlockOff, int nYBlockOff, void *pImage)

    Read a block of image data efficiently.

    This method accesses a "natural" block from the raster band without resampling, or data type conversion. For a more generalized, but potentially less efficient access use RasterIO().

    This method is the same as the C GDALReadBlock() function.

    See the GetLockedBlockRef() method for a way of accessing internally cached block oriented data without an extra copy into an application buffer.

    The following code would efficiently compute a histogram of eight bit raster data. Note that the final block may be partial ... data beyond the edge of the underlying raster band in these edge blocks is of an undetermined value.

        CPLErr GetHistogram( GDALRasterBand *poBand, GUIntBig *panHistogram )

        {
            memset( panHistogram, 0, sizeof(GUIntBig) * 256 );

            CPLAssert( poBand->GetRasterDataType() == GDT_Byte );

            int nXBlockSize, nYBlockSize;

            poBand->GetBlockSize( &nXBlockSize, &nYBlockSize );
            int nXBlocks = DIV_ROUND_UP(poBand->GetXSize(), nXBlockSize);
            int nYBlocks = DIV_ROUND_UP(poBand->GetYSize(), nYBlockSize);

            GByte *pabyData = (GByte *) CPLMalloc(nXBlockSize * nYBlockSize);

            for( int iYBlock = 0; iYBlock < nYBlocks; iYBlock++ )
            {
                for( int iXBlock = 0; iXBlock < nXBlocks; iXBlock++ )
                {
                    int        nXValid, nYValid;

                    poBand->ReadBlock( iXBlock, iYBlock, pabyData );

                    // Compute the portion of the block that is valid
                    // for partial edge blocks.
                    poBand->GetActualBlockSize(iXBlock, iYBlock, &nXValid, &nYValid)

                    // Collect the histogram counts.
                    for( int iY = 0; iY < nYValid; iY++ )
                    {
                        for( int iX = 0; iX < nXValid; iX++ )
                        {
                            panHistogram[pabyData[iX + iY * nXBlockSize]] += 1;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

    Parameters:

      - nXBlockOff -- the horizontal block offset, with zero indicating the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

      - nYBlockOff -- the vertical block offset, with zero indicating the top most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

      - pImage -- the buffer into which the data will be read. The buffer must be large enough to hold GetBlockXSize()*GetBlockYSize() words of type GetRasterDataType().

    Returns:

      CE_None on success or CE_Failure on an error.

  CPLErr WriteBlock(int nXBlockOff, int nYBlockOff, void *pImage)

    Write a block of image data efficiently.

    This method accesses a "natural" block from the raster band without resampling, or data type conversion. For a more generalized, but potentially less efficient access use RasterIO().

    This method is the same as the C GDALWriteBlock() function.

    See ReadBlock() for an example of block oriented data access.

    Parameters:

      - nXBlockOff -- the horizontal block offset, with zero indicating the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

      - nYBlockOff -- the vertical block offset, with zero indicating the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

      - pImage -- the buffer from which the data will be written. The buffer must be large enough to hold GetBlockXSize()*GetBlockYSize() words of type GetRasterDataType(). Note that the content of the buffer might be temporarily modified during the execution of this method (and eventually restored back to its original content), so it is not safe to use a buffer stored in a read-only section of the calling program.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success or CE_Failure on an error.

  virtual GDALRasterBlock *GetLockedBlockRef(int nXBlockOff, int nYBlockOff, int bJustInitialize = FALSE)

    Fetch a pointer to an internally cached raster block.

    This method will returned the requested block (locked) if it is already in the block cache for the layer. If not, the block will be read from the driver, and placed in the layer block cached, then returned. If an error occurs reading the block from the driver, a NULL value will be returned.

    If a non-NULL value is returned, then a lock for the block will have been acquired on behalf of the caller. It is absolutely imperative that the caller release this lock (with GDALRasterBlock::DropLock()) or else severe problems may result.

    Note that calling GetLockedBlockRef() on a previously uncached band will enable caching.

    Parameters:

      - nXBlockOff -- the horizontal block offset, with zero indicating the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

      - nYBlockOff -- the vertical block offset, with zero indicating the top most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

      - bJustInitialize -- If TRUE the block will be allocated and initialized, but not actually read from the source. This is useful when it will just be completely set and written back.

    Returns:

      pointer to the block object, or NULL on failure.

  virtual GDALRasterBlock *TryGetLockedBlockRef(int nXBlockOff, int nYBlockYOff)

    Try fetching block ref.

    This method will returned the requested block (locked) if it is already in the block cache for the layer. If not, nullptr is returned.

    If a non-NULL value is returned, then a lock for the block will have been acquired on behalf of the caller. It is absolutely imperative that the caller release this lock (with GDALRasterBlock::DropLock()) or else severe problems may result.

    Parameters:

      - nXBlockOff -- the horizontal block offset, with zero indicating the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

      - nYBlockOff -- the vertical block offset, with zero indicating the top most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

    Returns:

      NULL if block not available, or locked block pointer.

  virtual CPLErr FlushBlock(int nXBlockOff, int nYBlockOff, int bWriteDirtyBlock = TRUE)

    Flush a block out of the block cache.

    Parameters:

      - nXBlockOff -- block x offset

      - nYBlockOff -- blocky offset

      - bWriteDirtyBlock -- whether the block should be written to disk if dirty.

    Returns:

      CE_None in case of success, an error code otherwise.

  unsigned char *GetIndexColorTranslationTo(GDALRasterBand *poReferenceBand, unsigned char *pTranslationTable = nullptr, int *pApproximateMatching = nullptr)

    Compute translation table for color tables.

    When the raster band has a palette index, it may be useful to compute the "translation" of this palette to the palette of another band. The translation tries to do exact matching first, and then approximate matching if no exact matching is possible. This method returns a table such that table[i] = j where i is an index of the 'this' rasterband and j the corresponding index for the reference rasterband.

    This method is thought as internal to GDAL and is used for drivers like RPFTOC.

    The implementation only supports 1-byte palette rasterbands.

    Parameters:

      - poReferenceBand -- the raster band

      - pTranslationTable -- an already allocated translation table (at least 256 bytes), or NULL to let the method allocate it

      - pApproximateMatching -- a pointer to a flag that is set if the matching is approximate. May be NULL.

    Returns:

      a translation table if the two bands are palette index and that they do not match or NULL in other cases. The table must be freed with CPLFree if NULL was passed for pTranslationTable.

  virtual CPLErr FlushCache(bool bAtClosing = false)

    Flush raster data cache.

    This call will recover memory used to cache data blocks for this raster band, and ensure that new requests are referred to the underlying driver.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALFlushRasterCache().

    Parameters:

      bAtClosing -- Whether this is called from a GDALDataset destructor

    Returns:

      CE_None on success.

  virtual CPLErr DropCache()

    Drop raster data cache : data in cache will be lost.

    This call will recover memory used to cache data blocks for this raster band, and ensure that new requests are referred to the underlying driver.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALDropRasterCache().

    Since

      3.9

    Returns:

      CE_None on success.

  virtual char **GetCategoryNames()

    Fetch the list of category names for this raster.

    The return list is a "StringList" in the sense of the CPL functions. That is a NULL terminated array of strings. Raster values without associated names will have an empty string in the returned list. The first entry in the list is for raster values of zero, and so on.

    The returned stringlist should not be altered or freed by the application. It may change on the next GDAL call, so please copy it if it is needed for any period of time.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterCategoryNames().

    Returns:

      list of names, or NULL if none.

  virtual double GetNoDataValue(int *pbSuccess = nullptr)

    Fetch the no data value for this band.

    If there is no out of data value, an out of range value will generally be returned. The no data value for a band is generally a special marker value used to mark pixels that are not valid data. Such pixels should generally not be displayed, nor contribute to analysis operations.

    The no data value returned is 'raw', meaning that it has no offset and scale applied.

    For rasters of type GDT_Int64 or GDT_UInt64, using this method might be lossy if the nodata value cannot exactly been represented by a double. Use GetNoDataValueAsInt64() or GetNoDataValueAsUInt64() instead.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterNoDataValue().

    Parameters:

      pbSuccess -- pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if a value is actually associated with this layer. May be NULL (default).

    Returns:

      the nodata value for this band.

  virtual int64_t GetNoDataValueAsInt64(int *pbSuccess = nullptr)

    Fetch the no data value for this band.

    This method should ONLY be called on rasters whose data type is GDT_Int64.

    If there is no out of data value, an out of range value will generally be returned. The no data value for a band is generally a special marker value used to mark pixels that are not valid data. Such pixels should generally not be displayed, nor contribute to analysis operations.

    The no data value returned is 'raw', meaning that it has no offset and scale applied.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterNoDataValueAsInt64().

