/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  GDAL MBTiles driver
 * Purpose:  Implement GDAL MBTiles support using OGR SQLite driver
 * Author:   Even Rouault, Even Rouault <even.rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 **********************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2012-2016, Even Rouault <even.rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 ****************************************************************************/

#if defined(HAVE_SQLITE) && defined(HAVE_GEOS)
// Needed by mvtutils.h
#define HAVE_MVT_WRITE_SUPPORT
#endif

#include "gdal_frmts.h"
#include "gdal_pam.h"
#include "ogr_api.h"
#include "cpl_json.h"
#include "cpl_vsil_curl_priv.h"
#include "gpkgmbtilescommon.h"
#include "gdal_utils.h"
#include "gdalwarper.h"
#include "mvtutils.h"
#include "ogrsqlitevfs.h"
#include "ogrsqlitebase.h"

#include "zlib.h"
#include "ogrlibjsonutils.h"

#include <math.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <memory>
#include <vector>

static const char *const apszAllowedDrivers[] = {"JPEG", "PNG", "WEBP",
                                                 nullptr};

#define SRS_EPSG_3857                                                          \
    "PROJCS[\"WGS 84 / Pseudo-Mercator\",GEOGCS[\"WGS "                        \
    "84\",DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS "                                  \
    "84\",6378137,298.257223563,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],AUTHORITY["      \
    "\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]]" \
    ",UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],"       \
    "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]],PROJECTION[\"Mercator_1SP\"],PARAMETER["    \
    "\"central_meridian\",0],PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",1],PARAMETER[\"false_" \
    "easting\",0],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],UNIT[\"metre\",1,AUTHORITY[" \
    "\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],AXIS[\"X\",EAST],AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],EXTENSION["        \
    "\"PROJ4\",\"+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0.0 +lon_0=0.0 "     \
    "+x_0=0.0 +y_0=0 +k=1.0 +units=m +nadgrids=@null +wktext  "                \
    "+no_defs\"],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"3857\"]]"

#define SPHERICAL_RADIUS 6378137.0
#define MAX_GM (SPHERICAL_RADIUS * M_PI)  // 20037508.342789244

// TileMatrixSet origin : caution this is in GeoPackage / WMTS convention ! That
// is upper-left corner
#define TMS_ORIGIN_X -MAX_GM
#define TMS_ORIGIN_Y MAX_GM

#if defined(DEBUG) || defined(FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION) ||     \
    defined(ALLOW_FORMAT_DUMPS)
// Enable accepting a SQL dump (starting with a "-- SQL MBTILES" line) as a
// valid file. This makes fuzzer life easier
#define ENABLE_SQL_SQLITE_FORMAT
#endif

constexpr int knDEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE = 256;

class MBTilesBand;

/************************************************************************/
/*                         MBTILESOpenSQLiteDB()                        */
/************************************************************************/

static GDALDatasetH MBTILESOpenSQLiteDB(const char *pszFilename,
                                        GDALAccess eAccess)
{
    const char *l_apszAllowedDrivers[] = {"SQLITE", nullptr};
    return GDALOpenEx((CPLString("SQLITE:") + pszFilename).c_str(),
                      GDAL_OF_VECTOR | GDAL_OF_INTERNAL |
                          ((eAccess == GA_Update) ? GDAL_OF_UPDATE : 0),
                      l_apszAllowedDrivers, nullptr, nullptr);
}

/************************************************************************/
/* ==================================================================== */
/*                              MBTilesDataset                          */
/* ==================================================================== */
/************************************************************************/

class MBTilesDataset final : public GDALPamDataset,
                             public GDALGPKGMBTilesLikePseudoDataset
{
    friend class MBTilesBand;
    friend class MBTilesVectorLayer;

  public:
    MBTilesDataset();

    virtual ~MBTilesDataset();

    virtual CPLErr GetGeoTransform(double *padfGeoTransform) override;
    virtual CPLErr SetGeoTransform(double *padfGeoTransform) override;
    const OGRSpatialReference *GetSpatialRef() const override;
    CPLErr SetSpatialRef(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS) override;

    virtual char **GetMetadataDomainList() override;
    virtual char **GetMetadata(const char *pszDomain = "") override;
    virtual const char *GetMetadataItem(const char *pszName,
                                        const char *pszDomain = "") override;

    virtual CPLErr IBuildOverviews(const char *pszResampling, int nOverviews,
                                   const int *panOverviewList, int nBandsIn,
                                   const int * /* panBandList */,
                                   GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                   void *pProgressData,
                                   CSLConstList papszOptions) override;

    virtual int GetLayerCount() override
    {
        return static_cast<int>(m_apoLayers.size());
    }

    virtual OGRLayer *GetLayer(int) override;

    static GDALDataset *Open(GDALOpenInfo *);
    static int Identify(GDALOpenInfo *);
    static GDALDataset *Create(const char *pszFilename, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                               int nBandsIn, GDALDataType eDT,
                               char **papszOptions);
    static GDALDataset *CreateCopy(const char *pszFilename,
                                   GDALDataset *poSrcDS, int bStrict,
                                   char **papszOptions,
                                   GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                   void *pProgressData);

    char *FindKey(int iPixel, int iLine);

    bool HasNonEmptyGrids();

  private:
    bool m_bWriteBounds;
    CPLString m_osBounds;
    CPLString m_osCenter;
    bool m_bWriteMinMaxZoom;
    MBTilesDataset *poMainDS;
    bool m_bGeoTransformValid;
    double m_adfGeoTransform[6];
    int m_nMinZoomLevel = 0;
    OGRSpatialReference m_oSRS{};

    int m_nOverviewCount;
    MBTilesDataset **m_papoOverviewDS;

    GDALDatasetH hDS;
    sqlite3 *hDB;

    sqlite3_vfs *pMyVFS;

    bool bFetchedMetadata;
    CPLStringList aosList;

    int nHasNonEmptyGrids;

    bool m_bInFlushCache;

    CPLString m_osMetadataMemFilename;
    CPLString m_osClip;
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OGRLayer>> m_apoLayers;

    void ParseCompressionOptions(char **papszOptions);
    CPLErr FinalizeRasterRegistration();
    void ComputeTileAndPixelShifts();
    bool InitRaster(MBTilesDataset *poParentDS, int nZoomLevel, int nBandCount,
                    int nTileSize, double dfGDALMinX, double dfGDALMinY,
                    double dfGDALMaxX, double dfGDALMaxY);

    bool CreateInternal(const char *pszFilename, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                        int nBandsIn, GDALDataType eDT, char **papszOptions);
    void InitVector(double dfMinX, double dfMinY, double dfMaxX, double dfMaxY,
                    bool bZoomLevelFromSpatialFilter, bool bJsonField);

  protected:
    // Coming from GDALGPKGMBTilesLikePseudoDataset

    virtual CPLErr IFlushCacheWithErrCode(bool bAtClosing) override;

    virtual int IGetRasterCount() override
    {
        return nBands;
    }

    virtual GDALRasterBand *IGetRasterBand(int nBand) override
    {
        return GetRasterBand(nBand);
    }

    virtual sqlite3 *IGetDB() override
    {
        return hDB;
    }

    virtual bool IGetUpdate() override
    {
        return eAccess == GA_Update;
    }

    virtual bool ICanIWriteBlock() override;
    virtual OGRErr IStartTransaction() override;
    virtual OGRErr ICommitTransaction() override;

    virtual const char *IGetFilename() override
    {
        return GetDescription();
    }

    virtual int GetRowFromIntoTopConvention(int nRow) override;
};

/************************************************************************/
/* ==================================================================== */
/*                          MBTilesVectorLayer                          */
/* ==================================================================== */
/************************************************************************/

class MBTilesVectorLayer final : public OGRLayer
{
    MBTilesDataset *m_poDS = nullptr;
    OGRFeatureDefn *m_poFeatureDefn = nullptr;
    OGRLayerH m_hTileIteratorLyr = nullptr;
    bool m_bEOF = false;
    CPLString m_osTmpFilename;
    GDALDatasetH m_hTileDS = nullptr;
    GIntBig m_nFeatureCount = -1;
    int m_nX = 0;
    int m_nY = 0;
    OGREnvelope m_sExtent;
    int m_nFilterMinX = 0;
    int m_nFilterMinY = 0;
    int m_nFilterMaxX = 0;
    int m_nFilterMaxY = 0;
    int m_nZoomLevel = 0;
    bool m_bZoomLevelAuto = false;
    bool m_bJsonField = false;

    OGRFeature *GetNextRawFeature();
    OGRFeature *GetNextSrcFeature();
    OGRFeature *CreateFeatureFrom(OGRFeature *poSrcFeature);

  public:
    MBTilesVectorLayer(MBTilesDataset *poDS, const char *pszLayerName,
                       const CPLJSONObject &oFields,
                       const CPLJSONArray &oAttributesFromTileStats,
                       bool bJsonField, double dfMinX, double dfMinY,
                       double dfMaxX, double dfMaxY,
                       OGRwkbGeometryType eGeomType,
                       bool bZoomLevelFromSpatialFilter);
    ~MBTilesVectorLayer();

    virtual void ResetReading() override;
    virtual OGRFeature *GetNextFeature() override;

    virtual OGRFeatureDefn *GetLayerDefn() override
    {
        return m_poFeatureDefn;
    }

    virtual GIntBig GetFeatureCount(int bForce) override;
    virtual int TestCapability(const char *) override;

    OGRErr GetExtent(OGREnvelope *psExtent, int bForce) override;

    virtual OGRErr GetExtent(int iGeomField, OGREnvelope *psExtent,
                             int bForce) override
    {
        return OGRLayer::GetExtent(iGeomField, psExtent, bForce);
    }

    virtual void SetSpatialFilter(OGRGeometry *) override;

    virtual void SetSpatialFilter(int iGeomField, OGRGeometry *poGeom) override
    {
        OGRLayer::SetSpatialFilter(iGeomField, poGeom);
    }

    virtual OGRFeature *GetFeature(GIntBig nFID) override;
};

/************************************************************************/
/* ==================================================================== */
/*                              MBTilesBand                             */
/* ==================================================================== */
/************************************************************************/

class MBTilesBand final : public GDALGPKGMBTilesLikeRasterBand
{
    friend class MBTilesDataset;

    CPLString osLocationInfo;

  public:
    explicit MBTilesBand(MBTilesDataset *poDS, int nTileSize);

    virtual int GetOverviewCount() override;
    virtual GDALRasterBand *GetOverview(int nLevel) override;

    virtual char **GetMetadataDomainList() override;
    virtual const char *GetMetadataItem(const char *pszName,
                                        const char *pszDomain = "") override;
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                            MBTilesBand()                             */
/************************************************************************/

