/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  MSSQL Spatial driver
 * Purpose:  Implements OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer class, access to an existing
 *table. Author:   Tamas Szekeres, szekerest at gmail.com
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2010, Tamas Szekeres
 * Copyright (c) 2010-2012, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "cpl_conv.h"
#include "ogr_mssqlspatial.h"
#include "ogr_p.h"

#include <cmath>
#include <memory>
#include <string_view>

#define UNSUPPORTED_OP_READ_ONLY                                               \
    "%s : unsupported operation on a read-only datasource."

/************************************************************************/
/*                         OGRMSSQLAppendEscaped( )                     */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMSSQLAppendEscaped(CPLODBCStatement *poStatement,
                           const char *pszStrValue)
{
    if (!pszStrValue)
    {
        poStatement->Append("null");
        return;
    }

    size_t iIn, iOut, nTextLen = strlen(pszStrValue);
    char *pszEscapedText = (char *)CPLMalloc(nTextLen * 2 + 3);

    pszEscapedText[0] = '\'';

    for (iIn = 0, iOut = 1; iIn < nTextLen; iIn++)
    {
        switch (pszStrValue[iIn])
        {
            case '\'':
                pszEscapedText[iOut++] = '\'';  // double quote
                pszEscapedText[iOut++] = pszStrValue[iIn];
                break;

            default:
                pszEscapedText[iOut++] = pszStrValue[iIn];
                break;
        }
    }

    pszEscapedText[iOut++] = '\'';

    pszEscapedText[iOut] = '\0';

    poStatement->Append(pszEscapedText);

    CPLFree(pszEscapedText);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer()                 */
/************************************************************************/

OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer(
    OGRMSSQLSpatialDataSource *poDSIn)
    : OGRMSSQLSpatialLayer(poDSIn)
{
    bUseGeometryValidation = CPLTestBool(
        CPLGetConfigOption("MSSQLSPATIAL_USE_GEOMETRY_VALIDATION", "YES"));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          ~OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer()                */
/************************************************************************/

OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::~OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer()

{
#ifdef MSSQL_BCP_SUPPORTED
    CloseBCP();
#endif

    if (bNeedSpatialIndex && nLayerStatus == MSSQLLAYERSTATUS_CREATED)
    {
        /* recreate spatial index */
        DropSpatialIndex();
        CreateSpatialIndex();
    }

    CPLFree(pszTableName);
    CPLFree(pszLayerName);
    CPLFree(pszSchemaName);

    CPLFree(pszQuery);
    ClearStatement();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                               GetName()                              */
/************************************************************************/

const char *OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::GetName()

{
    return pszLayerName;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetLayerDefn()                           */
/************************************************************************/
OGRFeatureDefn *OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::GetLayerDefn()
{
    if (poFeatureDefn && !bLayerDefnNeedsRefresh)
        return poFeatureDefn;

    CPLODBCSession *poSession = poDS->GetSession();
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Do we have a simple primary key?                                */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLODBCStatement oGetKey(poSession);

    if (oGetKey.GetPrimaryKeys(pszTableName, poDS->GetCatalog(),
                               pszSchemaName) &&
        oGetKey.Fetch())
    {
        CPLFree(pszFIDColumn);
        pszFIDColumn = CPLStrdup(oGetKey.GetColData(3));

        if (oGetKey.Fetch())  // more than one field in key!
        {
            oGetKey.Clear();
            CPLFree(pszFIDColumn);
            pszFIDColumn = nullptr;

            CPLDebug("OGR_MSSQLSpatial",
                     "Table %s has multiple primary key fields, "
                     "ignoring them all.",
                     pszTableName);
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Get the column definitions for this table.                      */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLODBCStatement oGetCol(poSession);

    if (!oGetCol.GetColumns(pszTableName, poDS->GetCatalog(), pszSchemaName))
    {
        poFeatureDefn = new OGRFeatureDefn();
        poFeatureDefn->Reference();
        return poFeatureDefn;
    }

    BuildFeatureDefn(pszLayerName, &oGetCol);

    if (eGeomType != wkbNone)
        poFeatureDefn->SetGeomType(eGeomType);

    if (GetSpatialRef() && poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldCount() == 1)
        poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldDefn(0)->SetSpatialRef(poSRS);

    if (poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount() == 0 && pszFIDColumn == nullptr &&
        pszGeomColumn == nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(
            CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
            "No column definitions found for table '%s', layer not usable.",
            pszLayerName);
        return poFeatureDefn;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      If we got a geometry column, does it exist?  Is it binary?      */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (pszGeomColumn != nullptr)
    {
        int iColumn = oGetCol.GetColId(pszGeomColumn);
        if (iColumn < 0)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Column %s requested for geometry, but it does not exist.",
                     pszGeomColumn);
            CPLFree(pszGeomColumn);
            pszGeomColumn = nullptr;
        }
        else
        {
            if (nGeomColumnType < 0)
            {
                /* last attempt to identify the geometry column type */
                if (EQUAL(oGetCol.GetColTypeName(iColumn), "geometry"))
                    nGeomColumnType = MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOMETRY;
                else if (EQUAL(oGetCol.GetColTypeName(iColumn), "geography"))
                    nGeomColumnType = MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY;
                else if (EQUAL(oGetCol.GetColTypeName(iColumn), "varchar"))
                    nGeomColumnType = MSSQLCOLTYPE_TEXT;
                else if (EQUAL(oGetCol.GetColTypeName(iColumn), "nvarchar"))
                    nGeomColumnType = MSSQLCOLTYPE_TEXT;
                else if (EQUAL(oGetCol.GetColTypeName(iColumn), "text"))
                    nGeomColumnType = MSSQLCOLTYPE_TEXT;
                else if (EQUAL(oGetCol.GetColTypeName(iColumn), "ntext"))
                    nGeomColumnType = MSSQLCOLTYPE_TEXT;
                else if (EQUAL(oGetCol.GetColTypeName(iColumn), "image"))
                    nGeomColumnType = MSSQLCOLTYPE_BINARY;
                else
                {
                    CPLError(
                        CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                        "Column type %s is not supported for geometry column.",
                        oGetCol.GetColTypeName(iColumn));
                    CPLFree(pszGeomColumn);
                    pszGeomColumn = nullptr;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return poFeatureDefn;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Initialize()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::Initialize(const char *pszSchema,
                                             const char *pszLayerNameIn,
                                             const char *pszGeomCol,
                                             CPL_UNUSED int nCoordDimension,
                                             int nSRId, const char *pszSRText,
                                             OGRwkbGeometryType eType)
{
    CPLFree(pszFIDColumn);
    pszFIDColumn = nullptr;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Parse out schema name if present in layer.  We assume a         */
    /*      schema is provided if there is a dot in the name, and that      */
    /*      it is in the form <schema>.<tablename>                          */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    const char *pszDot = strstr(pszLayerNameIn, ".");
    if (pszDot != nullptr)
    {
        pszTableName = CPLStrdup(pszDot + 1);
        if (pszSchema == nullptr)
        {
            pszSchemaName = CPLStrdup(pszLayerNameIn);
            pszSchemaName[pszDot - pszLayerNameIn] = '\0';
        }
        else
            pszSchemaName = CPLStrdup(pszSchema);

        this->pszLayerName = CPLStrdup(pszLayerNameIn);
    }
    else
    {
        pszTableName = CPLStrdup(pszLayerNameIn);
        if (pszSchema == nullptr || EQUAL(pszSchema, "dbo"))
        {
            pszSchemaName = CPLStrdup("dbo");
            this->pszLayerName = CPLStrdup(pszLayerNameIn);
        }
        else
        {
            pszSchemaName = CPLStrdup(pszSchema);
            this->pszLayerName =
                CPLStrdup(CPLSPrintf("%s.%s", pszSchemaName, pszTableName));
        }
    }
    SetDescription(this->pszLayerName);

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Have we been provided a geometry column?                        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLFree(pszGeomColumn);
    if (pszGeomCol == nullptr)
        GetLayerDefn(); /* fetch geom column if not specified */
    else
        pszGeomColumn = CPLStrdup(pszGeomCol);

    if (eType != wkbNone)
        eGeomType = eType;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*             Try to find out the spatial reference                    */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    nSRSId = nSRId;

    if (pszSRText)
    {
        /* Process srtext directly if specified */
        poSRS = new OGRSpatialReference();
        poSRS->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
        if (poSRS->importFromWkt(pszSRText) != OGRERR_NONE)
        {
            delete poSRS;
            poSRS = nullptr;
        }
        else
        {
            const char *pszAuthorityName = poSRS->GetAuthorityName(nullptr);
            const char *pszAuthorityCode = poSRS->GetAuthorityCode(nullptr);
            if (pszAuthorityName && pszAuthorityCode &&
                EQUAL(pszAuthorityName, "EPSG"))
            {
                const int nCode = atoi(pszAuthorityCode);
                poSRS->Clear();
                poSRS->importFromEPSG(nCode);
            }
        }
    }

    if (!poSRS)
    {
        if (nSRSId <= 0)
            nSRSId = FetchSRSId();

        GetSpatialRef();
    }

    if (nSRSId < 0)
        nSRSId = 0;