    Since

      GDAL 3.5

    Parameters:

      pbSuccess -- pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if a value is actually associated with this layer. May be NULL (default).

    Returns:

      the nodata value for this band.

  virtual uint64_t GetNoDataValueAsUInt64(int *pbSuccess = nullptr)

    Fetch the no data value for this band.

    This method should ONLY be called on rasters whose data type is GDT_UInt64.

    If there is no out of data value, an out of range value will generally be returned. The no data value for a band is generally a special marker value used to mark pixels that are not valid data. Such pixels should generally not be displayed, nor contribute to analysis operations.

    The no data value returned is 'raw', meaning that it has no offset and scale applied.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterNoDataValueAsUInt64().

    Since

      GDAL 3.5

    Parameters:

      pbSuccess -- pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if a value is actually associated with this layer. May be NULL (default).

    Returns:

      the nodata value for this band.

  virtual double GetMinimum(int *pbSuccess = nullptr)

    Fetch the minimum value for this band.

    For file formats that don't know this intrinsically, the minimum supported value for the data type will generally be returned.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterMinimum().

    Parameters:

      pbSuccess -- pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if the returned value is a tight minimum or not. May be NULL (default).

    Returns:

      the minimum raster value (excluding no data pixels)

  virtual double GetMaximum(int *pbSuccess = nullptr)

    Fetch the maximum value for this band.

    For file formats that don't know this intrinsically, the maximum supported value for the data type will generally be returned.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterMaximum().

    Parameters:

      pbSuccess -- pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if the returned value is a tight maximum or not. May be NULL (default).

    Returns:

      the maximum raster value (excluding no data pixels)

  virtual double GetOffset(int *pbSuccess = nullptr)

    Fetch the raster value offset.

    This value (in combination with the GetScale() value) can be used to transform raw pixel values into the units returned by GetUnitType(). For example this might be used to store elevations in GUInt16 bands with a precision of 0.1, and starting from -100.

    Units value = (raw value * scale) + offset

    Note that applying scale and offset is of the responsibility of the user, and is not done by methods such as RasterIO() or ReadBlock().

    For file formats that don't know this intrinsically a value of zero is returned.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterOffset().

    Parameters:

      pbSuccess -- pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if the returned value is meaningful or not. May be NULL (default).

    Returns:

      the raster offset.

  virtual double GetScale(int *pbSuccess = nullptr)

    Fetch the raster value scale.

    This value (in combination with the GetOffset() value) can be used to transform raw pixel values into the units returned by GetUnitType(). For example this might be used to store elevations in GUInt16 bands with a precision of 0.1, and starting from -100.

    Units value = (raw value * scale) + offset

    Note that applying scale and offset is of the responsibility of the user, and is not done by methods such as RasterIO() or ReadBlock().

    For file formats that don't know this intrinsically a value of one is returned.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterScale().

    Parameters:

      pbSuccess -- pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if the returned value is meaningful or not. May be NULL (default).

    Returns:

      the raster scale.

  virtual const char *GetUnitType()

    Return raster unit type.

    Return a name for the units of this raster's values. For instance, it might be "m" for an elevation model in meters, or "ft" for feet. If no units are available, a value of "" will be returned. The returned string should not be modified, nor freed by the calling application.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterUnitType().

    Returns:

      unit name string.

  virtual GDALColorInterp GetColorInterpretation()

    How should this band be interpreted as color?

    GCI_Undefined is returned when the format doesn't know anything about the color interpretation.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterColorInterpretation().

    Returns:

      color interpretation value for band.

  virtual GDALColorTable *GetColorTable()

    Fetch the color table associated with band.

    If there is no associated color table, the return result is NULL. The returned color table remains owned by the GDALRasterBand, and can't be depended on for long, nor should it ever be modified by the caller.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterColorTable().

    Returns:

      internal color table, or NULL.

  virtual CPLErr Fill(double dfRealValue, double dfImaginaryValue = 0)

    Fill this band with a constant value.

    GDAL makes no guarantees about what values pixels in newly created files are set to, so this method can be used to clear a band to a specified "default" value. The fill value is passed in as a double but this will be converted to the underlying type before writing to the file. An optional second argument allows the imaginary component of a complex constant value to be specified.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALFillRaster().

    Parameters:

      - dfRealValue -- Real component of fill value

      - dfImaginaryValue -- Imaginary component of fill value, defaults to zero

    Returns:

      CE_Failure if the write fails, otherwise CE_None

  virtual CPLErr SetCategoryNames(char **papszNames)

    Set the category names for this band.

    See the GetCategoryNames() method for more on the interpretation of category names.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterCategoryNames().

    Parameters:

      papszNames -- the NULL terminated StringList of category names. May be NULL to just clear the existing list.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success of CE_Failure on failure. If unsupported by the driver CE_Failure is returned, but no error message is reported.

  virtual CPLErr SetNoDataValue(double dfNoData)

    Set the no data value for this band.

    Depending on drivers, changing the no data value may or may not have an effect on the pixel values of a raster that has just been created. It is thus advised to explicitly called Fill() if the intent is to initialize the raster to the nodata value. In any case, changing an existing no data value, when one already exists and the dataset exists or has been initialized, has no effect on the pixel whose value matched the previous nodata value.

    For rasters of type GDT_Int64 or GDT_UInt64, whose nodata value cannot always be represented by a double, use SetNoDataValueAsInt64() or SetNoDataValueAsUInt64() instead.

    To clear the nodata value, use DeleteNoDataValue().

    This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterNoDataValue().

    Parameters:

      dfNoData -- the value to set.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, or CE_Failure on failure. If unsupported by the driver, CE_Failure is returned but no error message will have been emitted.

  virtual CPLErr SetNoDataValueAsInt64(int64_t nNoData)

    Set the no data value for this band.

    This method should ONLY be called on rasters whose data type is GDT_Int64.

    Depending on drivers, changing the no data value may or may not have an effect on the pixel values of a raster that has just been created. It is thus advised to explicitly called Fill() if the intent is to initialize the raster to the nodata value. In ay case, changing an existing no data value, when one already exists and the dataset exists or has been initialized, has no effect on the pixel whose value matched the previous nodata value.

    To clear the nodata value, use DeleteNoDataValue().

    This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterNoDataValueAsInt64().

    Since

      GDAL 3.5

    Parameters:

      nNoDataValue -- the value to set.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, or CE_Failure on failure. If unsupported by the driver, CE_Failure is returned but no error message will have been emitted.

  virtual CPLErr SetNoDataValueAsUInt64(uint64_t nNoData)

    Set the no data value for this band.

    This method should ONLY be called on rasters whose data type is GDT_UInt64.

    Depending on drivers, changing the no data value may or may not have an effect on the pixel values of a raster that has just been created. It is thus advised to explicitly called Fill() if the intent is to initialize the raster to the nodata value. In ay case, changing an existing no data value, when one already exists and the dataset exists or has been initialized, has no effect on the pixel whose value matched the previous nodata value.

    To clear the nodata value, use DeleteNoDataValue().

    This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterNoDataValueAsUInt64().

    Since

      GDAL 3.5

    Parameters:

      nNoDataValue -- the value to set.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, or CE_Failure on failure. If unsupported by the driver, CE_Failure is returned but no error message will have been emitted.

  CPLErr SetNoDataValueAsString(const char *pszNoData, bool *pbCannotBeExactlyRepresented = nullptr)

    Set the no data value for this band.

    Depending on drivers, changing the no data value may or may not have an effect on the pixel values of a raster that has just been created. It is thus advised to explicitly called Fill() if the intent is to initialize the raster to the nodata value. In any case, changing an existing no data value, when one already exists and the dataset exists or has been initialized, has no effect on the pixel whose value matched the previous nodata value.

    To clear the nodata value, use DeleteNoDataValue().

    Since

      3.11

    Parameters:

      - pszNoData -- the value to set.

      - pbCannotBeExactlyRepresented -- [out] Pointer to a boolean, or nullptr. If the value cannot be exactly represented on the output data type, *pbCannotBeExactlyRepresented will be set to true.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, or CE_Failure on failure. If unsupported by the driver, CE_Failure is returned but no error message will have been emitted.

  virtual CPLErr DeleteNoDataValue()

    Remove the no data value for this band.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALDeleteRasterNoDataValue().

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, or CE_Failure on failure. If unsupported by the driver, CE_Failure is returned but no error message will have been emitted.

  virtual CPLErr SetColorTable(GDALColorTable *poCT)

    Set the raster color table.

    The driver will make a copy of all desired data in the colortable. It remains owned by the caller after the call.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterColorTable().

    Parameters:

      poCT -- the color table to apply. This may be NULL to clear the color table (where supported).