MBTilesBand::MBTilesBand(MBTilesDataset *poDSIn, int nTileSize)
    : GDALGPKGMBTilesLikeRasterBand(poDSIn, nTileSize, nTileSize)
{
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           utf8decode()                               */
/************************************************************************/

static unsigned utf8decode(const char *p, const char *end, int *len)
{
    unsigned char c = *(unsigned char *)p;
    if (c < 0x80)
    {
        *len = 1;
        return c;
    }
    else if (c < 0xc2)
    {
        goto FAIL;
    }
    if (p + 1 >= end || (p[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80)
        goto FAIL;
    if (c < 0xe0)
    {
        *len = 2;
        return ((p[0] & 0x1f) << 6) + ((p[1] & 0x3f));
    }
    else if (c == 0xe0)
    {
        if (((unsigned char *)p)[1] < 0xa0)
            goto FAIL;
        goto UTF8_3;
    }
#if STRICT_RFC3629
    else if (c == 0xed)
    {
        // RFC 3629 says surrogate chars are illegal.
        if (((unsigned char *)p)[1] >= 0xa0)
            goto FAIL;
        goto UTF8_3;
    }
    else if (c == 0xef)
    {
        // 0xfffe and 0xffff are also illegal characters
        if (((unsigned char *)p)[1] == 0xbf && ((unsigned char *)p)[2] >= 0xbe)
            goto FAIL;
        goto UTF8_3;
    }
#endif
    else if (c < 0xf0)
    {
    UTF8_3:
        if (p + 2 >= end || (p[2] & 0xc0) != 0x80)
            goto FAIL;
        *len = 3;
        return ((p[0] & 0x0f) << 12) + ((p[1] & 0x3f) << 6) + ((p[2] & 0x3f));
    }
    else if (c == 0xf0)
    {
        if (((unsigned char *)p)[1] < 0x90)
            goto FAIL;
        goto UTF8_4;
    }
    else if (c < 0xf4)
    {
    UTF8_4:
        if (p + 3 >= end || (p[2] & 0xc0) != 0x80 || (p[3] & 0xc0) != 0x80)
            goto FAIL;
        *len = 4;
#if STRICT_RFC3629
        // RFC 3629 says all codes ending in fffe or ffff are illegal:
        if ((p[1] & 0xf) == 0xf && ((unsigned char *)p)[2] == 0xbf &&
            ((unsigned char *)p)[3] >= 0xbe)
            goto FAIL;
#endif
        return ((p[0] & 0x07) << 18) + ((p[1] & 0x3f) << 12) +
               ((p[2] & 0x3f) << 6) + ((p[3] & 0x3f));
    }
    else if (c == 0xf4)
    {
        if (((unsigned char *)p)[1] > 0x8f)
            goto FAIL;  // after 0x10ffff
        goto UTF8_4;
    }
    else
    {
    FAIL:
        *len = 1;
        return 0xfffd;  // Unicode REPLACEMENT CHARACTER
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          HasNonEmptyGrids()                          */
/************************************************************************/

bool MBTilesDataset::HasNonEmptyGrids()
{
    OGRLayerH hSQLLyr;
    OGRFeatureH hFeat;

    if (poMainDS)
        return poMainDS->HasNonEmptyGrids();

    if (nHasNonEmptyGrids >= 0)
        return nHasNonEmptyGrids != FALSE;

    nHasNonEmptyGrids = false;

    if (GDALDatasetGetLayerByName(hDS, "grids") == nullptr)
        return false;

    const char *pszSQL = "SELECT type FROM sqlite_master WHERE name = 'grids'";
    CPLDebug("MBTILES", "%s", pszSQL);
    hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(hDS, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr);
    if (hSQLLyr == nullptr)
        return false;

    hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
    if (hFeat == nullptr || !OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 0))
    {
        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
        return false;
    }

    bool bGridsIsView = strcmp(OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeat, 0), "view") == 0;

    OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
    GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);

    nHasNonEmptyGrids = TRUE;

    /* In the case 'grids' is a view (and a join between the 'map' and
     * 'grid_utfgrid' layers */
    /* the cost of evaluating a join is very long, even if grid_utfgrid is empty
     */
    /* so check it is not empty */
    if (bGridsIsView)
    {
        OGRLayerH hGridUTFGridLyr;
        hGridUTFGridLyr = GDALDatasetGetLayerByName(hDS, "grid_utfgrid");
        if (hGridUTFGridLyr != nullptr)
        {
            OGR_L_ResetReading(hGridUTFGridLyr);
            hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hGridUTFGridLyr);
            OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);

            nHasNonEmptyGrids = hFeat != nullptr;
        }
    }

    return nHasNonEmptyGrids != FALSE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             FindKey()                                */
/************************************************************************/

char *MBTilesDataset::FindKey(int iPixel, int iLine)
{
    int nBlockXSize;
    int nBlockYSize;
    GetRasterBand(1)->GetBlockSize(&nBlockXSize, &nBlockYSize);

    // Compute shift between GDAL origin and TileMatrixSet origin
    // Caution this is in GeoPackage / WMTS convention ! That is upper-left
    // corner
    const int nShiftXPixels = (int)floor(
        0.5 + (m_adfGeoTransform[0] - TMS_ORIGIN_X) / m_adfGeoTransform[1]);
    const int nShiftYPixelsFromGPKGOrigin = (int)floor(
        0.5 + (m_adfGeoTransform[3] - TMS_ORIGIN_Y) / m_adfGeoTransform[5]);

    const int iLineFromGPKGOrigin = iLine + nShiftYPixelsFromGPKGOrigin;
    const int iLineFromMBTilesOrigin =
        m_nTileMatrixHeight * nBlockYSize - 1 - iLineFromGPKGOrigin;
    const int iPixelFromMBTilesOrigin = iPixel + nShiftXPixels;

    const int nTileColumn = iPixelFromMBTilesOrigin / nBlockXSize;
    const int nTileRow = iLineFromMBTilesOrigin / nBlockYSize;
    int nColInTile = iPixelFromMBTilesOrigin % nBlockXSize;
    int nRowInTile = nBlockYSize - 1 - (iLineFromMBTilesOrigin % nBlockYSize);

    char *pszKey = nullptr;

    OGRLayerH hSQLLyr;
    OGRFeatureH hFeat;
    json_object *poGrid = nullptr;
    int i;

    /* See https://github.com/mapbox/utfgrid-spec/blob/master/1.0/utfgrid.md */
    /* for the explanation of the following process */
    const char *pszSQL =
        CPLSPrintf("SELECT grid FROM grids WHERE "
                   "zoom_level = %d AND tile_column = %d AND tile_row = %d",
                   m_nZoomLevel, nTileColumn, nTileRow);
    CPLDebug("MBTILES", "%s", pszSQL);
    hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(hDS, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr);
    if (hSQLLyr == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
    if (hFeat == nullptr || !OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 0))
    {
        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
        return nullptr;
    }

    int nDataSize = 0;
    GByte *pabyData = OGR_F_GetFieldAsBinary(hFeat, 0, &nDataSize);

    int nUncompressedSize = nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize;
    GByte *pabyUncompressed = (GByte *)VSIMalloc(nUncompressedSize + 1);
    if (pabyUncompressed == nullptr)
    {
        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
        return nullptr;
    }

    z_stream sStream;
    memset(&sStream, 0, sizeof(sStream));
    if (inflateInit(&sStream) != Z_OK)
    {
        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
        CPLFree(pabyUncompressed);
        return nullptr;
    }
    sStream.next_in = pabyData;
    sStream.avail_in = nDataSize;
    sStream.next_out = pabyUncompressed;
    sStream.avail_out = nUncompressedSize;
    int nStatus = inflate(&sStream, Z_FINISH);
    inflateEnd(&sStream);
    if (nStatus != Z_OK && nStatus != Z_STREAM_END)
    {
        CPLDebug("MBTILES", "Error unzipping grid");
        nUncompressedSize = 0;
        pabyUncompressed[nUncompressedSize] = 0;
    }
    else
    {
        nUncompressedSize -= sStream.avail_out;
        pabyUncompressed[nUncompressedSize] = 0;
        // CPLDebug("MBTILES", "Grid size = %d", nUncompressedSize);
        // CPLDebug("MBTILES", "Grid value = %s", (const
        // char*)pabyUncompressed);
    }

    json_object *jsobj = nullptr;

    if (nUncompressedSize == 0)
    {
        goto end;
    }

    if (!OGRJSonParse((const char *)pabyUncompressed, &jsobj, true))
    {
        goto end;
    }

    if (json_object_is_type(jsobj, json_type_object))
    {
        poGrid = CPL_json_object_object_get(jsobj, "grid");
    }
    if (poGrid != nullptr && json_object_is_type(poGrid, json_type_array))
    {
        int nFactor;
        json_object *poRow;
        char *pszRow = nullptr;

        const int nLines = static_cast<int>(json_object_array_length(poGrid));
        if (nLines == 0)
            goto end;

        nFactor = nBlockXSize / nLines;
        nRowInTile /= nFactor;
        nColInTile /= nFactor;

        poRow = json_object_array_get_idx(poGrid, nRowInTile);

        /* Extract line of interest in grid */
        if (poRow != nullptr && json_object_is_type(poRow, json_type_string))
        {
            pszRow = CPLStrdup(json_object_get_string(poRow));
        }

        if (pszRow == nullptr)
            goto end;

        /* Unapply JSON encoding */
        for (i = 0; pszRow[i] != '\0'; i++)
        {
            unsigned char c = ((GByte *)pszRow)[i];
            if (c >= 93)
                c--;
            if (c >= 35)
                c--;
            if (c < 32)
            {
                CPLDebug("MBTILES", "Invalid character at byte %d", i);
                break;
            }
            c -= 32;
            ((GByte *)pszRow)[i] = c;
        }

        if (pszRow[i] == '\0')
        {
            char *pszEnd = pszRow + i;

            int iCol = 0;
            i = 0;
            int nKey = -1;
            while (pszRow + i < pszEnd)
            {
                int len = 0;
                unsigned int res = utf8decode(pszRow + i, pszEnd, &len);

                /* Invalid UTF8 ? */
                if (res > 127 && len == 1)
                    break;

                if (iCol == nColInTile)
                {
                    nKey = (int)res;
                    // CPLDebug("MBTILES", "Key index = %d", nKey);
                    break;
                }
                i += len;
                iCol++;
            }

            /* Find key */
            json_object *poKeys = CPL_json_object_object_get(jsobj, "keys");
            if (nKey >= 0 && poKeys != nullptr &&
                json_object_is_type(poKeys, json_type_array) &&
                nKey < static_cast<int>(json_object_array_length(poKeys)))
            {
                json_object *poKey = json_object_array_get_idx(poKeys, nKey);
                if (poKey != nullptr &&
                    json_object_is_type(poKey, json_type_string))
                {
                    pszKey = CPLStrdup(json_object_get_string(poKey));
                }
            }
        }

        CPLFree(pszRow);
    }

end:
    if (jsobj)
        json_object_put(jsobj);
    VSIFree(pabyUncompressed);
    if (hFeat)
        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
    if (hSQLLyr)
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);

    return pszKey;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GetMetadataDomainList()                         */
/************************************************************************/

char **MBTilesBand::GetMetadataDomainList()
{
    return CSLAddString(GDALPamRasterBand::GetMetadataDomainList(),
                        "LocationInfo");
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetMetadataItem()                            */
/************************************************************************/

const char *MBTilesBand::GetMetadataItem(const char *pszName,
                                         const char *pszDomain)
{
    MBTilesDataset *poGDS = (MBTilesDataset *)poDS;

