# `gdal raster pipeline`

Added in version 3.11.

Process a raster dataset applying several steps.

## Description

gdal raster pipeline can be used to process a raster dataset and perform various processing steps that accept raster and generate raster.

For pipelines mixing raster and vector, consult gdal pipeline.

Most steps proceed in on-demand evaluation of raster blocks, unless otherwise stated in their documentation, without "materializing" the resulting dataset of the operation of each step. It may be desirable sometimes for performance purposes to proceed to materializing an intermediate dataset to disk using gdal raster materialize.

## Synopsis

    Usage: gdal raster pipeline [OPTIONS] <PIPELINE>

    Process a raster dataset applying several steps.

    Positional arguments:

    Common Options:
      -h, --help              Display help message and exit
      --json-usage            Display usage as JSON document and exit
      --config <KEY>=<VALUE>  Configuration option [may be repeated]
      -q, --quiet             Quiet mode (no progress bar)

    <PIPELINE> is of the form: read|mosaic|stack [READ-OPTIONS] ( ! <STEP-NAME> [STEP-OPTIONS] )* ! info|compare|tile|write [WRITE-OPTIONS]

A pipeline chains several steps, separated with the ! (exclamation mark) character. The first step must be `read`, `calc`, `mosaic` or `stack`, and the last one `write`, `info` or `tile`. Each step has its own positional or non-positional arguments. Apart from `read`, `calc`, `mosaic`, `stack`, `compare`, `info`, `tile` and `write`, all other steps can potentially be used several times in a pipeline.

Potential steps are:

- read

    * read [OPTIONS] <INPUT>
    ------------------------

    Read a raster dataset.

    Positional arguments:
      -i, --input <INPUT>                  Input raster datasets [required]

    Advanced Options:
      --if, --input-format <INPUT-FORMAT>  Input formats [may be repeated]
      --oo, --open-option <KEY>=<VALUE>    Open options [may be repeated]

- calc

    * calc [OPTIONS] <INPUTS>...
    ----------------------------

    Perform raster algebra

    Positional arguments:
      -i, --input <INPUTS>                                     Input raster datasets [1.. values] [required]

    Options:
      --ot, --datatype, --output-data-type <OUTPUT-DATA-TYPE>  Output data type. OUTPUT-DATA-TYPE=Byte|Int8|UInt16|Int16|UInt32|Int32|UInt64|Int64|CInt16|CInt32|Float16|Float32|Float64|CFloat32|CFloat64
      --no-check-srs                                           Do not check consistency of input spatial reference systems
      --no-check-extent                                        Do not check consistency of input extents
      --propagate-nodata                                       Whether to set pixels to the output NoData value if any of the input pixels is NoData
      --calc <CALC>                                            Expression(s) to evaluate [1.. values] [required]
      --dialect <DIALECT>                                      Expression dialect. DIALECT=muparser|builtin (default: muparser)
      --flatten                                                Generate a single band output raster per expression, even if input datasets are multiband
      --nodata <NODATA>                                        Assign a specified nodata value to output bands ('none', numeric value, 'nan', 'inf', '-inf')

    Advanced Options:
      --if, --input-format <INPUT-FORMAT>                      Input formats [may be repeated]
      --oo, --open-option <KEY>=<VALUE>                        Open options [may be repeated]

Details for options can be found in gdal raster calc.

- mosaic

    * mosaic [OPTIONS] <INPUT>...
    -----------------------------

    Build a mosaic, either virtual (VRT) or materialized.

    Positional arguments:
      -i, --input <INPUT>                                             Input raster datasets (or specify a @<filename> to point to a file containing filenames) [1.. values] [required]

    Options:
      -b, --band <BAND>                                               Input band(s) (1-based index) [may be repeated]
      --absolute-path                                                 Whether the path to the input datasets should be stored as an absolute path
      --resolution <xres>,<yres>|same|average|common|highest|lowest>  Target resolution (in destination CRS units) (default: same)
      --bbox <BBOX>                                                   Target bounding box as xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax (in destination CRS units)
      --target-aligned-pixels                                         Round target extent to target resolution
      --src-nodata <SRC-NODATA>                                       Set nodata values for input bands. [1.. values]
      --dst-nodata <DST-NODATA>                                       Set nodata values at the destination band level. [1.. values]
      --hide-nodata                                                   Makes the destination band not report the NoData.
      --add-alpha                                                     Adds an alpha mask band to the destination when the source raster have none.
      --pixel-function <PIXEL-FUNCTION>                               Specify a pixel function to calculate output value from overlapping inputs. PIXEL-FUNCTION=argmax|argmin|cmul|complex|conj|dB|dB2amp|dB2pow|diff|div|exp|expression|geometric_mean|harmonic_mean|imag|intensity|interpolate_exp|interpolate_linear|inv|log10|max|mean|median|min|mod|mode|mul|norm_diff|phase|polar|pow|real|reclassify|replace_nodata|scale|sqrt|sum
      --pixel-function-arg <NAME>=<VALUE>                             Specify argument(s) to pass to the pixel function [may be repeated]