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         FetchSRSId()                                 */
/************************************************************************/

int OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::FetchSRSId()
{
    if (poDS->UseGeometryColumns())
    {
        CPLODBCStatement oStatement(poDS->GetSession());
        oStatement.Appendf(
            "select srid from geometry_columns "
            "where f_table_schema = '%s' and f_table_name = '%s'",
            pszSchemaName, pszTableName);

        if (oStatement.ExecuteSQL() && oStatement.Fetch())
        {
            if (oStatement.GetColData(0))
                nSRSId = atoi(oStatement.GetColData(0));
            if (nSRSId < 0)
                nSRSId = 0;
        }
    }

    return nSRSId;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       CreateSpatialIndex()                           */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Create a spatial index on the geometry column of the layer      */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::CreateSpatialIndex()
{
    OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::GetLayerDefn();

    if (pszGeomColumn == nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined, "No geometry column found.");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    CPLODBCStatement oStatement(poDS->GetSession());

    if (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOMETRY)
    {
        OGREnvelope oExt;
        if (GetExtent(&oExt, TRUE) != OGRERR_NONE)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Failed to get extent for spatial index.");
            return OGRERR_FAILURE;
        }

        if (oExt.MinX == oExt.MaxX || oExt.MinY == oExt.MaxY)
            return OGRERR_NONE; /* skip creating index */

        oStatement.Appendf(
            "CREATE SPATIAL INDEX [ogr_%s_%s_%s_sidx] ON [%s].[%s] ( [%s] ) "
            "USING GEOMETRY_GRID WITH (BOUNDING_BOX =(%.15g, %.15g, %.15g, "
            "%.15g))",
            pszSchemaName, pszTableName, pszGeomColumn, pszSchemaName,
            pszTableName, pszGeomColumn, oExt.MinX, oExt.MinY, oExt.MaxX,
            oExt.MaxY);
    }
    else if (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY)
    {
        oStatement.Appendf(
            "CREATE SPATIAL INDEX [ogr_%s_%s_%s_sidx] ON [%s].[%s] ( [%s] ) "
            "USING GEOGRAPHY_GRID",
            pszSchemaName, pszTableName, pszGeomColumn, pszSchemaName,
            pszTableName, pszGeomColumn);
    }
    else
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Spatial index is not supported on the geometry column '%s'",
                 pszGeomColumn);
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    if (!oStatement.ExecuteSQL())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Failed to create the spatial index, %s.",
                 poDS->GetSession()->GetLastError());
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       DropSpatialIndex()                             */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Drop the spatial index on the geometry column of the layer      */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::DropSpatialIndex()
{
    OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::GetLayerDefn();

    CPLODBCStatement oStatement(poDS->GetSession());

    oStatement.Appendf("IF  EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes "
                       "WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID(N'[%s].[%s]') AND name = "
                       "N'ogr_%s_%s_%s_sidx') "
                       "DROP INDEX [ogr_%s_%s_%s_sidx] ON [%s].[%s]",
                       pszSchemaName, pszTableName, pszSchemaName, pszTableName,
                       pszGeomColumn, pszSchemaName, pszTableName,
                       pszGeomColumn, pszSchemaName, pszTableName);

    if (!oStatement.ExecuteSQL())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Failed to drop the spatial index, %s.",
                 poDS->GetSession()->GetLastError());
        return;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                     GetBracketEscapedIdentifier()                    */
/************************************************************************/

static std::string GetBracketEscapedIdentifier(const std::string_view &osStr)
{
    std::string osRet("[");
    osRet.reserve(osStr.size());
    for (char ch : osStr)
    {
        if (ch == ']')
        {
            osRet += ch;
        }
        osRet += ch;
    }
    osRet += ']';
    return osRet;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            BuildFields()                             */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Build list of fields to fetch, performing any required          */
/*      transformations (such as on geometry).                          */
/************************************************************************/

CPLString OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::BuildFields()

{
    int nColumn = 0;
    CPLString osFieldList;

    GetLayerDefn();

    if (pszFIDColumn && poFeatureDefn->GetFieldIndex(pszFIDColumn) == -1)
    {
        /* Always get the FID column */
        osFieldList += GetBracketEscapedIdentifier(pszFIDColumn);
        ++nColumn;
    }

    if (pszGeomColumn && !poFeatureDefn->IsGeometryIgnored())
    {
        if (nColumn > 0)
            osFieldList += ", ";

        osFieldList += GetBracketEscapedIdentifier(pszGeomColumn);
        if (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOMETRY ||
            nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY)
        {
            if (poDS->GetGeometryFormat() == MSSQLGEOMETRY_WKB)
            {
                osFieldList += ".STAsBinary() as ";
                osFieldList += GetBracketEscapedIdentifier(pszGeomColumn);
            }
            else if (poDS->GetGeometryFormat() == MSSQLGEOMETRY_WKT)
            {
                osFieldList += ".AsTextZM() as ";
                osFieldList += GetBracketEscapedIdentifier(pszGeomColumn);
            }
            else if (poDS->GetGeometryFormat() == MSSQLGEOMETRY_WKBZM)
            {
                /* SQL Server 2012 */
                osFieldList += ".AsBinaryZM() as ";
                osFieldList += GetBracketEscapedIdentifier(pszGeomColumn);
            }
        }

        ++nColumn;
    }

    if (poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount() > 0)
    {
        /* need to reconstruct the field ordinals list */
        CPLFree(panFieldOrdinals);
        panFieldOrdinals =
            (int *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(int) * poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount());

        for (int i = 0; i < poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount(); i++)
        {
            if (poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(i)->IsIgnored())
                continue;

            const char *pszName = poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(i)->GetNameRef();

            if (nColumn > 0)
                osFieldList += ", ";

            osFieldList += GetBracketEscapedIdentifier(pszName);

            panFieldOrdinals[i] = nColumn;

            ++nColumn;
        }
    }

    return osFieldList;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetStatement()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CPLODBCStatement *OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::GetStatement()

{
    if (poStmt == nullptr)
    {
        poStmt = BuildStatement(BuildFields());
    }

    return poStmt;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           BuildStatement()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLODBCStatement *
OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::BuildStatement(const char *pszColumns)

{
    CPLODBCStatement *poStatement = new CPLODBCStatement(poDS->GetSession());
    poStatement->Append("select ");
    poStatement->Append(pszColumns);
    poStatement->Append(" from ");
    poStatement->Append(GetBracketEscapedIdentifier(pszSchemaName));
    poStatement->Append(".");
    poStatement->Append(GetBracketEscapedIdentifier(pszTableName));

    /* Append attribute query if we have it */
    if (pszQuery != nullptr)
        poStatement->Appendf(" where (%s)", pszQuery);

    /* If we have a spatial filter, query on it */
    if (m_poFilterGeom != nullptr)
    {
        if (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOMETRY ||
            nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY)
        {
            if (!std::isinf(m_sFilterEnvelope.MinX) &&
                !std::isinf(m_sFilterEnvelope.MinY) &&
                !std::isinf(m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxX) &&
                !std::isinf(m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxY))
            {
                if (pszQuery == nullptr)
                    poStatement->Append(" where ");
                else
                    poStatement->Append(" and ");

                poStatement->Append(GetBracketEscapedIdentifier(pszGeomColumn));
                poStatement->Append(".STIntersects(");

                if (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY)
                    poStatement->Append("geography::");
                else
                    poStatement->Append("geometry::");

                if (m_sFilterEnvelope.MinX == m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxX ||
                    m_sFilterEnvelope.MinY == m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxY)
                    poStatement->Appendf(
                        "STGeomFromText('POINT(%.15g %.15g)',%d)) = 1",
                        m_sFilterEnvelope.MinX, m_sFilterEnvelope.MinY, nSRSId);
                else
                    poStatement->Appendf(
                        "STGeomFromText('POLYGON((%.15g %.15g,%.15g "
                        "%.15g,%.15g %.15g,%.15g %.15g,%.15g %.15g))',%d)) = 1",
                        m_sFilterEnvelope.MinX, m_sFilterEnvelope.MinY,
                        m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxX, m_sFilterEnvelope.MinY,
                        m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxX, m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxY,
                        m_sFilterEnvelope.MinX, m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxY,
                        m_sFilterEnvelope.MinX, m_sFilterEnvelope.MinY, nSRSId);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Spatial filter is supported only on geometry and "
                     "geography column types.");

            delete poStatement;
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    CPLDebug("OGR_MSSQLSpatial", "ExecuteSQL(%s)", poStatement->GetCommand());
    if (poStatement->ExecuteSQL())
        return poStatement;
    else
    {
        delete poStatement;
        return nullptr;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetFeature()                             */
/************************************************************************/

OGRFeature *OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::GetFeature(GIntBig nFeatureId)

{
    if (pszFIDColumn == nullptr)
        return OGRMSSQLSpatialLayer::GetFeature(nFeatureId);

    poDS->EndCopy();

    ClearStatement();

    iNextShapeId = nFeatureId;

    m_bResetNeeded = true;
    poStmt = new CPLODBCStatement(poDS->GetSession());
    CPLString osFields = BuildFields();
    poStmt->Appendf("select %s from %s where %s = " CPL_FRMT_GIB,
                    osFields.c_str(), poFeatureDefn->GetName(), pszFIDColumn,
                    nFeatureId);

    if (!poStmt->ExecuteSQL())
    {
        delete poStmt;
        poStmt = nullptr;
        return nullptr;
    }

    return GetNextRawFeature();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetExtent()                              */
/*                                                                      */
/*      For Geometry or Geography types we can use an optimized         */
/*      statement in other cases we use standard OGRLayer::GetExtent()  */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::GetExtent(int iGeomField,
                                            OGREnvelope *psExtent, int bForce)
{
    GetLayerDefn();