    /* ==================================================================== */
    /*      LocationInfo handling.                                          */
    /* ==================================================================== */
    if (poGDS->hDS != nullptr && pszDomain != nullptr &&
        EQUAL(pszDomain, "LocationInfo") &&
        (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszName, "Pixel_") ||
         STARTS_WITH_CI(pszName, "GeoPixel_")))
    {
        int iPixel, iLine;

        if (!poGDS->HasNonEmptyGrids())
            return nullptr;

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      What pixel are we aiming at? */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        if (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszName, "Pixel_"))
        {
            if (sscanf(pszName + 6, "%d_%d", &iPixel, &iLine) != 2)
                return nullptr;
        }
        else if (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszName, "GeoPixel_"))
        {
            double adfGeoTransform[6];
            double adfInvGeoTransform[6];
            double dfGeoX, dfGeoY;

            dfGeoX = CPLAtof(pszName + 9);
            const char *pszUnderscore = strchr(pszName + 9, '_');
            if (!pszUnderscore)
                return nullptr;
            dfGeoY = CPLAtof(pszUnderscore + 1);

            if (GetDataset() == nullptr)
                return nullptr;

            if (GetDataset()->GetGeoTransform(adfGeoTransform) != CE_None)
                return nullptr;

            if (!GDALInvGeoTransform(adfGeoTransform, adfInvGeoTransform))
                return nullptr;

            iPixel = (int)floor(adfInvGeoTransform[0] +
                                adfInvGeoTransform[1] * dfGeoX +
                                adfInvGeoTransform[2] * dfGeoY);
            iLine = (int)floor(adfInvGeoTransform[3] +
                               adfInvGeoTransform[4] * dfGeoX +
                               adfInvGeoTransform[5] * dfGeoY);
        }
        else
            return nullptr;

        if (iPixel < 0 || iLine < 0 || iPixel >= GetXSize() ||
            iLine >= GetYSize())
            return nullptr;

        char *pszKey = poGDS->FindKey(iPixel, iLine);

        if (pszKey != nullptr)
        {
            // CPLDebug("MBTILES", "Key = %s", pszKey);

            osLocationInfo = "<LocationInfo>";
            osLocationInfo += "<Key>";
            char *pszXMLEscaped =
                CPLEscapeString(pszKey, -1, CPLES_XML_BUT_QUOTES);
            osLocationInfo += pszXMLEscaped;
            CPLFree(pszXMLEscaped);
            osLocationInfo += "</Key>";

            if (GDALDatasetGetLayerByName(poGDS->hDS, "grid_data") != nullptr &&
                strchr(pszKey, '\'') == nullptr)
            {
                OGRLayerH hSQLLyr;
                OGRFeatureH hFeat;

                const char *pszSQL =
                    CPLSPrintf("SELECT key_json FROM keymap WHERE "
                               "key_name = '%s'",
                               pszKey);
                CPLDebug("MBTILES", "%s", pszSQL);
                hSQLLyr =
                    GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(poGDS->hDS, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr);
                if (hSQLLyr)
                {
                    hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
                    if (hFeat != nullptr &&
                        OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 0))
                    {
                        const char *pszJSon = OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeat, 0);
                        // CPLDebug("MBTILES", "JSon = %s", pszJSon);

                        osLocationInfo += "<JSon>";
#ifdef CPLES_XML_BUT_QUOTES
                        pszXMLEscaped =
                            CPLEscapeString(pszJSon, -1, CPLES_XML_BUT_QUOTES);
#else
                        pszXMLEscaped = CPLEscapeString(pszJSon, -1, CPLES_XML);
#endif
                        osLocationInfo += pszXMLEscaped;
                        CPLFree(pszXMLEscaped);
                        osLocationInfo += "</JSon>";
                    }
                    OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
                }
                GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(poGDS->hDS, hSQLLyr);
            }

            osLocationInfo += "</LocationInfo>";

            CPLFree(pszKey);

            return osLocationInfo.c_str();
        }

        return nullptr;
    }
    else
        return GDALPamRasterBand::GetMetadataItem(pszName, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetOverviewCount()                           */
/************************************************************************/

int MBTilesBand::GetOverviewCount()
{
    MBTilesDataset *poGDS = (MBTilesDataset *)poDS;

    if (poGDS->m_nOverviewCount >= 1)
        return poGDS->m_nOverviewCount;
    else
        return GDALPamRasterBand::GetOverviewCount();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetOverview()                           */
/************************************************************************/

GDALRasterBand *MBTilesBand::GetOverview(int nLevel)
{
    MBTilesDataset *poGDS = (MBTilesDataset *)poDS;

    if (poGDS->m_nOverviewCount == 0)
        return GDALPamRasterBand::GetOverview(nLevel);

    if (nLevel < 0 || nLevel >= poGDS->m_nOverviewCount)
        return nullptr;

    GDALDataset *poOvrDS = poGDS->m_papoOverviewDS[nLevel];
    if (poOvrDS)
        return poOvrDS->GetRasterBand(nBand);
    else
        return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         MBTilesDataset()                          */
/************************************************************************/

MBTilesDataset::MBTilesDataset()
{
    m_bWriteBounds = true;
    m_bWriteMinMaxZoom = true;
    poMainDS = nullptr;
    m_nOverviewCount = 0;
    hDS = nullptr;
    m_papoOverviewDS = nullptr;
    bFetchedMetadata = false;
    nHasNonEmptyGrids = -1;
    hDB = nullptr;
    pMyVFS = nullptr;

    m_bGeoTransformValid = false;
    m_adfGeoTransform[0] = 0.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[1] = 1.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[2] = 0.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[3] = 0.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[4] = 0.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[5] = 1.0;
    m_bInFlushCache = false;

    m_osRasterTable = "tiles";
    m_eTF = GPKG_TF_PNG;

    m_oSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    m_oSRS.importFromEPSG(3857);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        ~MBTilesDataset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

MBTilesDataset::~MBTilesDataset()
{
    // Need to explicitly clear it before close hDS
    m_apoLayers.clear();

    FlushCache(true);

    if (poMainDS == nullptr)
    {
        if (m_papoOverviewDS)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < m_nOverviewCount; i++)
                delete m_papoOverviewDS[i];
            CPLFree(m_papoOverviewDS);
        }

        if (hDS != nullptr)
        {
            GDALClose(hDS);
            hDB = nullptr;
        }
        if (hDB != nullptr)
        {
            sqlite3_close(hDB);

            if (pMyVFS)
            {
                sqlite3_vfs_unregister(pMyVFS);
                CPLFree(pMyVFS->pAppData);
                CPLFree(pMyVFS);
            }
        }
    }

    if (!m_osMetadataMemFilename.empty())
    {
        VSIUnlink(m_osMetadataMemFilename);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         IStartTransaction()                          */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr MBTilesDataset::IStartTransaction()
{
    char *pszErrMsg = nullptr;
    const int rc = sqlite3_exec(hDB, "BEGIN", nullptr, nullptr, &pszErrMsg);
    if (rc != SQLITE_OK)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s transaction failed: %s",
                 "BEGIN", pszErrMsg);
        sqlite3_free(pszErrMsg);
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         ICommitTransaction()                         */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr MBTilesDataset::ICommitTransaction()
{
    char *pszErrMsg = nullptr;
    const int rc = sqlite3_exec(hDB, "COMMIT", nullptr, nullptr, &pszErrMsg);
    if (rc != SQLITE_OK)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s transaction failed: %s",
                 "COMMIT", pszErrMsg);
        sqlite3_free(pszErrMsg);
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         ICanIWriteBlock()                            */
/************************************************************************/

bool MBTilesDataset::ICanIWriteBlock()
{
    if (eAccess != GA_Update)
    {
        CPLError(
            CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
            "IWriteBlock() not supported on dataset opened in read-only mode");
        return false;
    }

    if (!m_bGeoTransformValid)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "IWriteBlock() not supported if georeferencing not set");
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         IFlushCacheWithErrCode()                     */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr MBTilesDataset::IFlushCacheWithErrCode(bool bAtClosing)

{
    if (m_bInFlushCache)
        return CE_None;
    m_bInFlushCache = true;
    // Short circuit GDALPamDataset to avoid serialization to .aux.xml
    GDALDataset::FlushCache(bAtClosing);

    CPLErr eErr = FlushTiles();

    m_bInFlushCache = false;
    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         ICanIWriteBlock()                            */
/************************************************************************/

int MBTilesDataset::GetRowFromIntoTopConvention(int nRow)
{
    return m_nTileMatrixHeight - 1 - nRow;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetGeoTransform()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr MBTilesDataset::GetGeoTransform(double *padfGeoTransform)
{
    memcpy(padfGeoTransform, m_adfGeoTransform, 6 * sizeof(double));
    return (m_bGeoTransformValid) ? CE_None : CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                     SphericalMercatorToLongLat()                     */
/************************************************************************/

static void SphericalMercatorToLongLat(double *x, double *y)
{
    double lng = *x / SPHERICAL_RADIUS / M_PI * 180;
    double lat = 2 * (atan(exp(*y / SPHERICAL_RADIUS)) - M_PI / 4) / M_PI * 180;
    *x = lng;
    *y = lat;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                     LongLatToSphericalMercator()                     */
/************************************************************************/

static void LongLatToSphericalMercator(double *x, double *y)
{
    double X = SPHERICAL_RADIUS * (*x) / 180 * M_PI;
    double Y = SPHERICAL_RADIUS * log(tan(M_PI / 4 + 0.5 * (*y) / 180 * M_PI));
    *x = X;
    *y = Y;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          SetGeoTransform()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr MBTilesDataset::SetGeoTransform(double *padfGeoTransform)
{
    if (eAccess != GA_Update)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "SetGeoTransform() not supported on read-only dataset");
        return CE_Failure;
    }
    if (m_bGeoTransformValid)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Cannot modify geotransform once set");
        return CE_Failure;
    }
    if (padfGeoTransform[2] != 0.0 || padfGeoTransform[4] != 0 ||
        padfGeoTransform[5] > 0.0)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Only north-up non rotated geotransform supported");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    if (m_bWriteBounds)
    {
        CPLString osBounds(m_osBounds);
        if (osBounds.empty())
        {
            double minx = padfGeoTransform[0];
            double miny =
                padfGeoTransform[3] + nRasterYSize * padfGeoTransform[5];
            double maxx =
                padfGeoTransform[0] + nRasterXSize * padfGeoTransform[1];
            double maxy = padfGeoTransform[3];

            SphericalMercatorToLongLat(&minx, &miny);
            SphericalMercatorToLongLat(&maxx, &maxy);
            if (fabs(minx + 180) < 1e-7)
            {
                minx = -180.0;
            }
            if (fabs(maxx - 180) < 1e-7)
            {
                maxx = 180.0;
            }