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, or CE_Failure on failure. If the action is unsupported by the driver, a value of CE_Failure is returned, but no error is issued.

  virtual CPLErr SetColorInterpretation(GDALColorInterp eColorInterp)

    Set color interpretation of a band.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterColorInterpretation().

    Parameters:

      eColorInterp -- the new color interpretation to apply to this band.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success or CE_Failure if method is unsupported by format.

  virtual CPLErr SetOffset(double dfNewOffset)

    Set scaling offset.

    Very few formats implement this method. When not implemented it will issue a CPLE_NotSupported error and return CE_Failure.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterOffset().

    Parameters:

      dfNewOffset -- the new offset.

    Returns:

      CE_None or success or CE_Failure on failure.

  virtual CPLErr SetScale(double dfNewScale)

    Set scaling ratio.

    Very few formats implement this method. When not implemented it will issue a CPLE_NotSupported error and return CE_Failure.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterScale().

    Parameters:

      dfNewScale -- the new scale.

    Returns:

      CE_None or success or CE_Failure on failure.

  virtual CPLErr SetUnitType(const char *pszNewValue)

    Set unit type.

    Set the unit type for a raster band. Values should be one of "" (the default indicating it is unknown), "m" indicating meters, or "ft" indicating feet, though other nonstandard values are allowed.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterUnitType().

    Parameters:

      pszNewValue -- the new unit type value.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success or CE_Failure if not successful, or unsupported.

  virtual CPLErr GetStatistics(int bApproxOK, int bForce, double *pdfMin, double *pdfMax, double *pdfMean, double *padfStdDev)

    Fetch image statistics.

    Returns the minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of all pixel values in this band. If approximate statistics are sufficient, the bApproxOK flag can be set to true in which case overviews, or a subset of image tiles may be used in computing the statistics.

    If bForce is FALSE results will only be returned if it can be done quickly (i.e. without scanning the image, typically by using pre-existing STATISTICS_xxx metadata items). If bForce is FALSE and results cannot be returned efficiently, the method will return CE_Warning but no warning will be issued. This is a non-standard use of the CE_Warning return value to indicate "nothing done".

    If bForce is TRUE, and results are quickly available without scanning the image, they will be used. If bForce is TRUE and results are not quickly available, GetStatistics() forwards the computation to ComputeStatistics(), which will scan the image.

    To always force recomputation of statistics, use ComputeStatistics() instead of this method.

    Note that file formats using PAM (Persistent Auxiliary Metadata) services will generally cache statistics in the .pam file allowing fast fetch after the first request.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterStatistics().

    Parameters:

      - bApproxOK -- If TRUE statistics may be computed based on overviews or a subset of all tiles.

      - bForce -- If FALSE statistics will only be returned if it can be done without rescanning the image. If TRUE, statistics computation will be forced if pre-existing values are not quickly available.

      - pdfMin -- Location into which to load image minimum (may be NULL).

      - pdfMax -- Location into which to load image maximum (may be NULL).-

      - pdfMean -- Location into which to load image mean (may be NULL).

      - pdfStdDev -- Location into which to load image standard deviation (may be NULL).

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, CE_Warning if no values returned, CE_Failure if an error occurs.

  virtual CPLErr ComputeStatistics(int bApproxOK, double *pdfMin, double *pdfMax, double *pdfMean, double *pdfStdDev, GDALProgressFunc, void *pProgressData)

    Compute image statistics.

    Returns the minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of all pixel values in this band. If approximate statistics are sufficient, the bApproxOK flag can be set to true in which case overviews, or a subset of image tiles may be used in computing the statistics.

    Once computed, the statistics will generally be "set" back on the raster band using SetStatistics().

    Cached statistics can be cleared with GDALDataset::ClearStatistics().

    This method is the same as the C function GDALComputeRasterStatistics().

    Parameters:

      - bApproxOK -- If TRUE statistics may be computed based on overviews or a subset of all tiles.

      - pdfMin -- Location into which to load image minimum (may be NULL).

      - pdfMax -- Location into which to load image maximum (may be NULL).-

      - pdfMean -- Location into which to load image mean (may be NULL).

      - pdfStdDev -- Location into which to load image standard deviation (may be NULL).

      - pfnProgress -- a function to call to report progress, or NULL.

      - pProgressData -- application data to pass to the progress function.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, or CE_Failure if an error occurs or processing is terminated by the user.

  virtual CPLErr SetStatistics(double dfMin, double dfMax, double dfMean, double dfStdDev)

    Set statistics on band.

    This method can be used to store min/max/mean/standard deviation statistics on a raster band.

    The default implementation stores them as metadata, and will only work on formats that can save arbitrary metadata. This method cannot detect whether metadata will be properly saved and so may return CE_None even if the statistics will never be saved.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterStatistics().

    Parameters:

      - dfMin -- minimum pixel value.

      - dfMax -- maximum pixel value.

      - dfMean -- mean (average) of all pixel values.

      - dfStdDev -- Standard deviation of all pixel values.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success or CE_Failure on failure.

  virtual CPLErr ComputeRasterMinMax(int bApproxOK, double *adfMinMax)

    Compute the min/max values for a band.

    If approximate is OK, then the band's GetMinimum()/GetMaximum() will be trusted. If it doesn't work, a subsample of blocks will be read to get an approximate min/max. If the band has a nodata value it will be excluded from the minimum and maximum.

    If bApprox is FALSE, then all pixels will be read and used to compute an exact range.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALComputeRasterMinMax().

    Parameters:

      - bApproxOK -- TRUE if an approximate (faster) answer is OK, otherwise FALSE.

      - adfMinMax -- the array in which the minimum (adfMinMax[0]) and the maximum (adfMinMax[1]) are returned.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success or CE_Failure on failure.

  virtual CPLErr ComputeRasterMinMaxLocation(double *pdfMin, double *pdfMax, int *pnMinX, int *pnMinY, int *pnMaxX, int *pnMaxY)

    Compute the min/max values for a band, and their location.

    Pixels whose value matches the nodata value or are masked by the mask band are ignored.

    If the minimum or maximum value is hit in several locations, it is not specified which one will be returned.

    Since

      GDAL 3.11

    Parameters:

      - pdfMin -- [out] Pointer to the minimum value.

      - pdfMax -- [out] Pointer to the maximum value.

      - pnMinX -- [out] Pointer to the column where the minimum value is hit.

      - pnMinY -- [out] Pointer to the line where the minimum value is hit.

      - pnMaxX -- [out] Pointer to the column where the maximum value is hit.

      - pnMaxY -- [out] Pointer to the line where the maximum value is hit.

    Returns:

      CE_None in case of success, CE_Warning if there are no valid values, CE_Failure in case of error.

  virtual CPLErr SetMetadata(char **papszMetadata, const char *pszDomain) override

    Set metadata.

    CAUTION: depending on the format, older values of the updated information might still be found in the file in a "ghost" state, even if no longer accessible through the GDAL API. This is for example the case of the GTiff format (this is not a exhaustive list)

    The C function GDALSetMetadata() does the same thing as this method.

    Parameters:

      - papszMetadata -- the metadata in name=value string list format to apply.

      - pszDomain -- the domain of interest. Use "" or NULL for the default domain.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, CE_Failure on failure and CE_Warning if the metadata has been accepted, but is likely not maintained persistently by the underlying object between sessions.

  virtual CPLErr SetMetadataItem(const char *pszName, const char *pszValue, const char *pszDomain) override

    Set single metadata item.

    CAUTION: depending on the format, older values of the updated information might still be found in the file in a "ghost" state, even if no longer accessible through the GDAL API. This is for example the case of the GTiff format (this is not a exhaustive list)

    The C function GDALSetMetadataItem() does the same thing as this method.

    Parameters:

      - pszName -- the key for the metadata item to fetch.

      - pszValue -- the value to assign to the key.

      - pszDomain -- the domain to set within, use NULL for the default domain.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, or an error code on failure.

  virtual const char *GetMetadataItem(const char *pszName, const char *pszDomain = "") override

    Fetch single metadata item.

    The C function GDALGetMetadataItem() does the same thing as this method.

    Parameters:

      - pszName -- the key for the metadata item to fetch.

      - pszDomain -- the domain to fetch for, use NULL for the default domain.

    Returns:

      NULL on failure to find the key, or a pointer to an internal copy of the value string on success.

  virtual int HasArbitraryOverviews()

    Check for arbitrary overviews.

    This returns TRUE if the underlying datastore can compute arbitrary overviews efficiently, such as is the case with OGDI over a network. Datastores with arbitrary overviews don't generally have any fixed overviews, but the RasterIO() method can be used in downsampling mode to get overview data efficiently.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALHasArbitraryOverviews(),

    Returns:

      TRUE if arbitrary overviews available (efficiently), otherwise FALSE.

  virtual int GetOverviewCount()

    Return the number of overview layers available.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetOverviewCount().