    // Make sure we have a geometry field:
    if (iGeomField < 0 || iGeomField >= poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldCount() ||
        poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldDefn(iGeomField)->GetType() == wkbNone)
    {
        if (iGeomField != 0)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Invalid geometry field index : %d", iGeomField);
        }
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    // If we have a geometry or geography type:
    if (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY ||
        nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOMETRY)
    {
        // Prepare statement
        auto poStatement =
            std::make_unique<CPLODBCStatement>(poDS->GetSession());

        if (poDS->sMSSQLVersion.nMajor >= 11)
        {
            // SQLServer 2012 or later:
            // geography is converted to geometry to obtain the rectangular
            // envelope
            if (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY)
                poStatement->Appendf(
                    "WITH extent(extentcol) AS (SELECT "
                    "geometry::EnvelopeAggregate(geometry::STGeomFromWKB(%s."
                    "STAsBinary(), %s.STSrid).MakeValid()) as extentcol FROM "
                    "[%s].[%s])",
                    pszGeomColumn, pszGeomColumn, pszSchemaName, pszTableName);
            else
                poStatement->Appendf("WITH extent(extentcol) AS (SELECT "
                                     "geometry::EnvelopeAggregate(%s.MakeValid("
                                     ")) AS extentcol FROM [%s].[%s])",
                                     pszGeomColumn, pszSchemaName,
                                     pszTableName);

            poStatement->Appendf(
                "SELECT extentcol.STPointN(1).STX, extentcol.STPointN(1).STY,");
            poStatement->Appendf("extentcol.STPointN(3).STX, "
                                 "extentcol.STPointN(3).STY FROM extent;");
        }
        else
        {
            // Before 2012 use two CTE's:
            // geography is converted to geometry to obtain the envelope
            if (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY)
                poStatement->Appendf("WITH ENVELOPE as (SELECT "
                                     "geometry::STGeomFromWKB(%s.STAsBinary(), "
                                     "%s.STSrid).MakeValid().STEnvelope() as "
                                     "envelope from [%s].[%s]),",
                                     pszGeomColumn, pszGeomColumn,
                                     pszSchemaName, pszTableName);
            else
                poStatement->Appendf(
                    "WITH ENVELOPE as (SELECT %s.MakeValid().STEnvelope() as "
                    "envelope from [%s].[%s]),",
                    pszGeomColumn, pszSchemaName, pszTableName);

            poStatement->Appendf(" CORNERS as (SELECT envelope.STPointN(1) as "
                                 "point from ENVELOPE UNION ALL select "
                                 "envelope.STPointN(3) from ENVELOPE)");
            poStatement->Appendf(
                "SELECT MIN(point.STX), MIN(point.STY), MAX(point.STX), "
                "MAX(point.STY) FROM CORNERS;");
        }

        // Execute
        if (!poStatement->ExecuteSQL())
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Error getting extents, %s",
                     poDS->GetSession()->GetLastError());
        }
        else
        {
            // Try to update
            while (poStatement->Fetch())
            {

                const char *minx = poStatement->GetColData(0);
                const char *miny = poStatement->GetColData(1);
                const char *maxx = poStatement->GetColData(2);
                const char *maxy = poStatement->GetColData(3);

                if (!(minx == nullptr || miny == nullptr || maxx == nullptr ||
                      maxy == nullptr))
                {
                    psExtent->MinX = CPLAtof(minx);
                    psExtent->MinY = CPLAtof(miny);
                    psExtent->MaxX = CPLAtof(maxx);
                    psExtent->MaxY = CPLAtof(maxy);
                    return OGRERR_NONE;
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "MSSQL extents query returned a NULL value");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Fall back to generic implementation (loading all features)
    if (iGeomField == 0)
        return OGRLayer::GetExtent(psExtent, bForce);
    else
        return OGRLayer::GetExtent(iGeomField, psExtent, bForce);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         SetAttributeFilter()                         */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::SetAttributeFilter(const char *pszQueryIn)

{
    CPLFree(m_pszAttrQueryString);
    m_pszAttrQueryString = (pszQueryIn) ? CPLStrdup(pszQueryIn) : nullptr;

    if ((pszQueryIn == nullptr && this->pszQuery == nullptr) ||
        (pszQueryIn != nullptr && this->pszQuery != nullptr &&
         EQUAL(pszQueryIn, this->pszQuery)))
        return OGRERR_NONE;

    CPLFree(this->pszQuery);
    this->pszQuery = (pszQueryIn) ? CPLStrdup(pszQueryIn) : nullptr;

    ClearStatement();

    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetNextFeature()                           */
/************************************************************************/

OGRFeature *OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::GetNextFeature()
{
    poDS->EndCopy();
    return OGRMSSQLSpatialLayer::GetNextFeature();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           TestCapability()                           */
/************************************************************************/

int OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::TestCapability(const char *pszCap)

{
    if (bUpdateAccess)
    {
        if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCSequentialWrite) ||
            EQUAL(pszCap, OLCCreateField) || EQUAL(pszCap, OLCDeleteFeature))
            return TRUE;

        else if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCRandomWrite))
            return pszFIDColumn != nullptr;
    }

#if (ODBCVER >= 0x0300)
    if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCTransactions))
        return TRUE;
#else
    if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCTransactions))
        return FALSE;
#endif

    if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCIgnoreFields))
        return TRUE;

    if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCRandomRead))
        return pszFIDColumn != nullptr;
    else if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCFastFeatureCount))
        return TRUE;
    else if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCCurveGeometries))
        return TRUE;
    else if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCMeasuredGeometries))
        return TRUE;
    else if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCZGeometries))
        return TRUE;
    else
        return OGRMSSQLSpatialLayer::TestCapability(pszCap);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetFeatureCount()                           */
/************************************************************************/

GIntBig OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::GetFeatureCount(int bForce)

{
    poDS->EndCopy();

    GetLayerDefn();

    if (TestCapability(OLCFastFeatureCount) == FALSE)
        return OGRMSSQLSpatialLayer::GetFeatureCount(bForce);

    CPLODBCStatement *poStatement = BuildStatement("count(*)");

    if (poStatement == nullptr || !poStatement->Fetch())
    {
        delete poStatement;
        return OGRMSSQLSpatialLayer::GetFeatureCount(bForce);
    }

    GIntBig nRet = CPLAtoGIntBig(poStatement->GetColData(0));
    delete poStatement;
    return nRet;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             StartCopy()                              */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::StartCopy()

{
    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              EndCopy()                               */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::EndCopy()

{
#ifdef MSSQL_BCP_SUPPORTED
    CloseBCP();
#endif
    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            CreateField()                             */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::CreateField(const OGRFieldDefn *poFieldIn,
                                              int bApproxOK)

{
    char szFieldType[256];
    OGRFieldDefn oField(poFieldIn);

    poDS->EndCopy();

    GetLayerDefn();

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Do we want to "launder" the column names into MSSQL             */
    /*      friendly format?                                                */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (bLaunderColumnNames)
    {
        char *pszSafeName = poDS->LaunderName(oField.GetNameRef());

        oField.SetName(pszSafeName);
        CPLFree(pszSafeName);
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Identify the MSSQL type.                                        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    if (oField.GetType() == OFTInteger)
    {
        if (oField.GetWidth() > 0 && bPreservePrecision)
            snprintf(szFieldType, sizeof(szFieldType), "numeric(%d,0)",
                     oField.GetWidth());
        else if (oField.GetSubType() == OFSTInt16)
            strcpy(szFieldType, "smallint");
        else
            strcpy(szFieldType, "int");
    }
    else if (oField.GetType() == OFTInteger64)
    {
        if (oField.GetWidth() > 0 && bPreservePrecision)
            snprintf(szFieldType, sizeof(szFieldType), "numeric(%d,0)",
                     oField.GetWidth());
        else
            strcpy(szFieldType, "bigint");
    }
    else if (oField.GetType() == OFTReal)
    {
        if (oField.GetWidth() > 0 && oField.GetPrecision() >= 0 &&
            bPreservePrecision)
            snprintf(szFieldType, sizeof(szFieldType), "numeric(%d,%d)",
                     oField.GetWidth(), oField.GetPrecision());
        else if (oField.GetSubType() == OFSTFloat32)
            strcpy(szFieldType, "float(23)");
        else
            strcpy(szFieldType, "float(53)");
    }
    else if (oField.GetType() == OFTString)
    {
        if (oField.GetSubType() == OGRFieldSubType::OFSTUUID)
        {
            m_bHasUUIDColumn = true;
            strcpy(szFieldType, "uniqueidentifier");
        }
        else if (oField.GetWidth() == 0 || oField.GetWidth() > 4000 ||
                 !bPreservePrecision)
            strcpy(szFieldType, "nvarchar(MAX)");
        else
            snprintf(szFieldType, sizeof(szFieldType), "nvarchar(%d)",
                     oField.GetWidth());
    }
    else if (oField.GetType() == OFTDate)
    {
        strcpy(szFieldType, "date");
    }
    else if (oField.GetType() == OFTTime)
    {
        strcpy(szFieldType, "time(7)");
    }
    else if (oField.GetType() == OFTDateTime)
    {
        strcpy(szFieldType, "datetime");
    }
    else if (oField.GetType() == OFTBinary)
    {
        strcpy(szFieldType, "image");
    }
    else if (bApproxOK)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Can't create field %s with type %s on MSSQL layers.  "
                 "Creating as varchar.",
                 oField.GetNameRef(),
                 OGRFieldDefn::GetFieldTypeName(oField.GetType()));
        strcpy(szFieldType, "varchar");
    }
    else
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Can't create field %s with type %s on MSSQL layers.",
                 oField.GetNameRef(),
                 OGRFieldDefn::GetFieldTypeName(oField.GetType()));

        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Create the new field.                                           */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    CPLODBCStatement oStmt(poDS->GetSession());

    oStmt.Appendf("ALTER TABLE [%s].[%s] ADD [%s] %s", pszSchemaName,
                  pszTableName, oField.GetNameRef(), szFieldType);

    if (!oField.IsNullable())
    {
        oStmt.Append(" NOT NULL");
    }
    if (oField.GetDefault() != nullptr && !oField.IsDefaultDriverSpecific())
    {
        /* process default value specifications */
        if (EQUAL(oField.GetDefault(), "CURRENT_TIME"))
            oStmt.Append(" DEFAULT(CONVERT([time],getdate()))");
        else if (EQUAL(oField.GetDefault(), "CURRENT_DATE"))
            oStmt.Append(" DEFAULT(CONVERT([date],getdate()))");
        else
            oStmt.Appendf(" DEFAULT(%s)", oField.GetDefault());
    }

    if (!oStmt.ExecuteSQL())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Error creating field %s, %s",
                 oField.GetNameRef(), poDS->GetSession()->GetLastError());