    Advanced Options:
      --if, --input-format <INPUT-FORMAT>                             Input formats [may be repeated]
      --oo, --open-option <KEY>=<VALUE>                               Open options [may be repeated]

Details for options can be found in gdal raster mosaic.

- stack

    * stack [OPTIONS] <INPUT>...
    ----------------------------

    Combine together input bands into a multi-band output, either virtual (VRT) or materialized.

    Positional arguments:
      -i, --input <INPUT>                                             Input raster datasets (or specify a @<filename> to point to a file containing filenames) [1.. values] [required]

    Options:
      -b, --band <BAND>                                               Input band(s) (1-based index) [may be repeated]
      --absolute-path                                                 Whether the path to the input datasets should be stored as an absolute path
      --resolution <xres>,<yres>|same|average|common|highest|lowest>  Target resolution (in destination CRS units) (default: same)
      --bbox <BBOX>                                                   Target bounding box as xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax (in destination CRS units)
      --target-aligned-pixels                                         Round target extent to target resolution
      --src-nodata <SRC-NODATA>                                       Set nodata values for input bands. [1.. values]
      --dst-nodata <DST-NODATA>                                       Set nodata values at the destination band level. [1.. values]
      --hide-nodata                                                   Makes the destination band not report the NoData.

    Advanced Options:
      --if, --input-format <INPUT-FORMAT>                             Input formats [may be repeated]
      --oo, --open-option <KEY>=<VALUE>                               Open options [may be repeated]

Details for options can be found in gdal raster stack.

- aspect

    * aspect [OPTIONS]
    ------------------

    Generate an aspect map

    Options:
      -b, --band <BAND>              Input band (1-based index) (default: 1)
      --convention <CONVENTION>      Convention for output angles. CONVENTION=azimuth|trigonometric-angle (default: azimuth)
      --gradient-alg <GRADIENT-ALG>  Algorithm used to compute terrain gradient. GRADIENT-ALG=Horn|ZevenbergenThorne (default: Horn)
      --zero-for-flat                Whether to output zero for flat areas
      --no-edges                     Do not try to interpolate values at dataset edges or close to nodata values

Details for options can be found in gdal raster aspect.

- blend

    * blend [OPTIONS] <OVERLAY>
    ---------------------------

    Blend/compose two raster datasets

    Positional arguments:
      --overlay <OVERLAY>     Overlay dataset [required]

    Options:
      --operator <OPERATOR>   Composition operator. OPERATOR=src-over|hsv-value (default: src-over)
      --opacity <OPACITY>     Opacity percentage to apply to the overlay dataset (0=fully transparent, 100=full use of overlay opacity) (default: 100)

Details for options can be found in gdal raster blend.

- clip

    * clip [OPTIONS]
    ----------------

    Clip a raster dataset.

    Options:
      --bbox <BBOX>                    Clipping bounding box as xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax
                                       Mutually exclusive with --window, --geometry, --like
      --bbox-crs <BBOX-CRS>            CRS of clipping bounding box
      --window <WINDOW>                Raster window as col,line,width,height in pixels
                                       Mutually exclusive with --bbox, --geometry, --like
      --geometry <GEOMETRY>            Clipping geometry (WKT or GeoJSON)
                                       Mutually exclusive with --bbox, --window, --like
      --geometry-crs <GEOMETRY-CRS>    CRS of clipping geometry
      --like <DATASET>                 Dataset to use as a template for bounds
                                       Mutually exclusive with --bbox, --window, --geometry
      --like-sql <SELECT-STATEMENT>    SELECT statement to run on the 'like' dataset
                                       Mutually exclusive with --like-where
      --like-layer <LAYER-NAME>        Name of the layer of the 'like' dataset
      --like-where <WHERE-EXPRESSION>  WHERE SQL clause to run on the 'like' dataset
                                       Mutually exclusive with --like-sql
      --only-bbox                      For 'geometry' and 'like', only consider their bounding box
      --allow-bbox-outside-source      Allow clipping box to include pixels outside input dataset
      --add-alpha                      Adds an alpha mask band to the destination when the source raster have none.