    Returns:

      overview count, zero if none.

  virtual GDALRasterBand *GetOverview(int i)

    Fetch overview raster band object.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetOverview().

    Parameters:

      i -- overview index between 0 and GetOverviewCount()-1.

    Returns:

      overview GDALRasterBand.

  virtual GDALRasterBand *GetRasterSampleOverview(GUIntBig)

    Fetch best sampling overview.

    Returns the most reduced overview of the given band that still satisfies the desired number of samples. This function can be used with zero as the number of desired samples to fetch the most reduced overview. The same band as was passed in will be returned if it has not overviews, or if none of the overviews have enough samples.

    This method is the same as the C functions GDALGetRasterSampleOverview() and GDALGetRasterSampleOverviewEx().

    Parameters:

      nDesiredSamples -- the returned band will have at least this many pixels.

    Returns:

      optimal overview or the band itself.

  virtual CPLErr BuildOverviews(const char *pszResampling, int nOverviews, const int *panOverviewList, GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress, void *pProgressData, CSLConstList papszOptions)

    If the operation is unsupported for the indicated dataset, then CE_Failure is returned, and CPLGetLastErrorNo() will return CPLE_NotSupported.

    WARNING: Most formats don't support per-band overview computation, but require that overviews are computed for all bands of a dataset, using GDALDataset::BuildOverviews(). The only exception for official GDAL drivers is the HFA driver which supports this method.

    Parameters:

      - pszResampling -- one of "NEAREST", "GAUSS", "CUBIC", "AVERAGE", "MODE", "AVERAGE_MAGPHASE" "RMS" or "NONE" controlling the downsampling method applied.

      - nOverviews -- number of overviews to build.

      - panOverviewList -- the list of overview decimation factors to build.

      - pfnProgress -- a function to call to report progress, or NULL.

      - pProgressData -- application data to pass to the progress function.

      - papszOptions -- (GDAL >= 3.6) NULL terminated list of options as key=value pairs, or NULL

    Returns:

      CE_None on success or CE_Failure if the operation doesn't work.

  virtual CPLErr AdviseRead(int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize, GDALDataType eBufType, char **papszOptions)

    Advise driver of upcoming read requests.

    Some GDAL drivers operate more efficiently if they know in advance what set of upcoming read requests will be made. The AdviseRead() method allows an application to notify the driver of the region of interest, and at what resolution the region will be read.

    Many drivers just ignore the AdviseRead() call, but it can dramatically accelerate access via some drivers.

    Depending on call paths, drivers might receive several calls to AdviseRead() with the same parameters.

    Parameters:

      - nXOff -- The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the left side.

      - nYOff -- The line offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the top.

      - nXSize -- The width of the region of the band to be accessed in pixels.

      - nYSize -- The height of the region of the band to be accessed in lines.

      - nBufXSize -- the width of the buffer image into which the desired region is to be read, or from which it is to be written.

      - nBufYSize -- the height of the buffer image into which the desired region is to be read, or from which it is to be written.

      - eBufType -- the type of the pixel values in the pData data buffer. The pixel values will automatically be translated to/from the GDALRasterBand data type as needed.

      - papszOptions -- a list of name=value strings with special control options. Normally this is NULL.

    Returns:

      CE_Failure if the request is invalid and CE_None if it works or is ignored.

  virtual CPLErr GetHistogram(double dfMin, double dfMax, int nBuckets, GUIntBig *panHistogram, int bIncludeOutOfRange, int bApproxOK, GDALProgressFunc, void *pProgressData)

    Compute raster histogram.

    Note that the bucket size is (dfMax-dfMin) / nBuckets.

    For example to compute a simple 256 entry histogram of eight bit data, the following would be suitable. The unusual bounds are to ensure that bucket boundaries don't fall right on integer values causing possible errors due to rounding after scaling.

        GUIntBig anHistogram[256];

        poBand->GetHistogram( -0.5, 255.5, 256, anHistogram, FALSE, FALSE,
                              GDALDummyProgress, nullptr );

    Note that setting bApproxOK will generally result in a subsampling of the file, and will utilize overviews if available. It should generally produce a representative histogram for the data that is suitable for use in generating histogram based luts for instance. Generally bApproxOK is much faster than an exactly computed histogram.

    This method is the same as the C functions GDALGetRasterHistogram() and GDALGetRasterHistogramEx().

    Parameters:

      - dfMin -- the lower bound of the histogram.

      - dfMax -- the upper bound of the histogram.

      - nBuckets -- the number of buckets in panHistogram.

      - panHistogram -- array into which the histogram totals are placed.

      - bIncludeOutOfRange -- if TRUE values below the histogram range will mapped into panHistogram[0], and values above will be mapped into panHistogram[nBuckets-1] otherwise out of range values are discarded.

      - bApproxOK -- TRUE if an approximate, or incomplete histogram OK.

      - pfnProgress -- function to report progress to completion.

      - pProgressData -- application data to pass to pfnProgress.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, or CE_Failure if something goes wrong.

  virtual CPLErr GetDefaultHistogram(double *pdfMin, double *pdfMax, int *pnBuckets, GUIntBig **ppanHistogram, int bForce, GDALProgressFunc, void *pProgressData)

    Fetch default raster histogram.

    The default method in GDALRasterBand will compute a default histogram. This method is overridden by derived classes (such as GDALPamRasterBand, VRTDataset, HFADataset...) that may be able to fetch efficiently an already stored histogram.

    This method is the same as the C functions GDALGetDefaultHistogram() and GDALGetDefaultHistogramEx().

    Parameters:

      - pdfMin -- pointer to double value that will contain the lower bound of the histogram.

      - pdfMax -- pointer to double value that will contain the upper bound of the histogram.

      - pnBuckets -- pointer to int value that will contain the number of buckets in *ppanHistogram.

      - ppanHistogram -- pointer to array into which the histogram totals are placed. To be freed with VSIFree

      - bForce -- TRUE to force the computation. If FALSE and no default histogram is available, the method will return CE_Warning

      - pfnProgress -- function to report progress to completion.

      - pProgressData -- application data to pass to pfnProgress.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, CE_Failure if something goes wrong, or CE_Warning if no default histogram is available.

  virtual CPLErr SetDefaultHistogram(double dfMin, double dfMax, int nBuckets, GUIntBig *panHistogram)

    Set default histogram.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALSetDefaultHistogram() and GDALSetDefaultHistogramEx()

  virtual GDALRasterAttributeTable *GetDefaultRAT()

    Fetch default Raster Attribute Table.

    A RAT will be returned if there is a default one associated with the band, otherwise NULL is returned. The returned RAT is owned by the band and should not be deleted by the application.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALGetDefaultRAT().

    Returns:

      NULL, or a pointer to an internal RAT owned by the band.

  virtual CPLErr SetDefaultRAT(const GDALRasterAttributeTable *poRAT)

    Set default Raster Attribute Table.

    Associates a default RAT with the band. If not implemented for the format a CPLE_NotSupported error will be issued. If successful a copy of the RAT is made, the original remains owned by the caller.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALSetDefaultRAT().

    Parameters:

      poRAT -- the RAT to assign to the band.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success or CE_Failure if unsupported or otherwise failing.

  virtual GDALRasterBand *GetMaskBand()

    Return the mask band associated with the band.

    The GDALRasterBand class includes a default implementation of GetMaskBand() that returns one of four default implementations :

    - If a corresponding .msk file exists it will be used for the mask band.

    - If the dataset has a NODATA_VALUES metadata item, an instance of the new GDALNoDataValuesMaskBand class will be returned. GetMaskFlags() will return GMF_NODATA | GMF_PER_DATASET.

    - If the band has a nodata value set, an instance of the new GDALNodataMaskRasterBand class will be returned. GetMaskFlags() will return GMF_NODATA.

    - If there is no nodata value, but the dataset has an alpha band that seems to apply to this band (specific rules yet to be determined) and that is of type GDT_Byte then that alpha band will be returned, and the flags GMF_PER_DATASET and GMF_ALPHA will be returned in the flags.

    - If neither of the above apply, an instance of the new GDALAllValidRasterBand class will be returned that has 255 values for all pixels. The null flags will return GMF_ALL_VALID.

    Note that the GetMaskBand() should always return a GDALRasterBand mask, even if it is only an all 255 mask with the flags indicating GMF_ALL_VALID.