        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Add the field to the OGRFeatureDefn.                            */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    poFeatureDefn->AddFieldDefn(&oField);

    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             ISetFeature()                             */
/*                                                                      */
/*      SetFeature() is implemented by an UPDATE SQL command            */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::ISetFeature(OGRFeature *poFeature)

{
    if (!bUpdateAccess)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported, UNSUPPORTED_OP_READ_ONLY,
                 "SetFeature");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    OGRErr eErr = OGRERR_FAILURE;

    poDS->EndCopy();

    GetLayerDefn();

    if (nullptr == poFeature)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "NULL pointer to OGRFeature passed to SetFeature().");
        return eErr;
    }

    if (poFeature->GetFID() == OGRNullFID)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "FID required on features given to SetFeature().");
        return eErr;
    }

    if (!pszFIDColumn)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Unable to update features in tables without\n"
                 "a recognised FID column.");
        return eErr;
    }

    ClearStatement();

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Form the UPDATE command.                                        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLODBCStatement oStmt(poDS->GetSession());

    oStmt.Appendf("UPDATE [%s].[%s] SET ", pszSchemaName, pszTableName);

    OGRGeometry *poGeom = poFeature->GetGeometryRef();
    if (bUseGeometryValidation && poGeom != nullptr)
    {
        OGRMSSQLGeometryValidator oValidator(poGeom, nGeomColumnType);
        if (!oValidator.IsValid())
        {
            oValidator.MakeValid(poGeom);
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                     "Geometry with FID = " CPL_FRMT_GIB
                     " has been modified to valid geometry.",
                     poFeature->GetFID());
        }
    }

    int nFieldCount = poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount();
    int bind_num = 0;
    void **bind_buffer = (void **)CPLMalloc(sizeof(void *) * nFieldCount);

    int bNeedComma = FALSE;
    SQLLEN nWKBLenBindParameter;
    if (poGeom != nullptr && pszGeomColumn != nullptr)
    {
        oStmt.Appendf("[%s] = ", pszGeomColumn);

        if (nUploadGeometryFormat == MSSQLGEOMETRY_NATIVE)
        {
            OGRMSSQLGeometryWriter poWriter(poGeom, nGeomColumnType, nSRSId);
            int nDataLen = poWriter.GetDataLen();
            GByte *pabyData = (GByte *)CPLMalloc(nDataLen + 1);
            if (poWriter.WriteSqlGeometry(pabyData, nDataLen) == OGRERR_NONE)
            {
                char *pszBytes = GByteArrayToHexString(pabyData, nDataLen);
                SQLLEN nts = SQL_NTS;
                int nRetCode = SQLBindParameter(
                    oStmt.GetStatement(), (SQLUSMALLINT)(bind_num + 1),
                    SQL_PARAM_INPUT, SQL_C_CHAR, SQL_LONGVARCHAR, nDataLen, 0,
                    (SQLPOINTER)pszBytes, 0, &nts);
                if (nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS ||
                    nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
                {
                    oStmt.Append("?");
                    bind_buffer[bind_num] = pszBytes;
                    ++bind_num;
                }
                else
                {
                    oStmt.Append("null");
                    CPLFree(pszBytes);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                oStmt.Append("null");
            }
            CPLFree(pabyData);
        }
        else if (nUploadGeometryFormat == MSSQLGEOMETRY_WKB)
        {
            const size_t nWKBLen = poGeom->WkbSize();
            GByte *pabyWKB = (GByte *)VSI_MALLOC_VERBOSE(
                nWKBLen + 1);  // do we need the +1 ?
            if (pabyWKB == nullptr)
            {
                oStmt.Append("null");
            }
            else if (poGeom->exportToWkb(wkbNDR, pabyWKB, wkbVariantIso) ==
                         OGRERR_NONE &&
                     (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOMETRY ||
                      nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY))
            {
                nWKBLenBindParameter = nWKBLen;
                int nRetCode = SQLBindParameter(
                    oStmt.GetStatement(), (SQLUSMALLINT)(bind_num + 1),
                    SQL_PARAM_INPUT, SQL_C_BINARY, SQL_LONGVARBINARY, nWKBLen,
                    0, (SQLPOINTER)pabyWKB, nWKBLen, &nWKBLenBindParameter);
                if (nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS ||
                    nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
                {
                    if (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY)
                    {
                        oStmt.Append("geography::STGeomFromWKB(?");
                        oStmt.Appendf(",%d)", nSRSId);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        oStmt.Append("geometry::STGeomFromWKB(?");
                        oStmt.Appendf(",%d).MakeValid()", nSRSId);
                    }
                    bind_buffer[bind_num] = pabyWKB;
                    ++bind_num;
                }
                else
                {
                    oStmt.Append("null");
                    CPLFree(pabyWKB);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                oStmt.Append("null");
                CPLFree(pabyWKB);
            }
        }
        else if (nUploadGeometryFormat == MSSQLGEOMETRY_WKT)
        {
            char *pszWKT = nullptr;
            if (poGeom->exportToWkt(&pszWKT) == OGRERR_NONE &&
                (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOMETRY ||
                 nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY))
            {
                size_t nLen = 0;
                while (pszWKT[nLen] != '\0')
                    nLen++;

                int nRetCode = SQLBindParameter(
                    oStmt.GetStatement(), (SQLUSMALLINT)(bind_num + 1),
                    SQL_PARAM_INPUT, SQL_C_CHAR, SQL_LONGVARCHAR, nLen, 0,
                    (SQLPOINTER)pszWKT, 0, nullptr);
                if (nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS ||
                    nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
                {
                    if (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY)
                    {
                        oStmt.Append("geography::STGeomFromText(?");
                        oStmt.Appendf(",%d)", nSRSId);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        oStmt.Append("geometry::STGeomFromText(?");
                        oStmt.Appendf(",%d).MakeValid()", nSRSId);
                    }
                    bind_buffer[bind_num] = pszWKT;
                    ++bind_num;
                }
                else
                {
                    oStmt.Append("null");
                    CPLFree(pszWKT);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                oStmt.Append("null");
                CPLFree(pszWKT);
            }
        }
        else
            oStmt.Append("null");

        bNeedComma = TRUE;
    }

    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < nFieldCount; i++)
    {
        if (bNeedComma)
            oStmt.Appendf(", [%s] = ",
                          poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(i)->GetNameRef());
        else
        {
            oStmt.Appendf("[%s] = ",
                          poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(i)->GetNameRef());
            bNeedComma = TRUE;
        }

        if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(i))
            oStmt.Append("null");
        else
            AppendFieldValue(&oStmt, poFeature, i, &bind_num, bind_buffer);
    }

    /* Add the WHERE clause */
    oStmt.Appendf(" WHERE [%s] = " CPL_FRMT_GIB, pszFIDColumn,
                  poFeature->GetFID());

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Execute the update.                                             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    if (!oStmt.ExecuteSQL())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Error updating feature with FID:" CPL_FRMT_GIB ", %s",
                 poFeature->GetFID(), poDS->GetSession()->GetLastError());

        for (i = 0; i < bind_num; i++)
            CPLFree(bind_buffer[i]);
        CPLFree(bind_buffer);

        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < bind_num; i++)
        CPLFree(bind_buffer[i]);
    CPLFree(bind_buffer);

    if (oStmt.GetRowCountAffected() < 1)
        return OGRERR_NON_EXISTING_FEATURE;

    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          DeleteFeature()                             */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::DeleteFeature(GIntBig nFID)

{
    if (!bUpdateAccess)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported, UNSUPPORTED_OP_READ_ONLY,
                 "DeleteFeature");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    poDS->EndCopy();

    GetLayerDefn();

    if (pszFIDColumn == nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "DeleteFeature() without any FID column.");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    if (nFID == OGRNullFID)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "DeleteFeature() with unset FID fails.");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    ClearStatement();

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Drop the record with this FID.                                  */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLODBCStatement oStatement(poDS->GetSession());

    oStatement.Appendf("DELETE FROM [%s].[%s] WHERE [%s] = " CPL_FRMT_GIB,
                       pszSchemaName, pszTableName, pszFIDColumn, nFID);

    if (!oStatement.ExecuteSQL())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Attempt to delete feature with FID " CPL_FRMT_GIB
                 " failed. %s",
                 nFID, poDS->GetSession()->GetLastError());

        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    if (oStatement.GetRowCountAffected() < 1)
        return OGRERR_NON_EXISTING_FEATURE;

    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           Failed()                                   */
/************************************************************************/

int OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::Failed(int nRetCode)

{
    if (nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS || nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
        return FALSE;

    char SQLState[6] = "";
    char Msg[256] = "";
    SQLINTEGER iNativeError = 0;
    SQLSMALLINT iMsgLen = 0;

    int iRc = SQLGetDiagRec(SQL_HANDLE_ENV, hEnvBCP, 1, (SQLCHAR *)SQLState,
                            &iNativeError, (SQLCHAR *)Msg, 256, &iMsgLen);
    if (iRc != SQL_NO_DATA)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "SQL Error SQLState=%s, NativeError=%d, Msg=%s\n", SQLState,
                 static_cast<int>(iNativeError), Msg);
    }

    return TRUE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           Failed2()                                  */
/************************************************************************/

#ifdef MSSQL_BCP_SUPPORTED
int OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::Failed2(int nRetCode)