            // Clamp latitude so that when transformed back to EPSG:3857, we
            // don't have too big northings
            double tmpx = 0.0;
            double ok_maxy = MAX_GM;
            SphericalMercatorToLongLat(&tmpx, &ok_maxy);
            if (maxy > ok_maxy)
                maxy = ok_maxy;
            if (miny < -ok_maxy)
                miny = -ok_maxy;

            osBounds.Printf("%.17g,%.17g,%.17g,%.17g", minx, miny, maxx, maxy);
        }

        char *pszSQL = sqlite3_mprintf(
            "INSERT INTO metadata (name, value) VALUES ('bounds', '%q')",
            osBounds.c_str());
        sqlite3_exec(hDB, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
        sqlite3_free(pszSQL);

        if (!m_osCenter.empty())
        {
            pszSQL = sqlite3_mprintf(
                "INSERT INTO metadata (name, value) VALUES ('center', '%q')",
                m_osCenter.c_str());
            sqlite3_exec(hDB, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
            sqlite3_free(pszSQL);
        }
    }

    int nBlockXSize;
    int nBlockYSize;
    GetRasterBand(1)->GetBlockSize(&nBlockXSize, &nBlockYSize);
    const double dfPixelXSizeZoomLevel0 = 2 * MAX_GM / nBlockXSize;
    const double dfPixelYSizeZoomLevel0 = 2 * MAX_GM / nBlockYSize;
    for (m_nZoomLevel = 0; m_nZoomLevel < 25; m_nZoomLevel++)
    {
        double dfExpectedPixelXSize =
            dfPixelXSizeZoomLevel0 / (1 << m_nZoomLevel);
        double dfExpectedPixelYSize =
            dfPixelYSizeZoomLevel0 / (1 << m_nZoomLevel);
        if (fabs(padfGeoTransform[1] - dfExpectedPixelXSize) <
                1e-8 * dfExpectedPixelXSize &&
            fabs(fabs(padfGeoTransform[5]) - dfExpectedPixelYSize) <
                1e-8 * dfExpectedPixelYSize)
        {
            break;
        }
    }
    if (m_nZoomLevel == 25)
    {
        m_nZoomLevel = -1;
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Could not find an appropriate zoom level that matches raster "
                 "pixel size");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    memcpy(m_adfGeoTransform, padfGeoTransform, 6 * sizeof(double));
    m_bGeoTransformValid = true;

    return FinalizeRasterRegistration();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      ComputeTileAndPixelShifts()                     */
/************************************************************************/

void MBTilesDataset::ComputeTileAndPixelShifts()
{
    int nTileWidth, nTileHeight;
    GetRasterBand(1)->GetBlockSize(&nTileWidth, &nTileHeight);

    // Compute shift between GDAL origin and TileMatrixSet origin
    // Caution this is in GeoPackage / WMTS convention ! That is upper-left
    // corner
    int nShiftXPixels = (int)floor(0.5 + (m_adfGeoTransform[0] - TMS_ORIGIN_X) /
                                             m_adfGeoTransform[1]);
    m_nShiftXTiles = (int)floor(1.0 * nShiftXPixels / nTileWidth);
    m_nShiftXPixelsMod =
        ((nShiftXPixels % nTileWidth) + nTileWidth) % nTileWidth;
    int nShiftYPixels = (int)floor(0.5 + (m_adfGeoTransform[3] - TMS_ORIGIN_Y) /
                                             m_adfGeoTransform[5]);
    m_nShiftYTiles = (int)floor(1.0 * nShiftYPixels / nTileHeight);
    m_nShiftYPixelsMod =
        ((nShiftYPixels % nTileHeight) + nTileHeight) % nTileHeight;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      FinalizeRasterRegistration()                    */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr MBTilesDataset::FinalizeRasterRegistration()
{
    m_nTileMatrixWidth = (1 << m_nZoomLevel);
    m_nTileMatrixHeight = (1 << m_nZoomLevel);

    ComputeTileAndPixelShifts();

    double dfGDALMinX = m_adfGeoTransform[0];
    double dfGDALMinY =
        m_adfGeoTransform[3] + nRasterYSize * m_adfGeoTransform[5];
    double dfGDALMaxX =
        m_adfGeoTransform[0] + nRasterXSize * m_adfGeoTransform[1];
    double dfGDALMaxY = m_adfGeoTransform[3];

    m_nOverviewCount = m_nZoomLevel;
    m_papoOverviewDS = (MBTilesDataset **)CPLCalloc(sizeof(MBTilesDataset *),
                                                    m_nOverviewCount);

    if (m_bWriteMinMaxZoom)
    {
        char *pszSQL = sqlite3_mprintf(
            "INSERT INTO metadata (name, value) VALUES ('minzoom', '%d')",
            m_nZoomLevel);
        sqlite3_exec(hDB, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
        sqlite3_free(pszSQL);
        pszSQL = sqlite3_mprintf(
            "INSERT INTO metadata (name, value) VALUES ('maxzoom', '%d')",
            m_nZoomLevel);
        sqlite3_exec(hDB, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
        sqlite3_free(pszSQL);
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < m_nOverviewCount; i++)
    {
        MBTilesDataset *poOvrDS = new MBTilesDataset();
        poOvrDS->ShareLockWithParentDataset(this);
        int nBlockSize;
        GetRasterBand(1)->GetBlockSize(&nBlockSize, &nBlockSize);
        poOvrDS->InitRaster(this, i, nBands, nBlockSize, dfGDALMinX, dfGDALMinY,
                            dfGDALMaxX, dfGDALMaxY);

        m_papoOverviewDS[m_nZoomLevel - 1 - i] = poOvrDS;
    }

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         InitRaster()                                 */
/************************************************************************/

bool MBTilesDataset::InitRaster(MBTilesDataset *poParentDS, int nZoomLevel,
                                int nBandCount, int nTileSize,
                                double dfGDALMinX, double dfGDALMinY,
                                double dfGDALMaxX, double dfGDALMaxY)
{
    m_nZoomLevel = nZoomLevel;
    m_nTileMatrixWidth = 1 << nZoomLevel;
    m_nTileMatrixHeight = 1 << nZoomLevel;

    const int nTileWidth = nTileSize;
    const int nTileHeight = nTileSize;
    const double dfPixelXSize = 2 * MAX_GM / nTileWidth / (1 << nZoomLevel);
    const double dfPixelYSize = 2 * MAX_GM / nTileHeight / (1 << nZoomLevel);

    m_bGeoTransformValid = true;
    m_adfGeoTransform[0] = dfGDALMinX;
    m_adfGeoTransform[1] = dfPixelXSize;
    m_adfGeoTransform[3] = dfGDALMaxY;
    m_adfGeoTransform[5] = -dfPixelYSize;
    double dfRasterXSize = 0.5 + (dfGDALMaxX - dfGDALMinX) / dfPixelXSize;
    double dfRasterYSize = 0.5 + (dfGDALMaxY - dfGDALMinY) / dfPixelYSize;
    if (dfRasterXSize > INT_MAX || dfRasterYSize > INT_MAX)
        return false;
    nRasterXSize = (int)dfRasterXSize;
    nRasterYSize = (int)dfRasterYSize;

    m_pabyCachedTiles =
        (GByte *)VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(4 * 4, nTileWidth, nTileHeight);
    if (m_pabyCachedTiles == nullptr)
    {
        return false;
    }

    if (poParentDS)
    {
        eAccess = poParentDS->eAccess;
    }

    for (int i = 1; i <= nBandCount; i++)
        SetBand(i, new MBTilesBand(this, nTileSize));

    ComputeTileAndPixelShifts();

    GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("INTERLEAVE", "PIXEL", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
    GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("ZOOM_LEVEL", CPLSPrintf("%d", m_nZoomLevel));

    if (poParentDS)
    {
        m_poParentDS = poParentDS;
        poMainDS = poParentDS;
        hDS = poParentDS->hDS;
        hDB = poParentDS->hDB;
        m_eTF = poParentDS->m_eTF;
        m_nQuality = poParentDS->m_nQuality;
        m_nZLevel = poParentDS->m_nZLevel;
        m_bDither = poParentDS->m_bDither;
        m_osWHERE = poParentDS->m_osWHERE;
        SetDescription(CPLSPrintf("%s - zoom_level=%d",
                                  poParentDS->GetDescription(), m_nZoomLevel));
    }

    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetSpatialRef()                              */
/************************************************************************/

const OGRSpatialReference *MBTilesDataset::GetSpatialRef() const
{
    return &m_oSRS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetSpatialRef()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr MBTilesDataset::SetSpatialRef(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS)
{
    if (eAccess != GA_Update)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "SetSpatialRef() not supported on read-only dataset");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    if (poSRS == nullptr || poSRS->GetAuthorityName(nullptr) == nullptr ||
        !EQUAL(poSRS->GetAuthorityName(nullptr), "EPSG") ||
        poSRS->GetAuthorityCode(nullptr) == nullptr ||
        !EQUAL(poSRS->GetAuthorityCode(nullptr), "3857"))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Only EPSG:3857 supported on MBTiles dataset");
        return CE_Failure;
    }
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GetMetadataDomainList()                         */
/************************************************************************/

char **MBTilesDataset::GetMetadataDomainList()
{
    return BuildMetadataDomainList(GDALDataset::GetMetadataDomainList(), TRUE,
                                   "", nullptr);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetMetadata()                             */
/************************************************************************/

char **MBTilesDataset::GetMetadata(const char *pszDomain)
{
    if (hDS == nullptr || (pszDomain != nullptr && !EQUAL(pszDomain, "")))
        return GDALPamDataset::GetMetadata(pszDomain);

    if (bFetchedMetadata)
        return aosList.List();

    bFetchedMetadata = true;
    aosList = CPLStringList(GDALPamDataset::GetMetadata(), FALSE);

    OGRLayerH hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(
        hDS, "SELECT name, value FROM metadata WHERE name != 'json' LIMIT 1000",
        nullptr, nullptr);
    if (hSQLLyr == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    if (OGR_FD_GetFieldCount(OGR_L_GetLayerDefn(hSQLLyr)) != 2)
    {
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
        return nullptr;
    }

    OGRFeatureH hFeat;
    while ((hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr)) != nullptr)
    {
        if (OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 0) &&
            OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 1))
        {
            CPLString osName = OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeat, 0);
            CPLString osValue = OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeat, 1);
            if (osName[0] != '\0' && !STARTS_WITH(osValue, "function(") &&
                strstr(osValue, "<img ") == nullptr &&
                strstr(osValue, "<p>") == nullptr &&
                strstr(osValue, "</p>") == nullptr &&
                strstr(osValue, "<div") == nullptr)
            {
                aosList.AddNameValue(osName, osValue);
            }
        }
        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
    }
    GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);

    return aosList.List();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetMetadataItem()                            */
/************************************************************************/

const char *MBTilesDataset::GetMetadataItem(const char *pszName,
                                            const char *pszDomain)
{
    if (pszDomain == nullptr || EQUAL(pszDomain, ""))
    {
        const char *pszValue = CSLFetchNameValue(GetMetadata(), pszName);
        if (pszValue)
            return pszValue;
    }
    return GDALPamDataset::GetMetadataItem(pszName, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetLayer()                              */
/************************************************************************/

OGRLayer *MBTilesDataset::GetLayer(int iLayer)

{
    if (iLayer < 0 || iLayer >= GetLayerCount())
        return nullptr;
    return m_apoLayers[iLayer].get();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        MBTilesVectorLayer()                          */
/************************************************************************/