    For an external .msk file to be recognized by GDAL, it must be a valid GDAL dataset, with the same name as the main dataset and suffixed with .msk, with either one band (in the GMF_PER_DATASET case), or as many bands as the main dataset. It must have INTERNAL_MASK_FLAGS_xx metadata items set at the dataset level, where xx matches the band number of a band of the main dataset. The value of those items is a combination of the flags GMF_ALL_VALID, GMF_PER_DATASET, GMF_ALPHA and GMF_NODATA. If a metadata item is missing for a band, then the other rules explained above will be used to generate a on-the-fly mask band.

    This method is the same as the C function

    GDALGetMaskBand().

    See also

    CreateMaskBand() for the characteristics of .msk files created by GDAL.

    See also

    https://gdal.org/development/rfc/rfc15_nodatabitmask.html

    Returns:

      a valid mask band.

  virtual int GetMaskFlags()

    Return the status flags of the mask band associated with the band.

    The GetMaskFlags() method returns an bitwise OR-ed set of status flags with the following available definitions that may be extended in the future:

    - GMF_ALL_VALID(0x01): There are no invalid pixels, all mask values will be

      1. When used this will normally be the only flag set.

    - GMF_PER_DATASET(0x02): The mask band is shared between all bands on the dataset.

    - GMF_ALPHA(0x04): The mask band is actually an alpha band and may have values other than 0 and 255.

    - GMF_NODATA(0x08): Indicates the mask is actually being generated from nodata values. (mutually exclusive of GMF_ALPHA)

    The GDALRasterBand class includes a default implementation of GetMaskBand() that returns one of four default implementations:

    - If a corresponding .msk file exists it will be used for the mask band.

    - If the dataset has a NODATA_VALUES metadata item, an instance of the new GDALNoDataValuesMaskBand class will be returned. GetMaskFlags() will return GMF_NODATA | GMF_PER_DATASET.

    - If the band has a nodata value set, an instance of the new GDALNodataMaskRasterBand class will be returned. GetMaskFlags() will return GMF_NODATA.

    - If there is no nodata value, but the dataset has an alpha band that seems to apply to this band (specific rules yet to be determined) and that is of type GDT_Byte then that alpha band will be returned, and the flags GMF_PER_DATASET and GMF_ALPHA will be returned in the flags.

    - If neither of the above apply, an instance of the new GDALAllValidRasterBand class will be returned that has 255 values for all pixels. The null flags will return GMF_ALL_VALID.

    For an external .msk file to be recognized by GDAL, it must be a valid GDAL dataset, with the same name as the main dataset and suffixed with .msk, with either one band (in the GMF_PER_DATASET case), or as many bands as the main dataset. It must have INTERNAL_MASK_FLAGS_xx metadata items set at the dataset level, where xx matches the band number of a band of the main dataset. The value of those items is a combination of the flags GMF_ALL_VALID, GMF_PER_DATASET, GMF_ALPHA and GMF_NODATA. If a metadata item is missing for a band, then the other rules explained above will be used to generate a on-the-fly mask band.

    This method is the same as the C function

    GDALGetMaskFlags().

    See also

    CreateMaskBand() for the characteristics of .msk files created by GDAL.

    See also

    https://gdal.org/development/rfc/rfc15_nodatabitmask.html

    Returns:

      a valid mask band.

  virtual CPLErr CreateMaskBand(int nFlagsIn)

    Adds a mask band to the current band.

    The default implementation of the CreateMaskBand() method is implemented based on similar rules to the .ovr handling implemented using the GDALDefaultOverviews object. A TIFF file with the extension .msk will be created with the same basename as the original file, and it will have as many bands as the original image (or just one for GMF_PER_DATASET). The mask images will be deflate compressed tiled images with the same block size as the original image if possible. It will have INTERNAL_MASK_FLAGS_xx metadata items set at the dataset level, where xx matches the band number of a band of the main dataset. The value of those items will be the one of the nFlagsIn parameter.

    Note that if you got a mask band with a previous call to GetMaskBand(), it might be invalidated by CreateMaskBand(). So you have to call GetMaskBand() again.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALCreateMaskBand().

    See also

    https://gdal.org/development/rfc/rfc15_nodatabitmask.html

    See also

    GDALDataset::CreateMaskBand()

    Parameters:

      nFlagsIn -- 0 or combination of GMF_PER_DATASET / GMF_ALPHA.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success or CE_Failure on an error.

  virtual bool IsMaskBand() const

    Returns whether a band is a mask band.

    Mask band must be understood in the broad term: it can be a per-dataset mask band, an alpha band, or an implicit mask band. Typically the return of GetMaskBand()->IsMaskBand() should be true.

    This method is the same as the C function GDALIsMaskBand().

    See also

    GDALDataset::CreateMaskBand()

    Since

      GDAL 3.5.0

    Returns:

      true if the band is a mask band.

  virtual GDALMaskValueRange GetMaskValueRange() const

    Returns the range of values that a mask band can take.

    Since

      GDAL 3.5.0

    Returns:

      the range of values that a mask band can take.

  virtual CPLVirtualMem *GetVirtualMemAuto(GDALRWFlag eRWFlag, int *pnPixelSpace, GIntBig *pnLineSpace, char **papszOptions)

    Create a CPLVirtualMem object from a GDAL raster band object.

    Only supported on Linux and Unix systems with mmap() for now.

    This method allows creating a virtual memory object for a GDALRasterBand, that exposes the whole image data as a virtual array.

    The default implementation relies on GDALRasterBandGetVirtualMem(), but specialized implementation, such as for raw files, may also directly use mechanisms of the operating system to create a view of the underlying file into virtual memory ( CPLVirtualMemFileMapNew() )

    At the time of writing, the GeoTIFF driver and "raw" drivers (EHdr, ...) offer a specialized implementation with direct file mapping, provided that some requirements are met :

    - for all drivers, the dataset must be backed by a "real" file in the file system, and the byte ordering of multi-byte datatypes (Int16, etc.) must match the native ordering of the CPU.

    - in addition, for the GeoTIFF driver, the GeoTIFF file must be uncompressed, scanline oriented (i.e. not tiled). Strips must be organized in the file in sequential order, and be equally spaced (which is generally the case). Only power-of-two bit depths are supported (8 for GDT_Bye, 16 for GDT_Int16/GDT_UInt16/GDT_Float16, 32 for GDT_Float32 and 64 for GDT_Float64)

    The pointer returned remains valid until CPLVirtualMemFree() is called. CPLVirtualMemFree() must be called before the raster band object is destroyed.

    If p is such a pointer and base_type the type matching GDALGetRasterDataType(), the element of image coordinates (x, y) can be accessed with *(base_type*) ((GByte*)p + x * *pnPixelSpace + y * *pnLineSpace)

    This method is the same as the C GDALGetVirtualMemAuto() function.

    Parameters:

      - eRWFlag -- Either GF_Read to read the band, or GF_Write to read/write the band.

      - pnPixelSpace -- Output parameter giving the byte offset from the start of one pixel value in the buffer to the start of the next pixel value within a scanline.

      - pnLineSpace -- Output parameter giving the byte offset from the start of one scanline in the buffer to the start of the next.

      - papszOptions -- NULL terminated list of options. If a specialized implementation exists, defining USE_DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION=YES will cause the default implementation to be used. On the contrary, defining USE_DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION=NO will prevent the default implementation from being used (thus only allowing efficient implementations to be used). When requiring or falling back to the default implementation, the following options are available : CACHE_SIZE (in bytes, defaults to 40 MB), PAGE_SIZE_HINT (in bytes), SINGLE_THREAD ("FALSE" / "TRUE", defaults to FALSE)

    Returns:

      a virtual memory object that must be unreferenced by CPLVirtualMemFree(), or NULL in case of failure.

  int GetDataCoverageStatus(int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize, int nMaskFlagStop = 0, double *pdfDataPct = nullptr)

    Get the coverage status of a sub-window of the raster.

    Returns whether a sub-window of the raster contains only data, only empty blocks or a mix of both. This function can be used to determine quickly if it is worth issuing RasterIO / ReadBlock requests in datasets that may be sparse.

    Empty blocks are blocks that contain only pixels whose value is the nodata value when it is set, or whose value is 0 when the nodata value is not set.

    The query is done in an efficient way without reading the actual pixel values. If not possible, or not implemented at all by the driver, GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED | GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA will be returned.

    The values that can be returned by the function are the following, potentially combined with the binary or operator :

    - GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED : the driver does not implement GetDataCoverageStatus(). This flag should be returned together with GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA.

    - GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA: There is (potentially) data in the queried window.

    - GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY: There is nodata in the queried window. This is typically identified by the concept of missing block in formats that supports it.