{
    if (nRetCode == SUCCEED)
        return FALSE;

    char SQLState[6] = "";
    char Msg[256] = "";
    SQLINTEGER iNativeError = 0;
    SQLSMALLINT iMsgLen = 0;

    int iRc = SQLGetDiagRec(SQL_HANDLE_DBC, hDBCBCP, 1, (SQLCHAR *)SQLState,
                            &iNativeError, (SQLCHAR *)Msg, 256, &iMsgLen);
    if (iRc != SQL_NO_DATA)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "SQL Error SQLState=%s, NativeError=%d, Msg=%s\n", SQLState,
                 static_cast<int>(iNativeError), Msg);
    }

    return TRUE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            InitBCP()                                 */
/************************************************************************/

int OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::InitBCP(const char *pszDSN)

{
    /* Create a different connection for BCP upload */
    if (Failed(SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_ENV, nullptr, &hEnvBCP)))
        return FALSE;

    /* Notify ODBC that this is an ODBC 3.0 app. */
    if (Failed(SQLSetEnvAttr(hEnvBCP, SQL_ATTR_ODBC_VERSION,
                             (SQLPOINTER)SQL_OV_ODBC3, SQL_IS_INTEGER)))
    {
        CloseBCP();
        return FALSE;
    }

    if (Failed(SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_DBC, hEnvBCP, &hDBCBCP)))
    {
        CloseBCP();
        return FALSE;
    }

    /* set bulk copy mode */
    if (Failed(SQLSetConnectAttr(hDBCBCP, SQL_COPT_SS_BCP, (void *)SQL_BCP_ON,
                                 SQL_IS_INTEGER)))
    {
        CloseBCP();
        return FALSE;
    }

    Failed(SQLSetConnectAttr(hDBCBCP, SQL_ATTR_LOGIN_TIMEOUT, (void *)30,
                             SQL_IS_INTEGER));

    SQLCHAR szOutConnString[1024];
    SQLSMALLINT nOutConnStringLen = 0;

    if (Failed(SQLDriverConnect(hDBCBCP, nullptr, (SQLCHAR *)pszDSN,
                                (SQLSMALLINT)strlen(pszDSN), szOutConnString,
                                sizeof(szOutConnString), &nOutConnStringLen,
                                SQL_DRIVER_NOPROMPT)))
    {
        CloseBCP();
        return FALSE;
    }

    return TRUE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            CloseBCP()                                */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::CloseBCP()

{
    if (papstBindBuffer)
    {
        int iCol;

        int nRecNum = bcp_done(hDBCBCP);
        if (nRecNum == -1)
            Failed2(nRecNum);

        for (iCol = 0; iCol < nRawColumns; iCol++)
            CPLFree(papstBindBuffer[iCol]);
        CPLFree(papstBindBuffer);
        papstBindBuffer = nullptr;

        if (bIdentityInsert)
        {
            bIdentityInsert = FALSE;
        }
    }

    if (hDBCBCP != nullptr)
    {
        CPLDebug("ODBC", "SQLDisconnect()");
        SQLDisconnect(hDBCBCP);
        SQLFreeHandle(SQL_HANDLE_DBC, hDBCBCP);
        hDBCBCP = nullptr;
    }

    if (hEnvBCP != nullptr)
    {
        SQLFreeHandle(SQL_HANDLE_ENV, hEnvBCP);
        hEnvBCP = nullptr;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            CreateFeatureBCP()                        */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::CreateFeatureBCP(OGRFeature *poFeature)

{
    int iCol;
    int iField = 0;

    if (hDBCBCP == nullptr)
    {
        nBCPCount = 0;

        /* Tell the datasource we are now planning to copy data */
        poDS->StartCopy(this);

        CPLODBCSession *poSession = poDS->GetSession();

        if (poSession->IsInTransaction())
            poSession->CommitTransaction(); /* commit creating the table */

        /* Get the column definitions for this table. */
        bLayerDefnNeedsRefresh = true;
        GetLayerDefn();
        bLayerDefnNeedsRefresh = false;

        if (!poFeatureDefn)
            return OGRERR_FAILURE;

        if (poFeature->GetFID() != OGRNullFID && pszFIDColumn != nullptr &&
            bIsIdentityFid)
        {
            bIdentityInsert = TRUE;
        }

        if (!InitBCP(poDS->GetConnectionString()))
            return OGRERR_FAILURE;

        /* Initialize the bulk copy */
        if (Failed2(bcp_init(
                hDBCBCP, CPLSPrintf("[%s].[%s]", pszSchemaName, pszTableName),
                nullptr, nullptr, DB_IN)))
        {
            CloseBCP();
            return OGRERR_FAILURE;
        }

        if (bIdentityInsert)
        {
            if (Failed2(bcp_control(hDBCBCP, BCPKEEPIDENTITY, (void *)TRUE)))
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Failed to set identity insert bulk copy mode, %s.",
                         poDS->GetSession()->GetLastError());
                return OGRERR_FAILURE;
            }
        }

        papstBindBuffer =
            (BCPData **)CPLMalloc(sizeof(BCPData *) * (nRawColumns));

        for (iCol = 0; iCol < nRawColumns; iCol++)
        {
            papstBindBuffer[iCol] = nullptr;

            if (iCol == nGeomColumnIndex)
            {
                papstBindBuffer[iCol] = (BCPData *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(BCPData));
                if (Failed2(bcp_bind(hDBCBCP,
                                     nullptr /* data is provided later */, 0,
                                     0 /*or any value < 8000*/, nullptr, 0,
                                     SQLUDT, iCol + 1)))
                    return OGRERR_FAILURE;
            }
            else if (iCol == nFIDColumnIndex)
            {
                if (!bIdentityInsert)
                    continue;
                /* bind fid column */
                papstBindBuffer[iCol] = (BCPData *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(BCPData));
                papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_VARLEN_DATA;

                if (Failed2(bcp_bind(
                        hDBCBCP, (LPCBYTE)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData,
                        0, SQL_VARLEN_DATA, (LPCBYTE) "", 1, SQLVARCHAR,
                        iCol + 1)))
                    return OGRERR_FAILURE;
            }
            else if (iField < poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount() &&
                     iCol == panFieldOrdinals[iField])
            {
                OGRFieldDefn *poFDefn = poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(iField);

                if (poFDefn->IsIgnored())
                {
                    /* set null */
                    ++iField;
                    continue;
                }

                int iSrcField = poFeature->GetFieldIndex(poFDefn->GetNameRef());
                if (iSrcField < 0)
                {
                    ++iField;
                    continue; /* no such field at the source */
                }

                if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTInteger)
                {
                    /* int */
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol] =
                        (BCPData *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(BCPData));
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->Integer.iIndicator =
                        sizeof(papstBindBuffer[iCol]->Integer.Value);

                    if (Failed2(bcp_bind(
                            hDBCBCP, (LPCBYTE)papstBindBuffer[iCol],
                            sizeof(papstBindBuffer[iCol]->Integer.iIndicator),
                            sizeof(papstBindBuffer[iCol]->Integer.Value),
                            nullptr, 0, SQLINT4, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTInteger64)
                {
                    /* bigint */
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol] =
                        (BCPData *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(BCPData));
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_VARLEN_DATA;

                    if (Failed2(bcp_bind(
                            hDBCBCP,
                            (LPCBYTE)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData, 0,
                            SQL_VARLEN_DATA, (LPCBYTE) "", 1, SQLVARCHAR,
                            iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTReal)
                {
                    /* float */
                    /* TODO convert to DBNUMERIC */
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol] =
                        (BCPData *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(BCPData));
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_VARLEN_DATA;

                    if (Failed2(bcp_bind(
                            hDBCBCP,
                            (LPCBYTE)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData, 0,
                            SQL_VARLEN_DATA, (LPCBYTE) "", 1, SQLVARCHAR,
                            iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTString)
                {
                    /* nvarchar */
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol] =
                        (BCPData *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(BCPData));
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = poFDefn->GetWidth();
                    if (poFDefn->GetWidth() == 0)
                    {
                        if (Failed2(bcp_bind(
                                hDBCBCP, nullptr /* data is provided later */,
                                0, 0 /*or any value < 8000*/, nullptr, 0, 0,
                                iCol + 1)))
                            return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (Failed2(bcp_bind(
                                hDBCBCP, (LPCBYTE)papstBindBuffer[iCol],
                                sizeof(papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize),
                                poFDefn->GetWidth(), nullptr, 0, SQLNVARCHAR,
                                iCol + 1)))
                            return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                    }
                }
                else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTDate)
                {
                    /* date */
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol] =
                        (BCPData *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(BCPData));
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_VARLEN_DATA;

                    if (Failed2(bcp_bind(
                            hDBCBCP,
                            (LPCBYTE)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData, 0,
                            SQL_VARLEN_DATA, (LPCBYTE) "", 1, SQLVARCHAR,
                            iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTTime)
                {
                    /* time(7) */
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol] =
                        (BCPData *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(BCPData));
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_VARLEN_DATA;

                    if (Failed2(bcp_bind(
                            hDBCBCP,
                            (LPCBYTE)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData, 0,
                            SQL_VARLEN_DATA, (LPCBYTE) "", 1, SQLVARCHAR,
                            iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTDateTime)
                {
                    /* datetime */
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol] =
                        (BCPData *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(BCPData));
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_VARLEN_DATA;

                    if (Failed2(bcp_bind(
                            hDBCBCP,
                            (LPCBYTE)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData, 0,
                            SQL_VARLEN_DATA, (LPCBYTE) "", 1, SQLVARCHAR,
                            iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTBinary)
                {
                    /* image */
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol] =
                        (BCPData *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(BCPData));
                    if (Failed2(bcp_bind(hDBCBCP,
                                         nullptr /* data is provided later */,
                                         0, 0 /*or any value < 8000*/, nullptr,
                                         0, 0, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLError(
                        CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                        "Filed %s with type %s is not supported for bulk "
                        "insert.",
                        poFDefn->GetNameRef(),
                        OGRFieldDefn::GetFieldTypeName(poFDefn->GetType()));

                    return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }

                ++iField;
            }
        }
    }

    /* do bulk insert here */

    /* prepare data to variables */
    iField = 0;
    for (iCol = 0; iCol < nRawColumns; iCol++)
    {
        if (iCol == nGeomColumnIndex)
        {
            OGRGeometry *poGeom = poFeature->GetGeometryRef();
            if (poGeom != nullptr)
            {
                /* prepare geometry */
                if (bUseGeometryValidation)
                {
                    OGRMSSQLGeometryValidator oValidator(poGeom,
                                                         nGeomColumnType);
                    if (!oValidator.IsValid())
                    {
                        oValidator.MakeValid(poGeom);
                        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                                 "Geometry with FID = " CPL_FRMT_GIB
                                 " has been modified to valid geometry.",
                                 poFeature->GetFID());
                    }
                }

                int nOutgoingSRSId = 0;
                // Use the SRID specified by the provided feature's geometry, if
                // its spatial-reference system is known; otherwise, use the
                // SRID associated with the table
                const OGRSpatialReference *poFeatureSRS =
                    poGeom->getSpatialReference();
                if (poFeatureSRS)
                    nOutgoingSRSId = poDS->FetchSRSId(poFeatureSRS);
                if (nOutgoingSRSId <= 0)
                    nOutgoingSRSId = nSRSId;