Details for options can be found in gdal raster clip.

- color-map

    * color-map [OPTIONS]
    ---------------------

    Generate a RGB or RGBA dataset from a single band, using a color map

    Options:
      -b, --band <BAND>                    Input band (1-based index) (default: 1)
      --color-map <COLOR-MAP>              Color map filename
      --add-alpha                          Adds an alpha mask band to the destination.
      --color-selection <COLOR-SELECTION>  How to compute output colors from input values. COLOR-SELECTION=interpolate|exact|nearest (default: interpolate)

Details for options can be found in gdal raster color-map.

- edit

    * edit [OPTIONS]
    ----------------

    Edit a raster dataset.

    Options:
      --crs <CRS>                       Override CRS (without reprojection)
      --bbox <BBOX>                     Bounding box as xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax
      --nodata <NODATA>                 Assign a specified nodata value to output bands ('none', numeric value, 'nan', 'inf', '-inf')
      --metadata <KEY>=<VALUE>          Add/update dataset metadata item [may be repeated]
      --unset-metadata <KEY>            Remove dataset metadata item(s) [may be repeated]
      --unset-metadata-domain <DOMAIN>  Remove dataset metadata domain(s) [may be repeated]
      --gcp <GCP>                       Add ground control point, formatted as pixel,line,easting,northing[,elevation], or @filename [may be repeated]

Details for options can be found in gdal raster edit.

- fill-nodata

    * fill-nodata [OPTIONS]
    -----------------------

    Fill nodata raster regions by interpolation from edges.

    Options:
      -b, --band <BAND>                                  Input band (1-based index) (default: 1)
      -d, --max-distance <MAX_DISTANCE>                  The maximum distance (in pixels) that the algorithm will search out for values to interpolate. (default: 100)
      -s, --smoothing-iterations <SMOOTHING_ITERATIONS>  The number of 3x3 average filter smoothing iterations to run after the interpolation to dampen artifacts. The default is zero smoothing iterations. (default: 0)
      --mask <MASK>                                      Use the first band of the specified file as a validity mask (zero is invalid, non-zero is valid).
      --strategy <STRATEGY>                              By default, pixels are interpolated using an inverse distance weighting (invdist). It is also possible to choose a nearest neighbour (nearest) strategy.. STRATEGY=invdist|nearest (default: invdist)

Details for options can be found in gdal raster fill-nodata.

- hillshade

    * hillshade [OPTIONS]
    ---------------------

    Generate a shaded relief map

    Options:
      -b, --band <BAND>              Input band (1-based index) (default: 1)
      -z, --zfactor <ZFACTOR>        Vertical exaggeration used to pre-multiply the elevations
      --xscale <XSCALE>              Ratio of vertical units to horizontal X axis units
      --yscale <YSCALE>              Ratio of vertical units to horizontal Y axis units
      --azimuth <AZIMUTH>            Azimuth of the light, in degrees (default: 315)
      --altitude <ALTITUDE>          Altitude of the light, in degrees (default: 45)
      --gradient-alg <GRADIENT-ALG>  Algorithm used to compute terrain gradient. GRADIENT-ALG=Horn|ZevenbergenThorne (default: Horn)
      --variant <VARIANT>            Variant of the hillshading algorithm. VARIANT=regular|combined|multidirectional|Igor (default: regular)
      --no-edges                     Do not try to interpolate values at dataset edges or close to nodata values

Details for options can be found in gdal raster hillshade.

- materialize

    * materialize [OPTIONS]
    -----------------------

    Materialize a piped dataset on disk to increase the efficiency of the following steps.

    Options:
      -o, --output <OUTPUT>                                Materialized dataset name (created by algorithm)
      -f, --of, --format, --output-format <OUTPUT-FORMAT>  Output format
      --co, --creation-option <KEY>=<VALUE>                Creation option [may be repeated]
      --overwrite                                          Whether overwriting existing output is allowed

Details for options can be found in gdal raster materialize.

- neighbors

    * neighbors [OPTIONS]
    ---------------------

    Compute the value of each pixel from its neighbors (focal statistics)

    Options:
      -b, --band <BAND>                                        Input band (1-based index)
      --method <METHOD>                                        Method to combine weighed source pixels. METHOD=mean|sum|min|max|stddev|median|mode [may be repeated]
      --size <SIZE>                                            Neighborhood size
      --kernel <KERNEL>                                        Convolution kernel(s) to apply [1.. values] [required]
      --ot, --datatype, --output-data-type <OUTPUT-DATA-TYPE>  Output data type. OUTPUT-DATA-TYPE=Byte|Int8|UInt16|Int16|UInt32|Int32|UInt64|Int64|CInt16|CInt32|Float16|Float32|Float64|CFloat32|CFloat64 (default: Float64)
      --nodata <NODATA>                                        Assign a specified nodata value to output bands ('none', numeric value, 'nan', 'inf', '-inf')

Details for options can be found in gdal raster neighbors.