    Note that GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA might have false positives and should be interpreted more as hint of potential presence of data. For example if a GeoTIFF file is created with blocks filled with zeroes (or set to the nodata value), instead of using the missing block mechanism, GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA will be returned. On the contrary, GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY should have no false positives.

    The nMaskFlagStop should be generally set to 0. It can be set to a binary-or'ed mask of the above mentioned values to enable a quick exiting of the function as soon as the computed mask matches the nMaskFlagStop. For example, you can issue a request on the whole raster with nMaskFlagStop = GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY. As soon as one missing block is encountered, the function will exit, so that you can potentially refine the requested area to find which particular region(s) have missing blocks.

    See also

    GDALGetDataCoverageStatus()

    Parameters:

      - nXOff -- The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be queried. This would be zero to start from the left side.

      - nYOff -- The line offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be queried. This would be zero to start from the top.

      - nXSize -- The width of the region of the band to be queried in pixels.

      - nYSize -- The height of the region of the band to be queried in lines.

      - nMaskFlagStop -- 0, or a binary-or'ed mask of possible values GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED, GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA and GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY. As soon as the computation of the coverage matches the mask, the computation will be stopped. *pdfDataPct will not be valid in that case.

      - pdfDataPct -- Optional output parameter whose pointed value will be set to the (approximate) percentage in [0,100] of pixels in the queried sub-window that have valid values. The implementation might not always be able to compute it, in which case it will be set to a negative value.

    Returns:

      a binary-or'ed combination of possible values GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED, GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA and GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY

  std::shared_ptr<GDALMDArray> AsMDArray() const

    Return a view of this raster band as a 2D multidimensional GDALMDArray.

    The band must be linked to a GDALDataset. If this dataset is not already marked as shared, it will be, so that the returned array holds a reference to it.

    If the dataset has a geotransform attached, the X and Y dimensions of the returned array will have an associated indexing variable.

    This is the same as the C function GDALRasterBandAsMDArray().

    The "reverse" method is GDALMDArray::AsClassicDataset().

    Since

      GDAL 3.1

    Returns:

      a new array, or nullptr.

  CPLErr InterpolateAtGeolocation(double dfGeolocX, double dfGeolocY, const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS, GDALRIOResampleAlg eInterpolation, double *pdfRealValue, double *pdfImagValue = nullptr, CSLConstList papszTransformerOptions = nullptr) const

    Interpolates the value between pixels using a resampling algorithm, taking georeferenced coordinates as input.

    When poSRS is null, those georeferenced coordinates (dfGeolocX, dfGeolocY) must be in the "natural" SRS of the dataset, that is the one returned by GetSpatialRef() if there is a geotransform, GetGCPSpatialRef() if there are GCPs, WGS 84 if there are RPC coefficients, or the SRS of the geolocation array (generally WGS 84) if there is a geolocation array. If that natural SRS is a geographic one, dfGeolocX must be a longitude, and dfGeolocY a latitude. If that natural SRS is a projected one, dfGeolocX must be a easting, and dfGeolocY a northing.

    When poSRS is set to a non-null value, (dfGeolocX, dfGeolocY) must be expressed in that CRS, and that tuple must be conformant with the data-axis-to-crs-axis setting of poSRS, that is the one returned by the OGRSpatialReference::GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping(). If you want to be sure of the axis order, then make sure to call poSRS->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER) before calling this method, and in that case, dfGeolocX must be a longitude or an easting value, and dfGeolocX a latitude or a northing value.

    The GDALDataset::GeolocationToPixelLine() will be used to transform from (dfGeolocX,dfGeolocY) georeferenced coordinates to (pixel, line). Refer to it for details on how that transformation is done.

    Since

      GDAL 3.11

    Parameters:

      - dfGeolocX -- X coordinate of the position (longitude or easting if poSRS is null, otherwise consistent with poSRS data-axis-to-crs-axis mapping), where interpolation should be done.

      - dfGeolocY -- Y coordinate of the position (latitude or northing if poSRS is null, otherwise consistent with poSRS data-axis-to-crs-axis mapping), where interpolation should be done.

      - poSRS -- If set, override the natural CRS in which dfGeolocX, dfGeolocY are expressed

      - eInterpolation -- interpolation type. Only near, bilinear, cubic and cubicspline are allowed.

      - pdfRealValue -- pointer to real part of interpolated value

      - pdfImagValue -- pointer to imaginary part of interpolated value (may be null if not needed)

      - papszTransformerOptions -- Options accepted by GDALDataset::GeolocationToPixelLine() (GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2()), or nullptr.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, or an error code on failure.

  virtual CPLErr InterpolateAtPoint(double dfPixel, double dfLine, GDALRIOResampleAlg eInterpolation, double *pdfRealValue, double *pdfImagValue = nullptr) const

    Interpolates the value between pixels using a resampling algorithm, taking pixel/line coordinates as input.

    Since

      GDAL 3.10

    Parameters:

      - dfPixel -- pixel coordinate as a double, where interpolation should be done.

      - dfLine -- line coordinate as a double, where interpolation should be done.

      - eInterpolation -- interpolation type. Only near, bilinear, cubic and cubicspline are allowed.

      - pdfRealValue -- pointer to real part of interpolated value

      - pdfImagValue -- pointer to imaginary part of interpolated value (may be null if not needed)

    Returns:

      CE_None on success, or an error code on failure.

  WindowIteratorWrapper IterateWindows(size_t maxSize = 0) const

    Return an object whose begin() and end() methods can be used to iterate over GDALRasterWindow objects that are aligned with blocks in this raster band.

    The iteration order is from left to right, then from top to bottom.

        std::vector<double> pixelValues;
        for (const auto& window : poBand->IterateWindows()) {
            CPLErr eErr = poBand->ReadRaster(pixelValues, window.nXOff, window.nYOff,
                                             window.nXSize, window.nYSize);
            // check eErr
        }

    Since

      GDAL 3.12

    Parameters:

      maxSize -- The maximum number of pixels in each window. If set to zero (the default), or a number smaller than the block size, the window size will be the same as the block size.

  Public Static Functions

  static inline GDALRasterBandH ToHandle(GDALRasterBand *poBand)

    Convert a GDALRasterBand* to a GDALRasterBandH.

  static inline GDALRasterBand *FromHandle(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

    Convert a GDALRasterBandH to a GDALRasterBand*.

  Protected Functions

  GDALRasterBand()

    Constructor. Applications should never create GDALRasterBands directly.

  explicit GDALRasterBand(int bForceCachedIO)

    Constructor.

    Applications should never create GDALRasterBands directly.

    Parameters:

      bForceCachedIOIn -- Whether cached IO should be forced.

  virtual CPLErr IReadBlock(int nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff, void *pData) = 0

    Default internal implementation ... to be overridden by subclasses that support reading.

    Parameters:

      - nBlockXOff -- Block X Offset

      - nBlockYOff -- Block Y Offset

      - pData -- Pixel buffer into which to place read data.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success or CE_Failure on an error.

  virtual CPLErr IWriteBlock(int nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff, void *pData)

    Write a block of data.

    Default internal implementation ... to be overridden by subclasses that support writing.

    Parameters:

      - nBlockXOff -- Block X Offset

      - nBlockYOff -- Block Y Offset

      - pData -- Pixel buffer to write

    Returns:

      CE_None on success or CE_Failure on an error.

  virtual CPLErr IRasterIO(GDALRWFlag eRWFlag, int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize, void *pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize, GDALDataType eBufType, GSpacing nPixelSpace, GSpacing nLineSpace, GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)

    Read/write a region of image data for this band.

    This method allows reading a region of a GDALRasterBand into a buffer, or writing data from a buffer into a region of a GDALRasterBand. It automatically takes care of data type translation if the data type (eBufType) of the buffer is different than that of the GDALRasterBand. The method also takes care of image decimation / replication if the buffer size (nBufXSize x nBufYSize) is different than the size of the region being accessed (nXSize x nYSize).

    The window of interest expressed by (nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize) should be fully within the raster space, that is nXOff >= 0, nYOff >= 0, nXOff + nXSize <= GetXSize() and nYOff + nYSize <= GetYSize(). If reads larger than the raster space are wished, GDALTranslate() might be used. Or use nLineSpace and a possibly shifted pData value.

    The nPixelSpace and nLineSpace parameters allow reading into or writing from unusually organized buffers. This is primarily used for buffers containing more than one bands raster data in interleaved format.

    Some formats may efficiently implement decimation into a buffer by reading from lower resolution overview images. The logic of the default implementation in the base class GDALRasterBand is the following one. It computes a target_downscaling_factor from the window of interest and buffer size which is min(nXSize/nBufXSize, nYSize/nBufYSize). It then walks through overviews and will select the first one whose downscaling factor is greater than target_downscaling_factor / 1.2.