                OGRMSSQLGeometryWriter poWriter(poGeom, nGeomColumnType,
                                                nOutgoingSRSId);
                papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize = poWriter.GetDataLen();
                papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.pData = (GByte *)CPLMalloc(
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize + 1);

                if (poWriter.WriteSqlGeometry(
                        papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.pData,
                        (int)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize) !=
                    OGRERR_NONE)
                    return OGRERR_FAILURE;

                /* set data length */
                if (Failed2(bcp_collen(
                        hDBCBCP, (DBINT)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize,
                        iCol + 1)))
                    return OGRERR_FAILURE;
            }
            else
            {
                /* set NULL */
                papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize = SQL_NULL_DATA;
                if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_NULL_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                    return OGRERR_FAILURE;
            }
        }
        else if (iCol == nFIDColumnIndex)
        {
            if (!bIdentityInsert)
                continue;

            GIntBig nFID = poFeature->GetFID();
            if (nFID == OGRNullFID)
            {
                papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_NULL_DATA;
                /* set NULL */
                if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_NULL_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                    return OGRERR_FAILURE;
            }
            else
            {
                papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_VARLEN_DATA;
                snprintf((char *)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData, 8000,
                         CPL_FRMT_GIB, nFID);

                if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_VARLEN_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                    return OGRERR_FAILURE;
            }
        }
        else if (iField < poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount() &&
                 iCol == panFieldOrdinals[iField])
        {
            OGRFieldDefn *poFDefn = poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(iField);

            if (papstBindBuffer[iCol] == nullptr)
            {
                ++iField;
                continue; /* column requires no data */
            }

            if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTInteger)
            {
                /* int */
                if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(iField))
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->Integer.iIndicator = SQL_NULL_DATA;
                else
                {
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->Integer.iIndicator =
                        sizeof(papstBindBuffer[iCol]->Integer.Value);
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->Integer.Value =
                        poFeature->GetFieldAsInteger(iField);
                }
            }
            else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTInteger64)
            {
                /* bigint */
                if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(iField))
                {
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_NULL_DATA;
                    /* set NULL */
                    if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_NULL_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else
                {
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_VARLEN_DATA;
                    snprintf((char *)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData, 8000,
                             "%s", poFeature->GetFieldAsString(iField));

                    if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_VARLEN_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
            }
            else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTReal)
            {
                /* float */
                if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(iField))
                {
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_NULL_DATA;
                    /* set NULL */
                    if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_NULL_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else
                {
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_VARLEN_DATA;
                    snprintf((char *)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData, 8000,
                             "%s", poFeature->GetFieldAsString(iField));

                    if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_VARLEN_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
            }
            else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTString)
            {
                /* nvarchar */
                if (poFDefn->GetWidth() != 0)
                {
                    if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(iField))
                    {
                        papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_NULL_DATA;
                        if (Failed2(
                                bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_NULL_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                            return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                    }
                    else
                    {

                        wchar_t *buffer = CPLRecodeToWChar(
                            poFeature->GetFieldAsString(iField), CPL_ENC_UTF8,
                            CPL_ENC_UCS2);
                        const auto nLen = wcslen(buffer);
                        papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize =
                            (SQLLEN)nLen * sizeof(GUInt16);
#if WCHAR_MAX > 0xFFFFu
                        // Shorten each character to a two-byte value, as
                        // expected by the ODBC driver
                        GUInt16 *panBuffer =
                            reinterpret_cast<GUInt16 *>(buffer);
                        for (unsigned int nIndex = 1; nIndex <= nLen;
                             nIndex += 1)
                            panBuffer[nIndex] =
                                static_cast<GUInt16>(buffer[nIndex]);
#endif
                        memcpy(papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData, buffer,
                               papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize +
                                   sizeof(GUInt16));
                        CPLFree(buffer);

                        if (Failed2(bcp_collen(
                                hDBCBCP,
                                (DBINT)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize,
                                iCol + 1)))
                            return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTDate)
            {
                /* date */
                if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(iField))
                {
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_NULL_DATA;
                    /* set NULL */
                    if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_NULL_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else
                {
                    int pnYear;
                    int pnMonth;
                    int pnDay;
                    int pnHour;
                    int pnMinute;
                    float pfSecond;
                    int pnTZFlag;

                    poFeature->GetFieldAsDateTime(iField, &pnYear, &pnMonth,
                                                  &pnDay, &pnHour, &pnMinute,
                                                  &pfSecond, &pnTZFlag);

                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_VARLEN_DATA;
                    snprintf((char *)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData, 8000,
                             "%4d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%06.3f", pnYear, pnMonth,
                             pnDay, pnHour, pnMinute, pfSecond);
                    if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_VARLEN_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
            }
            else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTTime)
            {
                /* time(7) */
                if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(iField))
                {
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_NULL_DATA;
                    /* set NULL */
                    if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_NULL_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else
                {
                    int pnYear;
                    int pnMonth;
                    int pnDay;
                    int pnHour;
                    int pnMinute;
                    float pfSecond;
                    int pnTZFlag;

                    poFeature->GetFieldAsDateTime(iField, &pnYear, &pnMonth,
                                                  &pnDay, &pnHour, &pnMinute,
                                                  &pfSecond, &pnTZFlag);

                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_VARLEN_DATA;
                    snprintf((char *)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData, 8000,
                             "%4d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%06.3f", pnYear, pnMonth,
                             pnDay, pnHour, pnMinute, pfSecond);
                    if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_VARLEN_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
            }
            else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTDateTime)
            {
                /* datetime */
                if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(iField))
                {
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_NULL_DATA;
                    /* set NULL */
                    if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_NULL_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else
                {
                    int pnYear;
                    int pnMonth;
                    int pnDay;
                    int pnHour;
                    int pnMinute;
                    float pfSecond;
                    int pnTZFlag;

                    poFeature->GetFieldAsDateTime(iField, &pnYear, &pnMonth,
                                                  &pnDay, &pnHour, &pnMinute,
                                                  &pfSecond, &pnTZFlag);

                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize = SQL_VARLEN_DATA;
                    snprintf((char *)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.pData, 8000,
                             "%4d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%06.3f", pnYear, pnMonth,
                             pnDay, pnHour, pnMinute, pfSecond);

                    if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_VARLEN_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
            }
            else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTBinary)
            {
                if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(iField))
                {
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize = SQL_NULL_DATA;
                    /* set NULL */
                    if (Failed2(bcp_collen(hDBCBCP, SQL_NULL_DATA, iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
                else
                {
                    /* image */
                    int nLen;
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.pData =
                        poFeature->GetFieldAsBinary(iField, &nLen);
                    papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize = nLen;

                    /* set data length */
                    if (Failed2(bcp_collen(
                            hDBCBCP,
                            (DBINT)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize,
                            iCol + 1)))
                        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(
                    CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "Filed %s with type %s is not supported for bulk insert.",
                    poFDefn->GetNameRef(),
                    OGRFieldDefn::GetFieldTypeName(poFDefn->GetType()));

                return OGRERR_FAILURE;
            }

            ++iField;
        }
    }

    /* send row */
    if (Failed2(bcp_sendrow(hDBCBCP)))
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;

    /* send dynamic data */
    iField = 0;
    for (iCol = 0; iCol < nRawColumns; iCol++)
    {
        if (iCol == nGeomColumnIndex)
        {
            if (papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize != SQL_NULL_DATA)
            {
                if (Failed2(bcp_moretext(
                        hDBCBCP, (DBINT)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize,
                        papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.pData)))
                {
                }
                CPLFree(papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.pData);
                if (Failed2(bcp_moretext(hDBCBCP, 0, nullptr)))
                {
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (Failed2(bcp_moretext(hDBCBCP, SQL_NULL_DATA, nullptr)))
                {
                }
            }
        }
        else if (iCol == nFIDColumnIndex)
        {
            /* TODO */
            continue;
        }
        else if (iField < poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount() &&
                 iCol == panFieldOrdinals[iField])
        {
            OGRFieldDefn *poFDefn = poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(iField);

            if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTString)
            {
                if (poFDefn->GetWidth() == 0)
                {
                    if (poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(iField))
                    {
                        const char *pszStr =
                            poFeature->GetFieldAsString(iField);
                        if (pszStr[0] != 0)
                        {
                            wchar_t *buffer = CPLRecodeToWChar(
                                poFeature->GetFieldAsString(iField),
                                CPL_ENC_UTF8, CPL_ENC_UCS2);
                            const auto nLen = wcslen(buffer);
                            papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize =
                                (SQLLEN)nLen * sizeof(GUInt16);
#if WCHAR_MAX > 0xFFFFu
                            // Shorten each character to a two-byte value, as
                            // expected by the ODBC driver
                            GUInt16 *panBuffer =
                                reinterpret_cast<GUInt16 *>(buffer);
                            for (unsigned int nIndex = 1; nIndex <= nLen;
                                 nIndex += 1)
                                panBuffer[nIndex] =
                                    static_cast<GUInt16>(buffer[nIndex]);
#endif
                            if (Failed2(bcp_moretext(
                                    hDBCBCP,
                                    (DBINT)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->VarChar.nSize,
                                    (LPCBYTE)buffer)))
                            {
                            }