- nodata-to-alpha

    * nodata-to-alpha [OPTIONS]
    ---------------------------

    Replace nodata value(s) with an alpha band.

    Options:
      --nodata <NODATA>       Override nodata value of input band(s) (numeric value, 'nan', 'inf', '-inf') [may be repeated]

Details for options can be found in gdal raster nodata-to-alpha.

- overview

    * overview <COMMAND> [OPTIONS]
    ------------------------------

    where <COMMAND> is one of:
      - add: Adding overviews.

Details for options can be found in gdal raster overview.

- pansharpen

    * pansharpen [OPTIONS] <SPECTRAL>...
    ------------------------------------

    Perform a pansharpen operation.

    Positional arguments:
      --spectral <SPECTRAL>                                    Input spectral band dataset [1.. values] [required]

    Options:
      -r, --resampling <RESAMPLING>                            Resampling algorithm. RESAMPLING=nearest|bilinear|cubic|cubicspline|lanczos|average (default: cubic)
      --weights <WEIGHTS>                                      Weight for each input spectral band [may be repeated]
      --nodata <NODATA>                                        Override nodata value of input bands
      --bit-depth <BIT-DEPTH>                                  Override bit depth of input bands
      --spatial-extent-adjustment <SPATIAL-EXTENT-ADJUSTMENT>  Select behavior when bands have not the same extent. SPATIAL-EXTENT-ADJUSTMENT=union|intersection|none|none-without-warning (default: union)
      -j, --num-threads <NUM-THREADS>                          Number of jobs (or ALL_CPUS) (default: ALL_CPUS)

Details for options can be found in gdal raster pansharpen.

- proximity

    * proximity [OPTIONS]
    ---------------------

    Produces a raster proximity map.

    Options:
      --ot, --datatype, --output-data-type <OUTPUT-DATA-TYPE>  Output data type. OUTPUT-DATA-TYPE=Byte|Int8|UInt16|Int16|UInt32|Int32|UInt64|Int64|CInt16|CInt32|Float16|Float32|Float64|CFloat32|CFloat64|Byte|UInt16|Int16|UInt32|Int32|Float32|Float64 (default: Float32)
      -b, --band <BAND>                                        Input band (1-based index)
      --target-values <TARGET-VALUES>                          Target pixel values [may be repeated]
      --distance-units <DISTANCE-UNITS>                        Distance units. DISTANCE-UNITS=pixel|geo (default: pixel)
      --max-distance <MAX-DISTANCE>                            Maximum distance. The nodata value will be used for pixels beyond this distance (default: 0)
      --fixed-value <FIXED-VALUE>                              Fixed value for the pixels that are beyond the maximum distance (instead of the actual distance) (default: 0)
      --nodata <NODATA>                                        Specify a nodata value to use for pixels that are beyond the maximum distance

Details for options can be found in gdal raster proximity.

- reproject

    * reproject [OPTIONS]
    ---------------------

    Reproject a raster dataset.

    Options:
      -s, --src-crs <SRC-CRS>                    Source CRS
      -d, --dst-crs <DST-CRS>                    Destination CRS
      -r, --resampling <RESAMPLING>              Resampling method. RESAMPLING=nearest|bilinear|cubic|cubicspline|lanczos|average|rms|mode|min|max|med|q1|q3|sum (default: nearest)
      --resolution <xres>,<yres>                 Target resolution (in destination CRS units)
                                                 Mutually exclusive with --size
      --size <width>,<height>                    Target size in pixels
                                                 Mutually exclusive with --resolution
      --bbox <BBOX>                              Target bounding box (in destination CRS units)
      --bbox-crs <BBOX-CRS>                      CRS of target bounding box
      -j, --num-threads <NUM-THREADS>            Number of jobs (or ALL_CPUS) (default: ALL_CPUS)

    Advanced Options:
      --target-aligned-pixels                    Round target extent to target resolution
      --src-nodata <SRC-NODATA>                  Set nodata values for input bands ('None' to unset). [1.. values]
      --dst-nodata <DST-NODATA>                  Set nodata values for output bands ('None' to unset). [1.. values]
      --add-alpha                                Adds an alpha mask band to the destination when the source raster have none.
      --wo, --warp-option <NAME>=<VALUE>         Warping option(s) [may be repeated]
      --to, --transform-option <NAME>=<VALUE>    Transform option(s) [may be repeated]
      --et, --error-threshold <ERROR-THRESHOLD>  Error threshold

Details for options can be found in gdal raster reproject.