MBTilesVectorLayer::MBTilesVectorLayer(
    MBTilesDataset *poDS, const char *pszLayerName,
    const CPLJSONObject &oFields, const CPLJSONArray &oAttributesFromTileStats,
    bool bJsonField, double dfMinX, double dfMinY, double dfMaxX, double dfMaxY,
    OGRwkbGeometryType eGeomType, bool bZoomLevelFromSpatialFilter)
    : m_poDS(poDS), m_poFeatureDefn(new OGRFeatureDefn(pszLayerName)),
      m_bJsonField(bJsonField)
{
    SetDescription(pszLayerName);
    m_poFeatureDefn->SetGeomType(eGeomType);
    OGRSpatialReference *poSRS = new OGRSpatialReference();
    poSRS->SetFromUserInput(SRS_EPSG_3857);
    m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldDefn(0)->SetSpatialRef(poSRS);
    poSRS->Release();
    m_poFeatureDefn->Reference();

    if (m_bJsonField)
    {
        OGRFieldDefn oFieldDefnId("mvt_id", OFTInteger64);
        m_poFeatureDefn->AddFieldDefn(&oFieldDefnId);
    }
    else
    {
        OGRMVTInitFields(m_poFeatureDefn, oFields, oAttributesFromTileStats);
    }

    m_sExtent.MinX = dfMinX;
    m_sExtent.MinY = dfMinY;
    m_sExtent.MaxX = dfMaxX;
    m_sExtent.MaxY = dfMaxY;

    m_nZoomLevel = m_poDS->m_nZoomLevel;
    m_bZoomLevelAuto = bZoomLevelFromSpatialFilter;
    MBTilesVectorLayer::SetSpatialFilter(nullptr);

    // If the metadata contains an empty fields object, this may be a sign
    // that it doesn't know the schema. In that case check if a tile has
    // attributes, and in that case create a json field.
    if (!m_bJsonField && oFields.IsValid() && oFields.GetChildren().empty())
    {
        m_bJsonField = true;
        OGRFeature *poSrcFeature = GetNextSrcFeature();
        m_bJsonField = false;

        if (poSrcFeature)
        {
            // There is at least the mvt_id field
            if (poSrcFeature->GetFieldCount() > 1)
            {
                m_bJsonField = true;
            }
            delete poSrcFeature;
        }
        MBTilesVectorLayer::ResetReading();
    }

    if (m_bJsonField)
    {
        OGRFieldDefn oFieldDefn("json", OFTString);
        m_poFeatureDefn->AddFieldDefn(&oFieldDefn);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       ~MBTilesVectorLayer()                          */
/************************************************************************/

MBTilesVectorLayer::~MBTilesVectorLayer()
{
    m_poFeatureDefn->Release();
    if (m_hTileIteratorLyr)
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(m_poDS->hDS, m_hTileIteratorLyr);
    if (!m_osTmpFilename.empty())
    {
        VSIUnlink(m_osTmpFilename);
    }
    if (m_hTileDS)
        GDALClose(m_hTileDS);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           TestCapability()                           */
/************************************************************************/

int MBTilesVectorLayer::TestCapability(const char *pszCap)
{
    if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCStringsAsUTF8) ||
        EQUAL(pszCap, OLCFastSpatialFilter) || EQUAL(pszCap, OLCFastGetExtent))
    {
        return TRUE;
    }
    return FALSE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetExtent()                              */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr MBTilesVectorLayer::GetExtent(OGREnvelope *psExtent, int)
{
    *psExtent = m_sExtent;
    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          ResetReading()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void MBTilesVectorLayer::ResetReading()
{
    if (m_hTileDS)
        GDALClose(m_hTileDS);
    m_hTileDS = nullptr;
    m_bEOF = false;
    if (m_hTileIteratorLyr)
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(m_poDS->hDS, m_hTileIteratorLyr);
    CPLString osSQL;
    osSQL.Printf("SELECT tile_column, tile_row, tile_data FROM tiles "
                 "WHERE zoom_level = %d "
                 "AND tile_column BETWEEN %d AND %d "
                 "AND tile_row BETWEEN %d AND %d",
                 m_nZoomLevel, m_nFilterMinX, m_nFilterMaxX, m_nFilterMinY,
                 m_nFilterMaxY);
    m_hTileIteratorLyr =
        GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(m_poDS->hDS, osSQL.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         SetSpatialFilter()                           */
/************************************************************************/

void MBTilesVectorLayer::SetSpatialFilter(OGRGeometry *poGeomIn)
{
    OGRLayer::SetSpatialFilter(poGeomIn);

    if (m_poFilterGeom != nullptr && m_sFilterEnvelope.MinX <= -MAX_GM &&
        m_sFilterEnvelope.MinY <= -MAX_GM && m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxX >= MAX_GM &&
        m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxY >= MAX_GM)
    {
        if (m_bZoomLevelAuto)
        {
            m_nZoomLevel = m_poDS->m_nMinZoomLevel;
        }
        m_nFilterMinX = 0;
        m_nFilterMinY = 0;
        m_nFilterMaxX = (1 << m_nZoomLevel) - 1;
        m_nFilterMaxY = (1 << m_nZoomLevel) - 1;
    }
    else if (m_poFilterGeom != nullptr &&
             m_sFilterEnvelope.MinX >= -10 * MAX_GM &&
             m_sFilterEnvelope.MinY >= -10 * MAX_GM &&
             m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxX <= 10 * MAX_GM &&
             m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxY <= 10 * MAX_GM)
    {
        if (m_bZoomLevelAuto)
        {
            double dfExtent =
                std::min(m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxX - m_sFilterEnvelope.MinX,
                         m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxY - m_sFilterEnvelope.MinY);
            m_nZoomLevel = std::max(
                m_poDS->m_nMinZoomLevel,
                std::min(static_cast<int>(0.5 + log(2 * MAX_GM / dfExtent) /
                                                    log(2.0)),
                         m_poDS->m_nZoomLevel));
            CPLDebug("MBTILES", "Zoom level = %d", m_nZoomLevel);
        }
        const double dfTileDim = 2 * MAX_GM / (1 << m_nZoomLevel);
        m_nFilterMinX =
            std::max(0, static_cast<int>(floor(
                            (m_sFilterEnvelope.MinX + MAX_GM) / dfTileDim)));
        m_nFilterMinY =
            std::max(0, static_cast<int>(floor(
                            (m_sFilterEnvelope.MinY + MAX_GM) / dfTileDim)));
        m_nFilterMaxX =
            std::min(static_cast<int>(
                         ceil((m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxX + MAX_GM) / dfTileDim)),
                     (1 << m_nZoomLevel) - 1);
        m_nFilterMaxY =
            std::min(static_cast<int>(
                         ceil((m_sFilterEnvelope.MaxY + MAX_GM) / dfTileDim)),
                     (1 << m_nZoomLevel) - 1);
    }
    else
    {
        if (m_bZoomLevelAuto)
        {
            m_nZoomLevel = m_poDS->m_nZoomLevel;
        }
        m_nFilterMinX = 0;
        m_nFilterMinY = 0;
        m_nFilterMaxX = (1 << m_nZoomLevel) - 1;
        m_nFilterMaxY = (1 << m_nZoomLevel) - 1;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetNextFeature()                            */
/************************************************************************/

OGRFeature *MBTilesVectorLayer::GetNextFeature()
{
    while (true)
    {
        OGRFeature *poFeature = GetNextRawFeature();
        if (poFeature == nullptr)
            return nullptr;

        if ((m_poFilterGeom == nullptr ||
             FilterGeometry(poFeature->GetGeometryRef())) &&
            (m_poAttrQuery == nullptr || m_poAttrQuery->Evaluate(poFeature)))
        {
            return poFeature;
        }

        delete poFeature;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetFeatureCount()                            */
/************************************************************************/

GIntBig MBTilesVectorLayer::GetFeatureCount(int bForce)
{
    if (m_poFilterGeom == nullptr && m_poAttrQuery == nullptr)
    {
        if (m_nFeatureCount < 0)
        {
            m_nFeatureCount = 0;
            ResetReading();
            while (m_hTileIteratorLyr != nullptr)
            {
                OGRFeatureH hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(m_hTileIteratorLyr);
                if (hFeat == nullptr)
                {
                    break;
                }
                m_nX = OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger(hFeat, 0);
                // MBTiles y origin is bottom based, whereas MVT directory
                // is top based
                m_nY =
                    (1 << m_nZoomLevel) - 1 - OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger(hFeat, 1);
                int nDataSize = 0;
                GByte *pabyData = OGR_F_GetFieldAsBinary(hFeat, 2, &nDataSize);
                GByte *pabyDataDup = static_cast<GByte *>(CPLMalloc(nDataSize));
                memcpy(pabyDataDup, pabyData, nDataSize);
                OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);

                if (!m_osTmpFilename.empty())
                {
                    VSIUnlink(m_osTmpFilename);
                }
                m_osTmpFilename = VSIMemGenerateHiddenFilename(
                    CPLSPrintf("mvt_%d_%d.pbf", m_nX, m_nY));
                VSIFCloseL(VSIFileFromMemBuffer(m_osTmpFilename, pabyDataDup,
                                                nDataSize, true));

                const char *l_apszAllowedDrivers[] = {"MVT", nullptr};
                if (m_hTileDS)
                    GDALClose(m_hTileDS);
                char **papszOpenOptions = nullptr;
                papszOpenOptions =
                    CSLSetNameValue(papszOpenOptions, "METADATA_FILE",
                                    m_poDS->m_osMetadataMemFilename.c_str());
                m_hTileDS =
                    GDALOpenEx(("MVT:" + m_osTmpFilename).c_str(),
                               GDAL_OF_VECTOR | GDAL_OF_INTERNAL,
                               l_apszAllowedDrivers, papszOpenOptions, nullptr);
                CSLDestroy(papszOpenOptions);
                if (m_hTileDS)
                {
                    OGRLayerH hLayer =
                        GDALDatasetGetLayerByName(m_hTileDS, GetName());
                    if (hLayer)
                    {
                        m_nFeatureCount += OGR_L_GetFeatureCount(hLayer, true);
                    }
                    GDALClose(m_hTileDS);
                    m_hTileDS = nullptr;
                }
            }
            ResetReading();
        }
        return m_nFeatureCount;
    }
    return OGRLayer::GetFeatureCount(bForce);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GetNextSrcFeature()                           */
/************************************************************************/