    Let's assume we have overviews at downscaling factors 2, 4 and 8. The relationship between target_downscaling_factor and the select overview level is the following one:

    target_downscaling_factor | selected_overview
    --- | ---
    ]0, 2 / 1.2] | full resolution band
    ]2 / 1.2, 4 / 1.2] | 2x downsampled band
    ]4 / 1.2, 8 / 1.2] | 4x downsampled band
    ]8 / 1.2, infinity[ | 8x downsampled band

    Note that starting with GDAL 3.9, this 1.2 oversampling factor can be modified by setting the GDAL_OVERVIEW_OVERSAMPLING_THRESHOLD configuration option. Also note that starting with GDAL 3.9, when the resampling algorithm specified in psExtraArg->eResampleAlg is different from GRIORA_NearestNeighbour, this oversampling threshold defaults to 1. Consequently if there are overviews of downscaling factor 2, 4 and 8, and the desired downscaling factor is 7.99, the overview of factor 4 will be selected for a non nearest resampling.

    For highest performance full resolution data access, read and write on "block boundaries" as returned by GetBlockSize(), or use the ReadBlock() and WriteBlock() methods.

    This method is the same as the C GDALRasterIO() or GDALRasterIOEx() functions.

    Parameters:

      - eRWFlag -- Either GF_Read to read a region of data, or GF_Write to write a region of data.

      - nXOff -- The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the left side.

      - nYOff -- The line offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the top.

      - nXSize -- The width of the region of the band to be accessed in pixels.

      - nYSize -- The height of the region of the band to be accessed in lines.

      - pData -- The buffer into which the data should be read, or from which it should be written. This buffer must contain at least nBufXSize * nBufYSize words of type eBufType. It is organized in left to right, top to bottom pixel order. Spacing is controlled by the nPixelSpace, and nLineSpace parameters. Note that even with eRWFlag==GF_Write, the content of the buffer might be temporarily modified during the execution of this method (and eventually restored back to its original content), so it is not safe to use a buffer stored in a read-only section of the calling program.

      - nBufXSize -- the width of the buffer image into which the desired region is to be read, or from which it is to be written.

      - nBufYSize -- the height of the buffer image into which the desired region is to be read, or from which it is to be written.

      - eBufType -- the type of the pixel values in the pData data buffer. The pixel values will automatically be translated to/from the GDALRasterBand data type as needed. Most driver implementations will use GDALCopyWords64() to perform data type translation.

      - nPixelSpace -- The byte offset from the start of one pixel value in pData to the start of the next pixel value within a scanline. If defaulted (0) the size of the datatype eBufType is used.

      - nLineSpace -- The byte offset from the start of one scanline in pData to the start of the next. If defaulted (0) the size of the datatype eBufType * nBufXSize is used.

      - psExtraArg -- Pointer to a GDALRasterIOExtraArg structure with additional arguments to specify resampling and progress callback, or NULL for default behavior. The GDAL_RASTERIO_RESAMPLING configuration option can also be defined to override the default resampling to one of BILINEAR, CUBIC, CUBICSPLINE, LANCZOS, AVERAGE or MODE.

    Returns:

      CE_Failure if the access fails, otherwise CE_None.

  virtual int IGetDataCoverageStatus(int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize, int nMaskFlagStop, double *pdfDataPct)

    Get the coverage status of a sub-window of the raster.

    Returns whether a sub-window of the raster contains only data, only empty blocks or a mix of both. This function can be used to determine quickly if it is worth issuing RasterIO / ReadBlock requests in datasets that may be sparse.

    Empty blocks are blocks that contain only pixels whose value is the nodata value when it is set, or whose value is 0 when the nodata value is not set.

    The query is done in an efficient way without reading the actual pixel values. If not possible, or not implemented at all by the driver, GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED | GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA will be returned.

    The values that can be returned by the function are the following, potentially combined with the binary or operator :

    - GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED : the driver does not implement GetDataCoverageStatus(). This flag should be returned together with GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA.

    - GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA: There is (potentially) data in the queried window.

    - GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY: There is nodata in the queried window. This is typically identified by the concept of missing block in formats that supports it.

    Note that GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA might have false positives and should be interpreted more as hint of potential presence of data. For example if a GeoTIFF file is created with blocks filled with zeroes (or set to the nodata value), instead of using the missing block mechanism, GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA will be returned. On the contrary, GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY should have no false positives.

    The nMaskFlagStop should be generally set to 0. It can be set to a binary-or'ed mask of the above mentioned values to enable a quick exiting of the function as soon as the computed mask matches the nMaskFlagStop. For example, you can issue a request on the whole raster with nMaskFlagStop = GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY. As soon as one missing block is encountered, the function will exit, so that you can potentially refine the requested area to find which particular region(s) have missing blocks.

    See also

    GDALGetDataCoverageStatus()

    Parameters:

      - nXOff -- The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be queried. This would be zero to start from the left side.

      - nYOff -- The line offset to the top left corner of the region of the band to be queried. This would be zero to start from the top.

      - nXSize -- The width of the region of the band to be queried in pixels.

      - nYSize -- The height of the region of the band to be queried in lines.

      - nMaskFlagStop -- 0, or a binary-or'ed mask of possible values GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED, GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA and GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY. As soon as the computation of the coverage matches the mask, the computation will be stopped. *pdfDataPct will not be valid in that case.

      - pdfDataPct -- Optional output parameter whose pointed value will be set to the (approximate) percentage in [0,100] of pixels in the queried sub-window that have valid values. The implementation might not always be able to compute it, in which case it will be set to a negative value.

    Returns:

      a binary-or'ed combination of possible values GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED, GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA and GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY

  virtual bool EmitErrorMessageIfWriteNotSupported(const char *pszCaller) const

    Emit an error message if a write operation to this band is not supported.

    The base implementation will emit an error message if the access mode is read-only. Derived classes may implement it to provide a custom message.

    Parameters:

      pszCaller -- Calling function.

    Returns:

      true if an error message has been emitted.

  Friends

  friend GDALComputedRasterBand operator+(double cst, const GDALRasterBand &other)

    Add a band with a constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  friend GDALComputedRasterBand operator-(double cst, const GDALRasterBand &other)

    Subtract a constant with a band.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  friend GDALComputedRasterBand operator*(double cst, const GDALRasterBand &other)

    Multiply a band with a constant.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  friend GDALComputedRasterBand operator/(double cst, const GDALRasterBand &other)

    Divide a constant by a band.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  friend GDALComputedRasterBand operator>(double cst, const GDALRasterBand &other)

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the constant is greater than the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  friend GDALComputedRasterBand operator>=(double cst, const GDALRasterBand &other)

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the constant is greater or equal to the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  friend GDALComputedRasterBand operator<(double cst, const GDALRasterBand &other)

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the constant is lesser than the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  friend GDALComputedRasterBand operator<=(double cst, const GDALRasterBand &other)

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the constant is lesser or equal to the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  friend GDALComputedRasterBand operator==(double cst, const GDALRasterBand &other)

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the constant is equal to the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  friend GDALComputedRasterBand operator!=(double cst, const GDALRasterBand &other)

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the constant is different from the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  friend GDALComputedRasterBand operator&&(bool cst, const GDALRasterBand &other)

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the constant is true, as well as the pixel value of the right operand.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

  friend GDALComputedRasterBand operator||(bool cst, const GDALRasterBand &other)

    Return a band whose value is 1 if the constant is true, or the pixel value of the right operand is true.

    The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input dataset.

    Since

      3.12

## GDALRasterBand related functions

GDALComputedRasterBand gdal::min(const GDALRasterBand &first, const GDALRasterBand &second)

  Return a band whose each pixel value is the minimum of the corresponding pixel values in the inputs (bands or constants)

  The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on input datasets.

  Two or more bands can be passed.

  This method is the same as the C function GDALMinimumOfNBands()

  Since

    3.12

  Throws:

    std::runtime_error -- if bands do not have the same dimensions.

GDALComputedRasterBand gdal::max(const GDALRasterBand &first, const GDALRasterBand &second)

  Return a band whose each pixel value is the maximum of the corresponding pixel values in the inputs (bands or constants)

  The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on input datasets.

  Two or more bands can be passed.

  This method is the same as the C function GDALMaximumOfNBands()

  Since

    3.12

  Throws:

    std::runtime_error -- if bands do not have the same dimensions.

GDALComputedRasterBand gdal::mean(const GDALRasterBand &first, const GDALRasterBand &second)

  Return a band whose each pixel value is the arithmetic mean of the corresponding pixel values in the input bands.

  The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on input datasets.

  Two or more bands can be passed.