- resize

    * resize [OPTIONS]
    ------------------

    Resize a raster dataset without changing the georeferenced extents.

    Options:
      --resolution <xres>,<yres>     Target resolution (in destination CRS units)
                                     Mutually exclusive with --size
      --size <width[%]>,<height[%]>  Target size in pixels (or percentage if using '%' suffix) [required]
                                     Mutually exclusive with --resolution
      -r, --resampling <RESAMPLING>  Resampling method. RESAMPLING=nearest|bilinear|cubic|cubicspline|lanczos|average|mode (default: nearest)

Details for options can be found in gdal raster resize.

- rgb-to-palette

    * rgb-to-palette [OPTIONS]
    --------------------------

    Convert a RGB image into a pseudo-color / paletted image.

    Options:
      --color-count <COLOR-COUNT>  Select the number of colors in the generated color table (default: 256)
      --color-map <COLOR-MAP>      Color map filename

Details for options can be found in gdal raster rgb-to-palette.

- roughness

    * roughness [OPTIONS]
    ---------------------

    Generate a roughness map

    Options:
      -b, --band <BAND>       Input band (1-based index) (default: 1)
      --no-edges              Do not try to interpolate values at dataset edges or close to nodata values

Details for options can be found in gdal raster roughness.

- scale

    * scale [OPTIONS]
    -----------------

    Scale the values of the bands of a raster dataset.

    Options:
      --ot, --datatype, --output-data-type <OUTPUT-DATA-TYPE>  Output data type. OUTPUT-DATA-TYPE=Byte|Int8|UInt16|Int16|UInt32|Int32|UInt64|Int64|CInt16|CInt32|Float16|Float32|Float64|CFloat32|CFloat64
      -b, --band <BAND>                                        Select band to restrict the scaling (1-based index)
      --src-min <SRC-MIN>                                      Minimum value of the source range
      --src-max <SRC-MAX>                                      Maximum value of the source range
      --dst-min <DST-MIN>                                      Minimum value of the destination range
      --dst-max <DST-MAX>                                      Maximum value of the destination range
      --exponent <EXPONENT>                                    Exponent to apply non-linear scaling with a power function
      --no-clip                                                Do not clip input values to [srcmin, srcmax]

Details for options can be found in gdal raster scale.

- select

    * select [OPTIONS] <BAND>
    -------------------------

    Select a subset of bands from a raster dataset.

    Positional arguments:
      -b, --band <BAND>       Band(s) (1-based index, 'mask' or 'mask:<band>') [1.. values] [required]

    Options:
      --mask <MASK>           Mask band (1-based index, 'mask', 'mask:<band>' or 'none')

Details for options can be found in gdal raster select.

- set-type

    * set-type [OPTIONS]
    --------------------

    Modify the data type of bands of a raster dataset.

    Options:
      --ot, --datatype, --output-data-type <OUTPUT-DATA-TYPE>  Output data type. OUTPUT-DATA-TYPE=Byte|Int8|UInt16|Int16|UInt32|Int32|UInt64|Int64|CInt16|CInt32|Float16|Float32|Float64|CFloat32|CFloat64 [required]

Details for options can be found in gdal raster set-type.

- sieve

    * sieve [OPTIONS]
    -----------------

    Remove small polygons from a raster dataset.

    Options:
      --mask <MASK>                          Use the first band of the specified file as a validity mask (all pixels with a value other than zero will be considered suitable for inclusion in polygons)
      -b, --band <BAND>                      Input band (1-based index)
      -s, --size-threshold <SIZE-THRESHOLD>  Minimum size of polygons to keep (default: 2)
      -c, --connect-diagonal-pixels          Consider diagonal pixels as connected

Details for options can be found in gdal raster sieve.

- slope

    * slope [OPTIONS]
    -----------------

    Generate a slope map

    Options:
      -b, --band <BAND>              Input band (1-based index) (default: 1)
      --unit <UNIT>                  Unit in which to express slopes. UNIT=degree|percent (default: degree)
      --xscale <XSCALE>              Ratio of vertical units to horizontal X axis units
      --yscale <YSCALE>              Ratio of vertical units to horizontal Y axis units
      --gradient-alg <GRADIENT-ALG>  Algorithm used to compute terrain gradient. GRADIENT-ALG=Horn|ZevenbergenThorne (default: Horn)
      --no-edges                     Do not try to interpolate values at dataset edges or close to nodata values

Details for options can be found in gdal raster slope.