OGRFeature *MBTilesVectorLayer::GetNextSrcFeature()
{
    if (m_bEOF)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (m_hTileIteratorLyr == nullptr)
    {
        ResetReading();
        if (m_hTileIteratorLyr == nullptr)
        {
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    OGRFeatureH hTileFeat = nullptr;
    if (m_hTileDS == nullptr ||
        (hTileFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(
             GDALDatasetGetLayerByName(m_hTileDS, GetName()))) == nullptr)
    {
        while (true)
        {
            OGRFeatureH hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(m_hTileIteratorLyr);
            if (hFeat == nullptr)
            {
                m_bEOF = true;
                return nullptr;
            }
            m_nX = OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger(hFeat, 0);
            // MBTiles y origin is bottom based, whereas MVT directory
            // is top based
            m_nY = (1 << m_nZoomLevel) - 1 - OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger(hFeat, 1);
            CPLDebug("MBTiles", "X=%d, Y=%d", m_nX, m_nY);

            int nDataSize = 0;
            GByte *pabyData = OGR_F_GetFieldAsBinary(hFeat, 2, &nDataSize);
            GByte *pabyDataDup = static_cast<GByte *>(CPLMalloc(nDataSize));
            memcpy(pabyDataDup, pabyData, nDataSize);
            OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);

            if (!m_osTmpFilename.empty())
            {
                VSIUnlink(m_osTmpFilename);
            }
            m_osTmpFilename = VSIMemGenerateHiddenFilename(
                CPLSPrintf("mvt_%d_%d.pbf", m_nX, m_nY));
            VSIFCloseL(VSIFileFromMemBuffer(m_osTmpFilename, pabyDataDup,
                                            nDataSize, true));

            const char *l_apszAllowedDrivers[] = {"MVT", nullptr};
            if (m_hTileDS)
                GDALClose(m_hTileDS);
            char **papszOpenOptions = nullptr;
            papszOpenOptions =
                CSLSetNameValue(papszOpenOptions, "X", CPLSPrintf("%d", m_nX));
            papszOpenOptions =
                CSLSetNameValue(papszOpenOptions, "Y", CPLSPrintf("%d", m_nY));
            papszOpenOptions = CSLSetNameValue(papszOpenOptions, "Z",
                                               CPLSPrintf("%d", m_nZoomLevel));
            papszOpenOptions = CSLSetNameValue(
                papszOpenOptions, "METADATA_FILE",
                m_bJsonField ? "" : m_poDS->m_osMetadataMemFilename.c_str());
            if (!m_poDS->m_osClip.empty())
            {
                papszOpenOptions =
                    CSLSetNameValue(papszOpenOptions, "CLIP", m_poDS->m_osClip);
            }
            m_hTileDS =
                GDALOpenEx(("MVT:" + m_osTmpFilename).c_str(),
                           GDAL_OF_VECTOR | GDAL_OF_INTERNAL,
                           l_apszAllowedDrivers, papszOpenOptions, nullptr);
            CSLDestroy(papszOpenOptions);
            if (m_hTileDS)
            {
                if (GDALDatasetGetLayerByName(m_hTileDS, GetName()))
                {
                    hTileFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(
                        GDALDatasetGetLayerByName(m_hTileDS, GetName()));
                    if (hTileFeat)
                        break;
                }
                GDALClose(m_hTileDS);
                m_hTileDS = nullptr;
            }
        }
    }

    return reinterpret_cast<OGRFeature *>(hTileFeat);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         CreateFeatureFrom()                          */
/************************************************************************/

OGRFeature *MBTilesVectorLayer::CreateFeatureFrom(OGRFeature *poSrcFeature)
{

    return OGRMVTCreateFeatureFrom(poSrcFeature, m_poFeatureDefn, m_bJsonField,
                                   GetSpatialRef());
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GetNextRawFeature()                           */
/************************************************************************/

OGRFeature *MBTilesVectorLayer::GetNextRawFeature()
{
    OGRFeature *poSrcFeat = GetNextSrcFeature();
    if (poSrcFeat == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    const GIntBig nFIDBase =
        (static_cast<GIntBig>(m_nY) << m_nZoomLevel) | m_nX;
    OGRFeature *poFeature = CreateFeatureFrom(poSrcFeat);
    poFeature->SetFID((poSrcFeat->GetFID() << (2 * m_nZoomLevel)) | nFIDBase);
    delete poSrcFeat;

    return poFeature;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetFeature()                               */
/************************************************************************/

OGRFeature *MBTilesVectorLayer::GetFeature(GIntBig nFID)
{
    const int nZ = m_nZoomLevel;
    const int nX = static_cast<int>(nFID & ((1 << nZ) - 1));
    const int nY = static_cast<int>((nFID >> nZ) & ((1 << nZ) - 1));
    const GIntBig nTileFID = nFID >> (2 * nZ);

    CPLString osSQL;
    osSQL.Printf("SELECT tile_data FROM tiles "
                 "WHERE zoom_level = %d AND "
                 "tile_column = %d AND tile_row = %d",
                 m_nZoomLevel, nX, (1 << nZ) - 1 - nY);
    auto hSQLLyr =
        GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(m_poDS->hDS, osSQL.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr);
    if (hSQLLyr == nullptr)
        return nullptr;
    auto hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
    if (hFeat == nullptr)
    {
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(m_poDS->hDS, hSQLLyr);
        return nullptr;
    }
    int nDataSize = 0;
    GByte *pabyData = OGR_F_GetFieldAsBinary(hFeat, 0, &nDataSize);
    GByte *pabyDataDup = static_cast<GByte *>(CPLMalloc(nDataSize));
    memcpy(pabyDataDup, pabyData, nDataSize);
    OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
    GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(m_poDS->hDS, hSQLLyr);

    const CPLString osTmpFilename = VSIMemGenerateHiddenFilename(
        CPLSPrintf("mvt_get_feature_%d_%d.pbf", m_nX, m_nY));
    VSIFCloseL(
        VSIFileFromMemBuffer(osTmpFilename, pabyDataDup, nDataSize, true));

    const char *l_apszAllowedDrivers[] = {"MVT", nullptr};
    char **papszOpenOptions = nullptr;
    papszOpenOptions =
        CSLSetNameValue(papszOpenOptions, "X", CPLSPrintf("%d", nX));
    papszOpenOptions =
        CSLSetNameValue(papszOpenOptions, "Y", CPLSPrintf("%d", nY));
    papszOpenOptions =
        CSLSetNameValue(papszOpenOptions, "Z", CPLSPrintf("%d", m_nZoomLevel));
    papszOpenOptions = CSLSetNameValue(
        papszOpenOptions, "METADATA_FILE",
        m_bJsonField ? "" : m_poDS->m_osMetadataMemFilename.c_str());
    if (!m_poDS->m_osClip.empty())
    {
        papszOpenOptions =
            CSLSetNameValue(papszOpenOptions, "CLIP", m_poDS->m_osClip);
    }
    auto hTileDS = GDALOpenEx(("MVT:" + osTmpFilename).c_str(),
                              GDAL_OF_VECTOR | GDAL_OF_INTERNAL,
                              l_apszAllowedDrivers, papszOpenOptions, nullptr);
    CSLDestroy(papszOpenOptions);

    OGRFeature *poFeature = nullptr;
    if (hTileDS)
    {
        OGRLayerH hLayer = GDALDatasetGetLayerByName(hTileDS, GetName());
        if (hLayer)
        {
            OGRFeature *poUnderlyingFeature = reinterpret_cast<OGRFeature *>(
                OGR_L_GetFeature(hLayer, nTileFID));
            if (poUnderlyingFeature)
            {
                poFeature = CreateFeatureFrom(poUnderlyingFeature);
                poFeature->SetFID(nFID);
            }
            delete poUnderlyingFeature;
        }
    }
    GDALClose(hTileDS);

    VSIUnlink(osTmpFilename);

    return poFeature;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           InitVector()                               */
/************************************************************************/

void MBTilesDataset::InitVector(double dfMinX, double dfMinY, double dfMaxX,
                                double dfMaxY, bool bZoomLevelFromSpatialFilter,
                                bool bJsonField)
{
    const char *pszSQL = "SELECT value FROM metadata WHERE name = 'json'";
    CPLDebug("MBTILES", "%s", pszSQL);
    CPLJSONDocument oJsonDoc;
    CPLJSONDocument oDoc;
    auto hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(hDS, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr);
    if (hSQLLyr)
    {
        auto hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
        if (hFeat)
        {
            auto pszJson = OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeat, 0);
            oDoc.GetRoot().Add("json", pszJson);
            CPL_IGNORE_RET_VAL(
                oJsonDoc.LoadMemory(reinterpret_cast<const GByte *>(pszJson)));
            OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
        }
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
    }

    m_osMetadataMemFilename =
        VSIMemGenerateHiddenFilename("mbtiles_metadata.json");
    oDoc.Save(m_osMetadataMemFilename);

    CPLJSONArray oVectorLayers;
    oVectorLayers.Deinit();

    CPLJSONArray oTileStatLayers;
    oTileStatLayers.Deinit();

    oVectorLayers = oJsonDoc.GetRoot().GetArray("vector_layers");

    oTileStatLayers = oJsonDoc.GetRoot().GetArray("tilestats/layers");

    for (int i = 0; i < oVectorLayers.Size(); i++)
    {
        CPLJSONObject oId = oVectorLayers[i].GetObj("id");
        if (oId.IsValid() && oId.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
        {
            OGRwkbGeometryType eGeomType = wkbUnknown;
            if (oTileStatLayers.IsValid())
            {
                eGeomType = OGRMVTFindGeomTypeFromTileStat(
                    oTileStatLayers, oId.ToString().c_str());
            }

            CPLJSONObject oFields = oVectorLayers[i].GetObj("fields");
            CPLJSONArray oAttributesFromTileStats =
                OGRMVTFindAttributesFromTileStat(oTileStatLayers,
                                                 oId.ToString().c_str());
            m_apoLayers.push_back(
                std::unique_ptr<OGRLayer>(new MBTilesVectorLayer(
                    this, oId.ToString().c_str(), oFields,
                    oAttributesFromTileStats, bJsonField, dfMinX, dfMinY,
                    dfMaxX, dfMaxY, eGeomType, bZoomLevelFromSpatialFilter)));
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Identify()                               */
/************************************************************************/

int MBTilesDataset::Identify(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)
{
#ifdef ENABLE_SQL_SQLITE_FORMAT
    if (poOpenInfo->pabyHeader &&
        STARTS_WITH((const char *)poOpenInfo->pabyHeader, "-- SQL MBTILES"))
    {
        return TRUE;
    }
#endif

    if ((EQUAL(CPLGetExtension(poOpenInfo->pszFilename), "MBTILES") ||
         // Allow direct Amazon S3 signed URLs that contains .mbtiles in the
         // middle of the URL
         strstr(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, ".mbtiles") != nullptr) &&
        poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes >= 1024 && poOpenInfo->pabyHeader &&
        STARTS_WITH_CI((const char *)poOpenInfo->pabyHeader, "SQLite Format 3"))
    {
        return TRUE;
    }

    return FALSE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        MBTilesGetMinMaxZoomLevel()                   */
/************************************************************************/

static int MBTilesGetMinMaxZoomLevel(GDALDatasetH hDS, int bHasMap,
                                     int &nMinLevel, int &nMaxLevel)
{
    OGRLayerH hSQLLyr;
    OGRFeatureH hFeat;
    int bHasMinMaxLevel = FALSE;

    const char *pszSQL =
        "SELECT value FROM metadata WHERE name = 'minzoom' UNION ALL "
        "SELECT value FROM metadata WHERE name = 'maxzoom'";
    CPLDebug("MBTILES", "%s", pszSQL);
    hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(hDS, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr);
    if (hSQLLyr)
    {
        hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
        if (hFeat)
        {
            int bHasMinLevel = FALSE;
            if (OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 0))
            {
                nMinLevel = OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger(hFeat, 0);
                bHasMinLevel = TRUE;
            }
            OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);

            if (bHasMinLevel)
            {
                hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
                if (hFeat)
                {
                    if (OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 0))
                    {
                        nMaxLevel = OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger(hFeat, 0);
                        bHasMinMaxLevel = TRUE;
                    }
                    OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
                }
            }
        }