                            CPLFree(buffer);
                        }

                        if (Failed2(bcp_moretext(hDBCBCP, 0, nullptr)))
                        {
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (Failed2(
                                bcp_moretext(hDBCBCP, SQL_NULL_DATA, nullptr)))
                        {
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (poFDefn->GetType() == OFTBinary)
            {
                if (papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize != SQL_NULL_DATA)
                {
                    if (papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize > 0)
                    {
                        if (Failed2(bcp_moretext(
                                hDBCBCP,
                                (DBINT)papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.nSize,
                                papstBindBuffer[iCol]->RawData.pData)))
                        {
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        Failed2(bcp_moretext(hDBCBCP, 0, nullptr));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    if (Failed2(bcp_moretext(hDBCBCP, SQL_NULL_DATA, nullptr)))
                    {
                    }
                }
            }
            ++iField;
        }
    }

    if (++nBCPCount >= nBCPSize)
    {
        /* commit */
        int nRecNum = bcp_batch(hDBCBCP);
        if (nRecNum == -1)
            Failed2(nRecNum);

        nBCPCount = 0;
    }

    return OGRERR_NONE;
}
#endif /* MSSQL_BCP_SUPPORTED */

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ICreateFeature()                            */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::ICreateFeature(OGRFeature *poFeature)

{
    if (!bUpdateAccess)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported, UNSUPPORTED_OP_READ_ONLY,
                 "CreateFeature");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    GetLayerDefn();

    if (nullptr == poFeature)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "NULL pointer to OGRFeature passed to CreateFeature().");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

#if (ODBCVER >= 0x0300) && defined(MSSQL_BCP_SUPPORTED)
    if (bUseCopy && !m_bHasUUIDColumn)
    {
        return CreateFeatureBCP(poFeature);
    }
#endif

    ClearStatement();

    CPLODBCSession *poSession = poDS->GetSession();

    /* the fid values are retrieved from the source layer */
    CPLODBCStatement oStatement(poSession);

    if (poFeature->GetFID() != OGRNullFID && pszFIDColumn != nullptr &&
        bIsIdentityFid)
        oStatement.Appendf("SET IDENTITY_INSERT [%s].[%s] ON;", pszSchemaName,
                           pszTableName);

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Form the INSERT command.                                        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    oStatement.Appendf("INSERT INTO [%s].[%s] ", pszSchemaName, pszTableName);

    OGRGeometry *poGeom = poFeature->GetGeometryRef();
    GIntBig nFID = poFeature->GetFID();
    if (bUseGeometryValidation && poGeom != nullptr)
    {
        OGRMSSQLGeometryValidator oValidator(poGeom, nGeomColumnType);
        if (!oValidator.IsValid())
        {
            oValidator.MakeValid(poGeom);
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                     "Geometry with FID = " CPL_FRMT_GIB
                     " has been modified to valid geometry.",
                     poFeature->GetFID());
        }
    }

    int bNeedComma = FALSE;

    if (poGeom != nullptr && pszGeomColumn != nullptr)
    {
        oStatement.Append("([");
        oStatement.Append(pszGeomColumn);
        oStatement.Append("]");
        bNeedComma = TRUE;
    }

    if (nFID != OGRNullFID && pszFIDColumn != nullptr)
    {
        if (!CPL_INT64_FITS_ON_INT32(nFID) &&
            GetMetadataItem(OLMD_FID64) == nullptr)
        {
            /* MSSQL server doesn't support modifying pk columns without
             * recreating the field */
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Failed to create feature with large integer fid. "
                     "The FID64 layer creation option should be used.");

            return OGRERR_FAILURE;
        }

        if (bNeedComma)
            oStatement.Appendf(", [%s]", pszFIDColumn);
        else
        {
            oStatement.Appendf("([%s]", pszFIDColumn);
            bNeedComma = TRUE;
        }
    }

    int nFieldCount = poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount();

    int bind_num = 0;
    void **bind_buffer = (void **)CPLMalloc(sizeof(void *) * (nFieldCount + 1));
#ifdef SQL_SS_UDT
    SQLLEN *bind_datalen =
        (SQLLEN *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(SQLLEN) * (nFieldCount + 1));
#endif

    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < nFieldCount; i++)
    {
        if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(i))
            continue;

        if (bNeedComma)
            oStatement.Appendf(", [%s]",
                               poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(i)->GetNameRef());
        else
        {
            oStatement.Appendf("([%s]",
                               poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(i)->GetNameRef());
            bNeedComma = TRUE;
        }
    }

    SQLLEN nWKBLenBindParameter;
    if (oStatement.GetCommand()[strlen(oStatement.GetCommand()) - 1] != ']')
    {
        /* no fields were added */

        if (nFID == OGRNullFID && pszFIDColumn != nullptr &&
            (bIsIdentityFid || poDS->AlwaysOutputFid()))
            oStatement.Appendf(" OUTPUT INSERTED.[%s] DEFAULT VALUES;",
                               GetFIDColumn());
        else
            oStatement.Appendf("DEFAULT VALUES;");
    }
    else
    {
        /* prepend VALUES section */
        if (nFID == OGRNullFID && pszFIDColumn != nullptr &&
            (bIsIdentityFid || poDS->AlwaysOutputFid()))
            oStatement.Appendf(") OUTPUT INSERTED.[%s] VALUES (",
                               GetFIDColumn());
        else
            oStatement.Appendf(") VALUES (");

        /* Set the geometry */
        bNeedComma = FALSE;
        if (poGeom != nullptr && pszGeomColumn != nullptr)
        {
            int nOutgoingSRSId = 0;

            // Use the SRID specified by the provided feature's geometry, if
            // its spatial-reference system is known; otherwise, use the SRID
            // associated with the table
            const OGRSpatialReference *poFeatureSRS =
                poGeom->getSpatialReference();
            if (poFeatureSRS)
                nOutgoingSRSId = poDS->FetchSRSId(poFeatureSRS);
            if (nOutgoingSRSId <= 0)
                nOutgoingSRSId = nSRSId;

            if (nUploadGeometryFormat == MSSQLGEOMETRY_NATIVE)
            {
#ifdef SQL_SS_UDT
                OGRMSSQLGeometryWriter poWriter(poGeom, nGeomColumnType,
                                                nOutgoingSRSId);
                bind_datalen[bind_num] = poWriter.GetDataLen();
                GByte *pabyData =
                    (GByte *)CPLMalloc(bind_datalen[bind_num] + 1);
                if (poWriter.WriteSqlGeometry(
                        pabyData, (int)bind_datalen[bind_num]) == OGRERR_NONE)
                {
                    SQLHANDLE ipd;
                    if ((!poSession->Failed(SQLBindParameter(
                            oStatement.GetStatement(),
                            (SQLUSMALLINT)(bind_num + 1), SQL_PARAM_INPUT,
                            SQL_C_BINARY, SQL_SS_UDT, SQL_SS_LENGTH_UNLIMITED,
                            0, (SQLPOINTER)pabyData, bind_datalen[bind_num],
                            (SQLLEN *)&bind_datalen[bind_num]))) &&
                        (!poSession->Failed(SQLGetStmtAttr(
                            oStatement.GetStatement(), SQL_ATTR_IMP_PARAM_DESC,
                            &ipd, 0, nullptr))) &&
                        (!poSession->Failed(SQLSetDescField(
                            ipd, 1, SQL_CA_SS_UDT_TYPE_NAME,
                            const_cast<char *>(nGeomColumnType ==
                                                       MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY
                                                   ? "geography"
                                                   : "geometry"),
                            SQL_NTS))))
                    {
                        oStatement.Append("?");
                        bind_buffer[bind_num] = pabyData;
                        ++bind_num;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        oStatement.Append("null");
                        CPLFree(pabyData);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    oStatement.Append("null");
                    CPLFree(pabyData);
                }
#else
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Native geometry upload is not supported");