- tpi

    * tpi [OPTIONS]
    ---------------

    Generate a Topographic Position Index (TPI) map

    Options:
      -b, --band <BAND>       Input band (1-based index) (default: 1)
      --no-edges              Do not try to interpolate values at dataset edges or close to nodata values

Details for options can be found in gdal raster tpi.

- tri

    * tri [OPTIONS]
    ---------------

    Generate a Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) map

    Options:
      -b, --band <BAND>        Input band (1-based index) (default: 1)
      --algorithm <ALGORITHM>  Algorithm to compute TRI. ALGORITHM=Riley|Wilson (default: Riley)
      --no-edges               Do not try to interpolate values at dataset edges or close to nodata values

Details for options can be found in gdal raster tri.

- unscale

    * unscale [OPTIONS]
    -------------------

    Convert scaled values of a raster dataset into unscaled values.

    Options:
      --ot, --datatype, --output-data-type <OUTPUT-DATA-TYPE>  Output data type. OUTPUT-DATA-TYPE=Byte|Int8|UInt16|Int16|UInt32|Int32|UInt64|Int64|CInt16|CInt32|Float16|Float32|Float64|CFloat32|CFloat64

Details for options can be found in gdal raster unscale.

- viewshed

    * viewshed [OPTIONS]
    --------------------

    Compute the viewshed of a raster dataset.

    Options:
      -p, --pos, --position <X,Y> or <X,Y,H>           Observer position [2..3 values]
      -z, --height <HEIGHT>                            Observer height
      --target-height <TARGET-HEIGHT>                  Height of the target above the DEM surface in the height unit of the DEM. (default: 0)
      --mode <MODE>                                    Sets what information the output contains.. MODE=normal|DEM|ground|cumulative (default: normal)
      --max-distance <MAX-DISTANCE>                    Maximum distance from observer to compute visibility. It is also used to clamp the extent of the output raster.
      --min-distance <MIN-DISTANCE>                    Mask all cells less than this distance from the observer. Must be less than 'max-distance'.
      --start-angle <START-ANGLE>                      Mask all cells outside of the arc ('start-angle', 'end-angle'). Clockwise degrees from north. Also used to clamp the extent of the output raster.
      --end-angle <END-ANGLE>                          Mask all cells outside of the arc ('start-angle', 'end-angle'). Clockwise degrees from north. Also used to clamp the extent of the output raster.
      --high-pitch <HIGH-PITCH>                        Mark all cells out-of-range where the observable height would be higher than the 'high-pitch' angle from the observer. Degrees from horizontal - positive is up. Must be greater than 'low-pitch'.
      --low-pitch <LOW-PITCH>                          Bound observable height to be no lower than the 'low-pitch' angle from the observer. Degrees from horizontal - positive is up. Must be less than 'high-pitch'.
      --curvature-coefficient <CURVATURE-COEFFICIENT>  Coefficient to consider the effect of the curvature and refraction.
      -b, --band <BAND>                                Input band (1-based index) (default: 1)
      --visible-value <VISIBLE-VALUE>                  Pixel value to set for visible areas (default: 255)
      --invisible-value <INVISIBLE-VALUE>              Pixel value to set for invisible areas (default: 0)
      --out-of-range-value <OUT-OF-RANGE-VALUE>        Pixel value to set for the cells that fall outside of the range specified by the observer location and the maximum distance (default: 0)
      --dst-nodata <DST-NODATA>                        The value to be set for the cells in the output raster that have no data.
      --observer-spacing <OBSERVER-SPACING>            Cell Spacing between observers (default: 10)
      -j, --num-threads <NUM-THREADS>                  Number of jobs (or ALL_CPUS) (default: 3)

Details for options can be found in gdal raster viewshed.

- tee

    * tee [OPTIONS] [<PIPELINE>...]
    -------------------------------

    Pipes the input into the output stream and side nested pipelines.

    Positional arguments:
      --tee-pipeline <PIPELINE>  Nested pipeline [1.. values]

Details for options can be found in Output nested pipeline.

- info

Added in version 3.12.

    * info [OPTIONS]
    ----------------

    Return information on a raster dataset.