        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
    }

    if (!bHasMinMaxLevel)
    {
#define OPTIMIZED_FOR_VSICURL
#ifdef OPTIMIZED_FOR_VSICURL
        int iLevel;
        for (iLevel = 0; nMinLevel < 0 && iLevel <= 32; iLevel++)
        {
            pszSQL = CPLSPrintf(
                "SELECT zoom_level FROM %s WHERE zoom_level = %d LIMIT 1",
                (bHasMap) ? "map" : "tiles", iLevel);
            CPLDebug("MBTILES", "%s", pszSQL);
            hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(hDS, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr);
            if (hSQLLyr)
            {
                hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
                if (hFeat)
                {
                    nMinLevel = iLevel;
                    OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
                }
                GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
            }
        }

        if (nMinLevel < 0)
            return FALSE;

        for (iLevel = 32; nMaxLevel < 0 && iLevel >= nMinLevel; iLevel--)
        {
            pszSQL = CPLSPrintf(
                "SELECT zoom_level FROM %s WHERE zoom_level = %d LIMIT 1",
                (bHasMap) ? "map" : "tiles", iLevel);
            CPLDebug("MBTILES", "%s", pszSQL);
            hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(hDS, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr);
            if (hSQLLyr)
            {
                hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
                if (hFeat)
                {
                    nMaxLevel = iLevel;
                    bHasMinMaxLevel = TRUE;
                    OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
                }
                GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
            }
        }
#else
        pszSQL = "SELECT min(zoom_level), max(zoom_level) FROM tiles";
        CPLDebug("MBTILES", "%s", pszSQL);
        hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(hDS, pszSQL, NULL, nullptr);
        if (hSQLLyr == NULL)
        {
            return FALSE;
        }

        hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
        if (hFeat == NULL)
        {
            GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
            return FALSE;
        }

        if (OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 0) &&
            OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 1))
        {
            nMinLevel = OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger(hFeat, 0);
            nMaxLevel = OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger(hFeat, 1);
            bHasMinMaxLevel = TRUE;
        }

        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
#endif
    }

    return bHasMinMaxLevel;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                   MBTilesTileCoordToWorldCoord()                     */
/************************************************************************/

static double MBTilesTileCoordToWorldCoord(double dfTileCoord, int nZoomLevel)
{
    return -MAX_GM + 2 * MAX_GM * (dfTileCoord / (1 << nZoomLevel));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                   MBTilesWorldCoordToTileCoord()                     */
/************************************************************************/

static double MBTilesWorldCoordToTileCoord(double dfWorldCoord, int nZoomLevel)
{
    return (dfWorldCoord + MAX_GM) / (2 * MAX_GM) * (1 << nZoomLevel);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           MBTilesGetBounds()                         */
/************************************************************************/

static bool MBTilesGetBounds(GDALDatasetH hDS, bool bUseBounds, int nMaxLevel,
                             double &minX, double &minY, double &maxX,
                             double &maxY)
{
    bool bHasBounds = false;
    OGRLayerH hSQLLyr;
    OGRFeatureH hFeat;

    if (bUseBounds)
    {
        const char *pszSQL = "SELECT value FROM metadata WHERE name = 'bounds'";
        CPLDebug("MBTILES", "%s", pszSQL);
        hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(hDS, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr);
        if (hSQLLyr)
        {
            hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
            if (hFeat != nullptr)
            {
                const char *pszBounds = OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeat, 0);
                char **papszTokens = CSLTokenizeString2(pszBounds, ",", 0);
                if (CSLCount(papszTokens) != 4 ||
                    fabs(CPLAtof(papszTokens[0])) > 180 ||
                    fabs(CPLAtof(papszTokens[1])) >= 89.99 ||
                    fabs(CPLAtof(papszTokens[2])) > 180 ||
                    fabs(CPLAtof(papszTokens[3])) >= 89.99 ||
                    CPLAtof(papszTokens[0]) > CPLAtof(papszTokens[2]) ||
                    CPLAtof(papszTokens[1]) > CPLAtof(papszTokens[3]))
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "Invalid value for 'bounds' metadata. Ignoring it "
                             "and fall back to present tile extent");
                }
                else
                {
                    minX = CPLAtof(papszTokens[0]);
                    minY = CPLAtof(papszTokens[1]);
                    maxX = CPLAtof(papszTokens[2]);
                    maxY = CPLAtof(papszTokens[3]);
                    LongLatToSphericalMercator(&minX, &minY);
                    LongLatToSphericalMercator(&maxX, &maxY);

                    // Clamp northings
                    if (maxY > MAX_GM)
                        maxY = MAX_GM;
                    if (minY < -MAX_GM)
                        minY = -MAX_GM;

                    bHasBounds = true;
                }

                CSLDestroy(papszTokens);

                OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
            }
            GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
        }
    }

    if (!bHasBounds)
    {
        const char *pszSQL =
            CPLSPrintf("SELECT min(tile_column), max(tile_column), "
                       "min(tile_row), max(tile_row) FROM tiles "
                       "WHERE zoom_level = %d",
                       nMaxLevel);
        CPLDebug("MBTILES", "%s", pszSQL);
        hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(hDS, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr);
        if (hSQLLyr == nullptr)
        {
            return false;
        }

        hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
        if (hFeat == nullptr)
        {
            GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
            return false;
        }

        if (OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 0) &&
            OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 1) &&
            OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 2) &&
            OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 3))
        {
            int nMinTileCol = OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger(hFeat, 0);
            int nMaxTileCol = OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger(hFeat, 1);
            int nMinTileRow = OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger(hFeat, 2);
            int nMaxTileRow = OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger(hFeat, 3);
            if (nMaxTileCol < INT_MAX && nMaxTileRow < INT_MAX)
            {
                minX = MBTilesTileCoordToWorldCoord(nMinTileCol, nMaxLevel);
                minY = MBTilesTileCoordToWorldCoord(nMinTileRow, nMaxLevel);
                maxX = MBTilesTileCoordToWorldCoord(nMaxTileCol + 1, nMaxLevel);
                maxY = MBTilesTileCoordToWorldCoord(nMaxTileRow + 1, nMaxLevel);
                bHasBounds = true;
            }
        }

        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
    }

    return bHasBounds;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        MBTilesCurlReadCbk()                          */
/************************************************************************/

typedef struct
{
    int nBands;
    int nSize;
} TileProperties;

/* We spy the data received by CURL for the initial request where we try */
/* to get a first tile to see its characteristics. We just need the header */
/* to determine that, so let's make VSICurl stop reading after we have found it
 */

static int MBTilesCurlReadCbk(CPL_UNUSED VSILFILE *fp, void *pabyBuffer,
                              size_t nBufferSize, void *pfnUserData)
{
    TileProperties *psTP = static_cast<TileProperties *>(pfnUserData);

    const GByte abyPNGSig[] = {0x89, 0x50, 0x4E, 0x47,
                               0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A, /* PNG signature */
                               0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D, /* IHDR length */
                               0x49, 0x48, 0x44, 0x52 /* IHDR chunk */};

    /* JPEG SOF0 (Start Of Frame 0) marker */
    const GByte abyJPEG1CompSig[] = {0xFF, 0xC0, /* marker */
                                     0x00, 0x0B, /* data length = 8 + 1 * 3 */
                                     0x08, /* depth : 8 bit */};
    const GByte abyJPEG3CompSig[] = {0xFF, 0xC0, /* marker */
                                     0x00, 0x11, /* data length = 8 + 3 * 3 */
                                     0x08, /* depth : 8 bit */};

    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < (int)nBufferSize - (int)sizeof(abyPNGSig); i++)
    {
        if (memcmp(((GByte *)pabyBuffer) + i, abyPNGSig, sizeof(abyPNGSig)) ==
                0 &&
            i + sizeof(abyPNGSig) + 4 + 4 + 1 + 1 < nBufferSize)
        {
            GByte *ptr = ((GByte *)(pabyBuffer)) + i + (int)sizeof(abyPNGSig);

            int nWidth;
            memcpy(&nWidth, ptr, 4);
            CPL_MSBPTR32(&nWidth);
            ptr += 4;

            int nHeight;
            memcpy(&nHeight, ptr, 4);
            CPL_MSBPTR32(&nHeight);
            ptr += 4;

            GByte nDepth = *ptr;
            ptr += 1;

            GByte nColorType = *ptr;
            CPLDebug("MBTILES",
                     "PNG: nWidth=%d nHeight=%d depth=%d nColorType=%d", nWidth,
                     nHeight, nDepth, nColorType);

            psTP->nBands = -2;
            psTP->nSize = nWidth;
            if (nWidth == nHeight && nDepth == 8)
            {
                if (nColorType == 0)
                    psTP->nBands = 1; /* Gray */
                else if (nColorType == 2)
                    psTP->nBands = 3; /* RGB */
                else if (nColorType == 3)
                {
                    /* This might also be a color table with transparency */
                    /* but we cannot tell ! */
                    psTP->nBands = -1;
                    return TRUE;
                }
                else if (nColorType == 4)
                    psTP->nBands = 2; /* Gray + alpha */
                else if (nColorType == 6)
                    psTP->nBands = 4; /* RGB + alpha */
            }

            return FALSE;
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < (int)nBufferSize - ((int)sizeof(abyJPEG1CompSig) + 5); i++)
    {
        if (memcmp(((GByte *)pabyBuffer) + i, abyJPEG1CompSig,
                   sizeof(abyJPEG1CompSig)) == 0 &&
            ((GByte *)pabyBuffer)[sizeof(abyJPEG1CompSig) + 4] == 1)
        {
            GUInt16 nWidth;
            memcpy(&nWidth, &(((GByte *)pabyBuffer)[sizeof(abyJPEG1CompSig)]),
                   2);
            CPL_MSBPTR16(&nWidth);
            GUInt16 nHeight;
            memcpy(&nHeight,
                   &(((GByte *)pabyBuffer)[sizeof(abyJPEG1CompSig) + 2]), 2);
            CPL_MSBPTR16(&nHeight);

            CPLDebug("MBTILES", "JPEG: nWidth=%d nHeight=%d depth=%d nBands=%d",
                     nWidth, nHeight, 8, 1);

            psTP->nBands = -2;
            if (nWidth == nHeight)
            {
                psTP->nSize = nWidth;
                psTP->nBands = 1;
            }

            return FALSE;
        }
        else if (memcmp(((GByte *)pabyBuffer) + i, abyJPEG3CompSig,
                        sizeof(abyJPEG3CompSig)) == 0 &&
                 ((GByte *)pabyBuffer)[sizeof(abyJPEG3CompSig) + 4] == 3)
        {
            GUInt16 nWidth;
            memcpy(&nWidth, &(((GByte *)pabyBuffer)[sizeof(abyJPEG3CompSig)]),
                   2);
            CPL_MSBPTR16(&nWidth);
            GUInt16 nHeight;
            memcpy(&nHeight,
                   &(((GByte *)pabyBuffer)[sizeof(abyJPEG3CompSig) + 2]), 2);
            CPL_MSBPTR16(&nHeight);