  This method is the same as the C function GDALMeanOfNBands()

  Since

    3.12

  Throws:

    std::runtime_error -- if bands do not have the same dimensions.

GDALComputedRasterBand gdal::abs(const GDALRasterBand &band)

  Return a band whose each pixel value is the absolute value (or module for complex data type) of the corresponding pixel value in the input band.

  The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on input datasets.

  Since

    3.12

GDALComputedRasterBand gdal::sqrt(const GDALRasterBand &band)

  Return a band whose each pixel value is the square root of the corresponding pixel value in the input band.

  The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on input datasets.

  Since

    3.12

GDALComputedRasterBand gdal::pow(const GDALRasterBand &band, double constant)

  Return a band whose each pixel value is the the corresponding pixel value in the input band raised to the power of the constant.

  The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on input datasets.

  Since

    3.12

GDALComputedRasterBand gdal::log(const GDALRasterBand &band)

  Return a band whose each pixel value is the natural logarithm of the corresponding pixel value in the input band.

  The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on input datasets.

  Since

    3.12

GDALComputedRasterBand gdal::log10(const GDALRasterBand &band)

  Return a band whose each pixel value is the logarithm base 10 of the corresponding pixel value in the input band.

  The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on input datasets.

  Since

    3.12

GDALComputedRasterBand gdal::IfThenElse(const GDALRasterBand &condBand, const GDALRasterBand &thenBand, const GDALRasterBand &elseBand)

  Return a band whose value is thenBand if the corresponding pixel in condBand is not zero, or the one from elseBand otherwise.

  Variants of this method exits where thenBand and/or elseBand can be double values.

  The resulting band is lazy evaluated. A reference is taken on the input datasets.

  This method is the same as the C function GDALRasterBandIfThenElse()

  Since

    3.12

## GDALMaskValueRange enumeration

enum GDALMaskValueRange

  Range of values found in a mask band.

  Values:

  enumerator GMVR_UNKNOWN
  enumerator GMVR_0_AND_1_ONLY

    Unknown (can also be used for any values between 0 and 255 for a Byte band)

  enumerator GMVR_0_AND_255_ONLY

    Only 0 and 1

## GDALRasterBlock class

class GDALRasterBlock

  A single raster block in the block cache.

  GDALRasterBlock objects hold one block of raster data for one band that is currently stored in the GDAL raster cache.

  And the global block manager that manages a least-recently-used list of blocks from various datasets/bands

  The cache holds some blocks of raster data for zero or more GDALRasterBand objects across zero or more GDALDataset objects in a global raster cache with a least recently used (LRU) list and an upper cache limit (see GDALSetCacheMax()) under which the cache size is normally kept.

  Some blocks in the cache may be modified relative to the state on disk (they are marked "Dirty") and must be flushed to disk before they can be discarded. Other (Clean) blocks may just be discarded if their memory needs to be recovered.

  In normal situations applications do not interact directly with the GDALRasterBlock - instead it it utilized by the RasterIO() interfaces to implement caching.

  Some driver classes are implemented in a fashion that completely avoids use of the GDAL raster cache (and GDALRasterBlock) though this is not very common.

  Public Functions

  GDALRasterBlock(GDALRasterBand*, int, int)

    GDALRasterBlock Constructor.

    Normally only called from GDALRasterBand::GetLockedBlockRef().

    Parameters:

      - poBandIn -- the raster band used as source of raster block being constructed.

      - nXOffIn -- the horizontal block offset, with zero indicating the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

      - nYOffIn -- the vertical block offset, with zero indicating the top most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

  GDALRasterBlock(int nXOffIn, int nYOffIn)

    GDALRasterBlock Constructor (for GDALHashSetBandBlockAccess purpose)

    Normally only called from GDALHashSetBandBlockAccess class. Such a block is completely non functional and only meant as being used to do a look-up in the hash set of GDALHashSetBandBlockAccess

    Parameters:

      - nXOffIn -- the horizontal block offset, with zero indicating the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

      - nYOffIn -- the vertical block offset, with zero indicating the top most block, 1 the next block and so forth.

  ~GDALRasterBlock()

    Block destructor.

    Normally called from GDALRasterBand::FlushBlock().

  CPLErr Internalize(void)

    Allocate memory for block.

    This method allocates memory for the block, and attempts to flush other blocks, if necessary, to bring the total cache size back within the limits. The newly allocated block is touched and will be considered most recently used in the LRU list.

    Returns:

      CE_None on success or CE_Failure if memory allocation fails.

  void Touch(void)

    Push block to top of LRU (least-recently used) list.

    This method is normally called when a block is used to keep track that it has been recently used.

  void MarkDirty(void)

    Mark the block as modified.

    A dirty block is one that has been modified and will need to be written to disk before it can be flushed.

  void MarkClean(void)

    Mark the block as unmodified.

    A dirty block is one that has been modified and will need to be written to disk before it can be flushed.

  inline int AddLock(void)

    Increment the lock count.

  inline int DropLock(void)

    Decrement the lock count.

  void Detach()

    Remove block from cache.

    This method removes the current block from the linked list used to keep track of all cached blocks in order of age. It does not affect whether the block is referenced by a GDALRasterBand nor does it destroy or flush the block.

  CPLErr Write()

    Force writing of the current block, if dirty.

    The block is written using GDALRasterBand::IWriteBlock() on its corresponding band object. Even if the write fails the block will be marked clean.

    Returns:

      CE_None otherwise the error returned by IWriteBlock().

  inline GDALDataType GetDataType() const

    Return the data type.

    Returns:

      data type

  inline int GetXOff() const

    Return the x offset of the top-left corner of the block.

    Returns:

      x offset

  inline int GetYOff() const

    Return the y offset of the top-left corner of the block.

    Returns:

      y offset

  inline int GetXSize() const

    Return the width of the block.

    Returns:

      width

  inline int GetYSize() const

    Return the height of the block.

    Returns:

      height

  inline int GetDirty() const

    Return the dirty flag.

    Returns:

      dirty flag

  inline void *GetDataRef(void)

    Return the data buffer.

    Returns:

      data buffer

  inline GPtrDiff_t GetBlockSize() const

    Return the block size in bytes.

    Returns:

      block size.

  int TakeLock()

    Take a lock and Touch().

    Should only be used by GDALArrayBandBlockCache::TryGetLockedBlockRef() and GDALHashSetBandBlockCache::TryGetLockedBlockRef()

    Returns:

      TRUE if the lock has been successfully acquired. If FALSE, the block is being evicted by another thread, and so should be considered as invalid.

  int DropLockForRemovalFromStorage()

    Drop a lock before removing the block from the band storage.

    Should only be used by GDALArrayBandBlockCache::FlushBlock() and GDALHashSetBandBlockCache::FlushBlock()

    Returns:

      TRUE if the lock has been successfully dropped.

  inline GDALRasterBand *GetBand()

    Accessor to source GDALRasterBand object.

    Returns:

      source raster band of the raster block.

  Public Static Functions

  static void FlushDirtyBlocks()

    Flush all dirty blocks from cache.

    This static method is normally used to recover memory and is especially useful when doing multi-threaded code that can trigger the block cache.

    Due to the current design of the block cache, dirty blocks belonging to a same dataset could be pushed simultaneously to the IWriteBlock() method of that dataset from different threads, causing races.

    Calling this method before that code can help to work around that issue, in a multiple readers, one writer scenario.

  static int FlushCacheBlock(int bDirtyBlocksOnly = FALSE)

    Attempt to flush at least one block from the cache.

    This static method is normally used to recover memory when a request for a new cache block would put cache memory use over the established limit.

    C++ analog to the C function GDALFlushCacheBlock().

    Parameters:

      bDirtyBlocksOnly -- Only flushes dirty blocks.

    Returns:

      TRUE if successful or FALSE if no flushable block is found.

  static void Verify()

    Confirms (via assertions) that the block cache linked list is in a consistent state.

  static void EnterDisableDirtyBlockFlush()

    Starts preventing dirty blocks from being flushed.

    This static method is used to prevent dirty blocks from being flushed. This might be useful when in a IWriteBlock() method, whose implementation can directly/indirectly cause the block cache to evict new blocks, to be recursively called on the same dataset.

    This method implements a reference counter and is thread-safe.

    This call must be paired with a corresponding LeaveDisableDirtyBlockFlush().

  static void LeaveDisableDirtyBlockFlush()

    Ends preventing dirty blocks from being flushed.

    Undoes the effect of EnterDisableDirtyBlockFlush().

## GDALRasterWindow class

class GDALRasterWindow

  A rectangular subset of pixels within a raster.

  Public Members

  int nXOff

    left offset of the window

  int nYOff

    top offset of the window

  int nXSize

    window width

  int nYSize

    window height