    Options:
      -f, --of, --format, --output-format <OUTPUT-FORMAT>  Output format. OUTPUT-FORMAT=json|text
      --mm, --min-max                                      Compute minimum and maximum value
      --stats                                              Retrieve or compute statistics, using all pixels
                                                           Mutually exclusive with --approx-stats
      --approx-stats                                       Retrieve or compute statistics, using a subset of pixels
                                                           Mutually exclusive with --stats
      --hist                                               Retrieve or compute histogram

    Advanced Options:
      --no-gcp                                             Suppress ground control points list printing
      --no-md                                              Suppress metadata printing
      --no-ct                                              Suppress color table printing
      --no-fl                                              Suppress file list printing
      --checksum                                           Compute pixel checksum
      --list-metadata-domains, --list-mdd                  List all metadata domains available for the dataset
      --mdd, --metadata-domain <METADATA-DOMAIN>           Report metadata for the specified domain. 'all' can be used to report metadata in all domains

    Esoteric Options:
      --no-nodata                                          Suppress retrieving nodata value
      --no-mask                                            Suppress mask band information
      --subdataset <SUBDATASET>                            Use subdataset of specified index (starting at 1), instead of the source dataset itself

Details for options can be found in gdal raster info.

- tile

Added in version 3.12.

    * tile [OPTIONS] <OUTPUT>
    -------------------------

    Generate tiles in separate files from a raster dataset.

    Positional arguments:
      -o, --output <OUTPUT>                                            Output directory [required]

    Options:
      -f, --of, --format, --output-format <OUTPUT-FORMAT>              Output format (default: PNG)
      --co, --creation-option <KEY>=<VALUE>                            Creation option [may be repeated]
      --tiling-scheme <TILING-SCHEME>                                  Tiling scheme. TILING-SCHEME=raster|WebMercatorQuad|WorldCRS84Quad|WorldMercatorWGS84Quad|GoogleCRS84Quad|PseudoTMS_GlobalMercator|LINZAntarticaMapTilegrid|APSTILE|CBMTILE|NZTM2000 (default: WebMercatorQuad)
      --min-zoom <MIN-ZOOM>                                            Minimum zoom level
      --max-zoom <MAX-ZOOM>                                            Maximum zoom level
      --min-x <MIN-X>                                                  Minimum tile X coordinate
      --max-x <MAX-X>                                                  Maximum tile X coordinate
      --min-y <MIN-Y>                                                  Minimum tile Y coordinate
      --max-y <MAX-Y>                                                  Maximum tile Y coordinate
      --no-intersection-ok                                             Whether dataset extent not intersecting tile matrix is only a warning
      -r, --resampling <RESAMPLING>                                    Resampling method for max zoom. RESAMPLING=nearest|bilinear|cubic|cubicspline|lanczos|average|rms|mode|min|max|med|q1|q3|sum (default: cubic)
      --overview-resampling <OVERVIEW-RESAMPLING>                      Resampling method for overviews. OVERVIEW-RESAMPLING=nearest|bilinear|cubic|cubicspline|lanczos|average|rms|mode|min|max|med|q1|q3|sum
      --convention <CONVENTION>                                        Tile numbering convention: xyz (from top) or tms (from bottom). CONVENTION=xyz|tms (default: xyz)
      --tile-size <TILE-SIZE>                                          Override default tile size
      --add-alpha                                                      Whether to force adding an alpha channel
                                                                       Mutually exclusive with --no-alpha
      --no-alpha                                                       Whether to disable adding an alpha channel
                                                                       Mutually exclusive with --add-alpha
      --dst-nodata <DST-NODATA>                                        Destination nodata value
      --skip-blank                                                     Do not generate blank tiles
      --metadata <KEY>=<VALUE>                                         Add metadata item to output tiles [may be repeated]
      --copy-src-metadata                                              Whether to copy metadata from source dataset
      --aux-xml                                                        Generate .aux.xml sidecar files when needed
      --kml                                                            Generate KML files
      --resume                                                         Generate only missing files
      -j, --num-threads <NUM-THREADS>                                  Number of jobs (or ALL_CPUS) (default: ALL_CPUS)
      --parallel-method <PARALLEL-METHOD>                              Parallelization method (thread, spawn, fork). PARALLEL-METHOD=thread|spawn|fork

    Advanced Resampling Options:
      --excluded-values <EXCLUDED-VALUES>                              Tuples of values (e.g. <R>,<G>,<B> or (<R1>,<G1>,<B1>),(<R2>,<G2>,<B2>)) that must beignored as contributing source pixels during (average) resampling
      --excluded-values-pct-threshold <EXCLUDED-VALUES-PCT-THRESHOLD>  Minimum percentage of source pixels that must be set at one of the --excluded-values to cause the excluded value to be used as the target pixel value (default: 50)
      --nodata-values-pct-threshold <NODATA-VALUES-PCT-THRESHOLD>      Minimum percentage of source pixels that must be set at one of nodata (or alpha=0 or any other way to express transparent pixelto cause the target pixel value to be transparent (default: 100)