                // No need to free bind_buffer[i] since bind_num == 0 in that
                // branch
                CPLFree(bind_buffer);

                return OGRERR_FAILURE;
#endif
                // CPLFree(pabyData);
            }
            else if (nUploadGeometryFormat == MSSQLGEOMETRY_WKB)
            {
                const size_t nWKBLen = poGeom->WkbSize();
                GByte *pabyWKB = (GByte *)VSI_MALLOC_VERBOSE(
                    nWKBLen + 1);  // do we need the +1 ?
                if (pabyWKB == nullptr)
                {
                    oStatement.Append("null");
                }
                else if (poGeom->exportToWkb(wkbNDR, pabyWKB, wkbVariantIso) ==
                             OGRERR_NONE &&
                         (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOMETRY ||
                          nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY))
                {
                    nWKBLenBindParameter = nWKBLen;
                    int nRetCode = SQLBindParameter(
                        oStatement.GetStatement(), (SQLUSMALLINT)(bind_num + 1),
                        SQL_PARAM_INPUT, SQL_C_BINARY, SQL_LONGVARBINARY,
                        nWKBLen, 0, (SQLPOINTER)pabyWKB, nWKBLen,
                        &nWKBLenBindParameter);
                    if (nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS ||
                        nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
                    {
                        if (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY)
                        {
                            oStatement.Append("geography::STGeomFromWKB(?");
                            oStatement.Appendf(",%d)", nOutgoingSRSId);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            oStatement.Append("geometry::STGeomFromWKB(?");
                            oStatement.Appendf(",%d).MakeValid()",
                                               nOutgoingSRSId);
                        }
                        bind_buffer[bind_num] = pabyWKB;
                        ++bind_num;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        oStatement.Append("null");
                        CPLFree(pabyWKB);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    oStatement.Append("null");
                    CPLFree(pabyWKB);
                }
            }
            else if (nUploadGeometryFormat == MSSQLGEOMETRY_WKT)
            {
                char *pszWKT = nullptr;
                if (poGeom->exportToWkt(&pszWKT) == OGRERR_NONE &&
                    (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOMETRY ||
                     nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY))
                {
                    size_t nLen = 0;
                    while (pszWKT[nLen] != '\0')
                        nLen++;

                    int nRetCode = SQLBindParameter(
                        oStatement.GetStatement(), (SQLUSMALLINT)(bind_num + 1),
                        SQL_PARAM_INPUT, SQL_C_CHAR, SQL_LONGVARCHAR, nLen, 0,
                        (SQLPOINTER)pszWKT, 0, nullptr);
                    if (nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS ||
                        nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
                    {
                        if (nGeomColumnType == MSSQLCOLTYPE_GEOGRAPHY)
                        {
                            oStatement.Append("geography::STGeomFromText(?");
                            oStatement.Appendf(",%d)", nOutgoingSRSId);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            oStatement.Append("geometry::STGeomFromText(?");
                            oStatement.Appendf(",%d).MakeValid()",
                                               nOutgoingSRSId);
                        }
                        bind_buffer[bind_num] = pszWKT;
                        ++bind_num;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        oStatement.Append("null");
                        CPLFree(pszWKT);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    oStatement.Append("null");
                    CPLFree(pszWKT);
                }
            }
            else
                oStatement.Append("null");

            bNeedComma = TRUE;
        }

        /* Set the FID */
        if (nFID != OGRNullFID && pszFIDColumn != nullptr)
        {
            if (bNeedComma)
                oStatement.Appendf(", " CPL_FRMT_GIB, nFID);
            else
            {
                oStatement.Appendf(CPL_FRMT_GIB, nFID);
                bNeedComma = TRUE;
            }
        }

        for (i = 0; i < nFieldCount; i++)
        {
            if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(i))
                continue;

            if (bNeedComma)
                oStatement.Append(", ");
            else
                bNeedComma = TRUE;

            AppendFieldValue(&oStatement, poFeature, i, &bind_num, bind_buffer);
        }

        oStatement.Append(");");
    }

    if (nFID != OGRNullFID && pszFIDColumn != nullptr && bIsIdentityFid)
        oStatement.Appendf("SET IDENTITY_INSERT [%s].[%s] OFF;", pszSchemaName,
                           pszTableName);

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Execute the insert.                                             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    if (!oStatement.ExecuteSQL())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "INSERT command for new feature failed. %s",
                 poDS->GetSession()->GetLastError());

        for (i = 0; i < bind_num; i++)
            CPLFree(bind_buffer[i]);
        CPLFree(bind_buffer);

#ifdef SQL_SS_UDT
        CPLFree(bind_datalen);
#endif

        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }
    else if (nFID == OGRNullFID && pszFIDColumn != nullptr &&
             (bIsIdentityFid || poDS->AlwaysOutputFid()))
    {
        // fetch new ID and set it into the feature
        if (oStatement.Fetch())
        {
            GIntBig newID = atoll(oStatement.GetColData(0));
            poFeature->SetFID(newID);
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < bind_num; i++)
        CPLFree(bind_buffer[i]);
    CPLFree(bind_buffer);

#ifdef SQL_SS_UDT
    CPLFree(bind_datalen);
#endif

    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          AppendFieldValue()                          */
/*                                                                      */
/* Used by CreateFeature() and SetFeature() to format a                 */
/* non-empty field value                                                */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMSSQLSpatialTableLayer::AppendFieldValue(CPLODBCStatement *poStatement,
                                                 OGRFeature *poFeature, int i,
                                                 int *bind_num,
                                                 void **bind_buffer)
{
    int nOGRFieldType = poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(i)->GetType();
    int nOGRFieldSubType = poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(i)->GetSubType();

    // We need special formatting for integer list values.
    if (nOGRFieldType == OFTIntegerList)
    {
        // TODO
        poStatement->Append("null");
        return;
    }

    // We need special formatting for real list values.
    else if (nOGRFieldType == OFTRealList)
    {
        // TODO
        poStatement->Append("null");
        return;
    }

    // We need special formatting for string list values.
    else if (nOGRFieldType == OFTStringList)
    {
        // TODO
        poStatement->Append("null");
        return;
    }

    // Binary formatting
    if (nOGRFieldType == OFTBinary)
    {
        int nLen = 0;
        GByte *pabyData = poFeature->GetFieldAsBinary(i, &nLen);
        char *pszBytes = GByteArrayToHexString(pabyData, nLen);
        poStatement->Append(pszBytes);
        CPLFree(pszBytes);
        return;
    }

    // Datetime values need special handling as SQL Server's datetime type
    // accepts values only in ISO 8601 format and only without time zone
    // information
    else if (nOGRFieldType == OFTDateTime)
    {
        char *pszStrValue = OGRGetXMLDateTime((*poFeature)[i].GetRawValue());

        int nRetCode = SQLBindParameter(
            poStatement->GetStatement(), (SQLUSMALLINT)((*bind_num) + 1),
            SQL_PARAM_INPUT, SQL_C_CHAR, SQL_VARCHAR, strlen(pszStrValue) + 1,
            0, (SQLPOINTER)pszStrValue, 0, nullptr);
        if (nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS || nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
        {
            bind_buffer[*bind_num] = pszStrValue;
            ++(*bind_num);
            poStatement->Append("CAST(CAST(? AS datetimeoffset) AS datetime)");
        }
        else
        {
            poStatement->Append(CPLSPrintf(
                "CAST(CAST('%s' AS datetimeoffset) AS datetime)", pszStrValue));
            CPLFree(pszStrValue);
        }
        return;
    }

    // Flag indicating NULL or not-a-date date value
    // e.g. 0000-00-00 - there is no year 0
    OGRBoolean bIsDateNull = FALSE;

    const char *pszStrValue = poFeature->GetFieldAsString(i);

    // Check if date is NULL: 0000-00-00
    if (nOGRFieldType == OFTDate)
    {
        if (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszStrValue, "0000"))
        {
            pszStrValue = "null";
            bIsDateNull = TRUE;
        }
    }
    else if (nOGRFieldType == OFTReal)
    {
        char *pszComma = strchr((char *)pszStrValue, ',');
        if (pszComma)
            *pszComma = '.';
    }

    if (nOGRFieldType != OFTInteger && nOGRFieldType != OFTInteger64 &&
        nOGRFieldType != OFTReal && !bIsDateNull)
    {
        if (nOGRFieldType == OFTString)
        {
            if (nOGRFieldSubType == OFSTUUID)
            {
                int nRetCode =
                    SQLBindParameter(poStatement->GetStatement(),
                                     (SQLUSMALLINT)((*bind_num) + 1),
                                     SQL_PARAM_INPUT, SQL_C_CHAR, SQL_GUID, 16,
                                     0, (SQLPOINTER)pszStrValue, 0, nullptr);
                if (nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS ||
                    nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
                {
                    poStatement->Append("?");
                    bind_buffer[*bind_num] = CPLStrdup(pszStrValue);
                    ++(*bind_num);
                }
                else
                {
                    OGRMSSQLAppendEscaped(poStatement, pszStrValue);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                // bind UTF8 as unicode parameter
                wchar_t *buffer =
                    CPLRecodeToWChar(pszStrValue, CPL_ENC_UTF8, CPL_ENC_UCS2);
                size_t nLen = wcslen(buffer) + 1;
                if (nLen > 4000)
                {
                    /* need to handle nvarchar(max) */
#ifdef SQL_SS_LENGTH_UNLIMITED
                    nLen = SQL_SS_LENGTH_UNLIMITED;
#else
                    /* for older drivers truncate the data to 4000 chars */
                    buffer[4000] = 0;
                    nLen = 4000;
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "String data truncation applied on field: %s. Use "
                             "a more recent ODBC driver that supports handling "
                             "large string values.",
                             poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(i)->GetNameRef());
#endif
                }
#if WCHAR_MAX > 0xFFFFu
                // Shorten each character to a two-byte value, as expected by
                // the ODBC driver
                GUInt16 *panBuffer = reinterpret_cast<GUInt16 *>(buffer);
                for (unsigned int nIndex = 1; nIndex < nLen; nIndex += 1)
                    panBuffer[nIndex] = static_cast<GUInt16>(buffer[nIndex]);
#endif
                int nRetCode =
                    SQLBindParameter(poStatement->GetStatement(),
                                     (SQLUSMALLINT)((*bind_num) + 1),
                                     SQL_PARAM_INPUT, SQL_C_WCHAR, SQL_WVARCHAR,
                                     nLen, 0, (SQLPOINTER)buffer, 0, nullptr);
                if (nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS ||
                    nRetCode == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
                {
                    poStatement->Append("?");
                    bind_buffer[*bind_num] = buffer;
                    ++(*bind_num);
                }
                else
                {
                    OGRMSSQLAppendEscaped(poStatement, pszStrValue);
                    CPLFree(buffer);
                }
            }
        }
        else
            OGRMSSQLAppendEscaped(poStatement, pszStrValue);
    }
    else
    {
        poStatement->Append(pszStrValue);
    }
}