    Publication Options:
      --webviewer <WEBVIEWER>                                          Web viewer to generate. WEBVIEWER=none|all|leaflet|openlayers|mapml|stac (default: all) [may be repeated]
      --url <URL>                                                      URL address where the generated tiles are going to be published
      --title <TITLE>                                                  Title of the map
      --copyright <COPYRIGHT>                                          Copyright for the map
      --mapml-template <MAPML-TEMPLATE>                                Filename of a template mapml file where variables will be substituted

Details for options can be found in gdal raster tile.

- compare

Added in version 3.12.

    * compare [OPTIONS] <REFERENCE>
    -------------------------------

    Compare two raster datasets.

    Positional arguments:
      --reference <REFERENCE>  Reference dataset [required]

    Options:
      --skip-all-optional      Skip all optional comparisons
      --skip-binary            Skip binary file comparison
      --skip-crs               Skip CRS comparison
      --skip-geotransform      Skip geotransform comparison
      --skip-overview          Skip overview comparison
      --skip-metadata          Skip metadata comparison
      --skip-rpc               Skip RPC metadata comparison
      --skip-geolocation       Skip Geolocation metadata comparison
      --skip-subdataset        Skip subdataset comparison

Details for options can be found in gdal raster compare.

- write

    * write [OPTIONS] <OUTPUT>
    --------------------------

    Write a raster dataset.

    Positional arguments:
      -o, --output <OUTPUT>                                Output raster dataset [required]

    Options:
      -f, --of, --format, --output-format <OUTPUT-FORMAT>  Output format ("GDALG" allowed)
      --co, --creation-option <KEY>=<VALUE>                Creation option [may be repeated]
      --overwrite                                          Whether overwriting existing output is allowed
                                                           Mutually exclusive with --append
      --append                                             Append as a subdataset to existing output
                                                           Mutually exclusive with --overwrite

## GDALG output (on-the-fly / streamed dataset)

A pipeline can be serialized as a JSON file using the `GDALG` output format. The resulting file can then be opened as a raster dataset using the GDALG: GDAL Streamed Algorithm driver, and apply the specified pipeline in a on-the-fly / streamed way.

The `command_line` member of the JSON file should nominally be the whole command line without the final `write` step, and is what is generated by `gdal raster pipeline ! .... ! write out.gdalg.json`.

    {
        "type": "gdal_streamed_alg",
        "command_line": "gdal raster pipeline ! read in.tif ! reproject --dst-crs=EPSG:32632"
    }

The final `write` step can be added but if so it must explicitly specify the `stream` output format and a non-significant output dataset name.

    {
        "type": "gdal_streamed_alg",
        "command_line": "gdal raster pipeline ! read in.tif ! reproject --dst-crs=EPSG:32632 ! write --output-format=streamed streamed_dataset"
    }

## Substitutions

Added in version 3.12.

It is possible to use gdal pipeline to use a pipeline already serialized in a .gdal.json file, and customize its existing steps, typically changing an input filename, specifying an output filename, or adding/modifying arguments of steps.

See Substitutions.

## Nested pipeline

Added in version 3.12.

It is possible to create "nested pipelines", i.e. pipelines inside pipelines.

A nested pipeline is delimited by square brackets (`[` and `]`) surrounded by a space character.

There are 2 kinds of nested pipelines:

- input nested pipelines: where the result dataset of the nested pipeline is used as the input dataset for an argument of the main pipeline.

- output nested pipelines: where the output of a step of the main pipeline is used as the input of the nested pipeline in a following step. Output nested pipelines can only be used with the `tee` step.

See Nested pipeline.

## Examples

### Example 1: Reproject a GeoTIFF file to CRS EPSG:32632 ("WGS 84 / UTM zone 32N") and adding a metadata item

    $ gdal raster pipeline ! read in.tif ! reproject --dst-crs=EPSG:32632 ! edit --metadata AUTHOR=EvenR ! write out.tif --overwrite

### Example 2: Serialize the command of a reprojection of a GeoTIFF file in a GDALG file, and later read it

    $ gdal raster pipeline ! read in.tif ! reproject --dst-crs=EPSG:32632 ! write in_epsg_32632.gdalg.json --overwrite
    $ gdal raster info in_epsg_32632.gdalg.json

### Example 3: Mosaic on-the-fly several input files and tile that mosaic.

    gdal raster pipeline ! mosaic input*.tif ! tile output_folder