            CPLDebug("MBTILES", "JPEG: nWidth=%d nHeight=%d depth=%d nBands=%d",
                     nWidth, nHeight, 8, 3);

            psTP->nBands = -2;
            if (nWidth == nHeight)
            {
                psTP->nSize = nWidth;
                psTP->nBands = 3;
            }

            return FALSE;
        }
    }

    return TRUE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                  MBTilesGetBandCountAndTileSize()                    */
/************************************************************************/

static int MBTilesGetBandCountAndTileSize(bool bIsVSICURL, GDALDatasetH &hDS,
                                          int nMaxLevel, int nMinTileRow,
                                          int nMaxTileRow, int nMinTileCol,
                                          int nMaxTileCol, int &nTileSize)
{
    OGRLayerH hSQLLyr;
    OGRFeatureH hFeat;
    VSILFILE *fpCURLOGR = nullptr;
    int bFirstSelect = TRUE;

    int nBands = -1;
    nTileSize = 0;

    /* Get the VSILFILE associated with the OGR SQLite DB */
    CPLString osDSName(GDALGetDescription(hDS));
    if (bIsVSICURL)
    {
        auto poDS = dynamic_cast<OGRSQLiteBaseDataSource *>(
            GDALDataset::FromHandle(hDS));
        CPLAssert(poDS);
        if (poDS)
        {
            fpCURLOGR = poDS->GetVSILFILE();
        }
    }

    const char *pszSQL =
        CPLSPrintf("SELECT tile_data FROM tiles WHERE "
                   "tile_column = %d AND tile_row = %d AND zoom_level = %d",
                   nMinTileCol / 2 + nMaxTileCol / 2,
                   nMinTileRow / 2 + nMaxTileRow / 2, nMaxLevel);
    CPLDebug("MBTILES", "%s", pszSQL);

    if (fpCURLOGR)
    {
        /* Install a spy on the file connection that will intercept */
        /* PNG or JPEG headers, to interrupt their downloading */
        /* once the header is found. Speeds up dataset opening. */
        CPLErrorReset();
        TileProperties tp;
        tp.nBands = -1;
        tp.nSize = 0;
        VSICurlInstallReadCbk(fpCURLOGR, MBTilesCurlReadCbk, &tp, TRUE);
        nBands = tp.nBands;
        nTileSize = tp.nSize;

        CPLErrorReset();
        CPLPushErrorHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
        hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(hDS, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr);
        CPLPopErrorHandler();

        VSICurlUninstallReadCbk(fpCURLOGR);

        /* Did the spy intercept something interesting ? */
        // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
        if (nBands != -1)
        {
            CPLErrorReset();

            GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
            hSQLLyr = nullptr;

            // Re-open OGR SQLite DB, because with our spy we have simulated an
            // I/O error that SQLite will have difficulties to recover within
            // the existing connection.  This will be fast because
            // the /vsicurl/ cache has cached the already read blocks.
            GDALClose(hDS);
            hDS = MBTILESOpenSQLiteDB(osDSName.c_str(), GA_ReadOnly);
            if (hDS == nullptr)
                return -1;

            /* Unrecognized form of PNG. Error out */
            if (nBands <= 0)
                return -1;

            return nBands;
        }
        else if (CPLGetLastErrorType() == CE_Failure)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLGetLastErrorNo(), "%s",
                     CPLGetLastErrorMsg());
        }
    }
    else
    {
        hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(hDS, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr);
    }

    while (true)
    {
        if (hSQLLyr == nullptr && bFirstSelect)
        {
            bFirstSelect = FALSE;
            pszSQL = CPLSPrintf("SELECT tile_data FROM tiles WHERE "
                                "zoom_level = %d LIMIT 1",
                                nMaxLevel);
            CPLDebug("MBTILES", "%s", pszSQL);
            hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(hDS, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr);
            if (hSQLLyr == nullptr)
                return -1;
        }

        hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
        if (hFeat == nullptr)
        {
            GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
            hSQLLyr = nullptr;
            if (!bFirstSelect)
                return -1;
        }
        else
            break;
    }

    const CPLString osMemFileName(VSIMemGenerateHiddenFilename("mvt_temp.db"));

    int nDataSize = 0;
    GByte *pabyData = OGR_F_GetFieldAsBinary(hFeat, 0, &nDataSize);

    VSIFCloseL(VSIFileFromMemBuffer(osMemFileName.c_str(), pabyData, nDataSize,
                                    FALSE));

    GDALDatasetH hDSTile = GDALOpenEx(osMemFileName.c_str(), GDAL_OF_RASTER,
                                      apszAllowedDrivers, nullptr, nullptr);
    if (hDSTile == nullptr)
    {
        VSIUnlink(osMemFileName.c_str());
        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
        return -1;
    }

    nBands = GDALGetRasterCount(hDSTile);

    if ((nBands != 1 && nBands != 2 && nBands != 3 && nBands != 4) ||
        GDALGetRasterXSize(hDSTile) != GDALGetRasterYSize(hDSTile) ||
        GDALGetRasterDataType(GDALGetRasterBand(hDSTile, 1)) != GDT_Byte)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Unsupported tile characteristics");
        GDALClose(hDSTile);
        VSIUnlink(osMemFileName.c_str());
        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
        GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
        return -1;
    }

    nTileSize = GDALGetRasterXSize(hDSTile);
    GDALColorTableH hCT =
        GDALGetRasterColorTable(GDALGetRasterBand(hDSTile, 1));
    if (nBands == 1 && hCT != nullptr)
    {
        nBands = 3;
        if (GDALGetColorEntryCount(hCT) > 0)
        {
            /* Typical of paletted PNG with transparency */
            const GDALColorEntry *psEntry = GDALGetColorEntry(hCT, 0);
            if (psEntry->c4 == 0)
                nBands = 4;
        }
    }

    GDALClose(hDSTile);
    VSIUnlink(osMemFileName.c_str());
    OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
    GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);

    return nBands;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                Open()                                */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *MBTilesDataset::Open(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)
{
    CPLString osFileName;
    CPLString osTableName;

    if (!Identify(poOpenInfo))
        return nullptr;

    if ((poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_VECTOR) != 0 &&
        (poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_RASTER) == 0 &&
        (poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_UPDATE) != 0)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Open underlying OGR DB                                          */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    GDALDatasetH hDS =
        MBTILESOpenSQLiteDB(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, poOpenInfo->eAccess);

    MBTilesDataset *poDS = nullptr;

    if (hDS == nullptr)
        goto end;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Build dataset                                                   */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    {
        CPLString osMetadataTableName, osRasterTableName;
        CPLString osSQL;
        OGRLayerH hMetadataLyr, hRasterLyr;
        OGRFeatureH hFeat;
        int nBands;
        OGRLayerH hSQLLyr = nullptr;
        int nMinLevel = -1;
        int nMaxLevel = -1;
        int bHasMinMaxLevel = FALSE;
        int bHasMap;

        osMetadataTableName = "metadata";

        hMetadataLyr =
            GDALDatasetGetLayerByName(hDS, osMetadataTableName.c_str());
        if (hMetadataLyr == nullptr)
            goto end;

        osRasterTableName += "tiles";

        hRasterLyr = GDALDatasetGetLayerByName(hDS, osRasterTableName.c_str());
        if (hRasterLyr == nullptr)
            goto end;

        bHasMap = GDALDatasetGetLayerByName(hDS, "map") != nullptr;
        if (bHasMap)
        {
            bHasMap = FALSE;

            hSQLLyr = GDALDatasetExecuteSQL(
                hDS, "SELECT type FROM sqlite_master WHERE name = 'tiles'",
                nullptr, nullptr);
            if (hSQLLyr != nullptr)
            {
                hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hSQLLyr);
                if (hFeat)
                {
                    if (OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull(hFeat, 0))
                    {
                        bHasMap = strcmp(OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeat, 0),
                                         "view") == 0;
                        if (!bHasMap)
                        {
                            CPLDebug("MBTILES", "Weird! 'tiles' is not a view, "
                                                "but 'map' exists");
                        }
                    }
                    OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
                }
                GDALDatasetReleaseResultSet(hDS, hSQLLyr);
            }
        }

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Get minimum and maximum zoom levels */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */

        bHasMinMaxLevel =
            MBTilesGetMinMaxZoomLevel(hDS, bHasMap, nMinLevel, nMaxLevel);

        const char *pszZoomLevel =
            CSLFetchNameValue(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "ZOOM_LEVEL");
        if (pszZoomLevel != nullptr)
            nMaxLevel = atoi(pszZoomLevel);

        if (bHasMinMaxLevel && (nMinLevel < 0 || nMinLevel > nMaxLevel))
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Inconsistent values : min(zoom_level) = %d, "
                     "max(zoom_level) = %d",
                     nMinLevel, nMaxLevel);
            goto end;
        }

        if (bHasMinMaxLevel && nMaxLevel > 22)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                     "zoom_level > 22 not supported");
            goto end;
        }

        if (!bHasMinMaxLevel)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Cannot find min and max zoom_level");
            goto end;
        }

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Get bounds */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        double dfMinX = 0.0;
        double dfMinY = 0.0;
        double dfMaxX = 0.0;
        double dfMaxY = 0.0;
        bool bUseBounds = CPLFetchBool(
            const_cast<const char **>(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions),
            "USE_BOUNDS", true);
        const char *pszMinX =
            CSLFetchNameValue(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "MINX");
        const char *pszMinY =
            CSLFetchNameValue(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "MINY");
        const char *pszMaxX =
            CSLFetchNameValue(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "MAXX");
        const char *pszMaxY =
            CSLFetchNameValue(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "MAXY");
        bool bHasBounds;
        if (pszMinX != nullptr && pszMinY != nullptr && pszMaxX != nullptr &&
            pszMaxY != nullptr)
        {
            bHasBounds = true;
        }
        else
        {
            bHasBounds = MBTilesGetBounds(hDS, bUseBounds, nMaxLevel, dfMinX,
                                          dfMinY, dfMaxX, dfMaxY);
        }
        if (!bHasBounds)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Cannot find min and max tile numbers");
            goto end;
        }
        if (pszMinX != nullptr)
            dfMinX = CPLAtof(pszMinX);
        if (pszMinY != nullptr)
            dfMinY = CPLAtof(pszMinY);
        if (pszMaxX != nullptr)
            dfMaxX = CPLAtof(pszMaxX);
        if (pszMaxY != nullptr)
            dfMaxY = CPLAtof(pszMaxY);

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Get number of bands */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        int nMinTileCol =
            static_cast<int>(MBTilesWorldCoordToTileCoord(dfMinX, nMaxLevel));
        int nMinTileRow =
            static_cast<int>(MBTilesWorldCoordToTileCoord(dfMinY, nMaxLevel));
        int nMaxTileCol =
            static_cast<int>(MBTilesWorldCoordToTileCoord(dfMaxX, nMaxLevel));
        int nMaxTileRow =
            static_cast<int>(MBTilesWorldCoordToTileCoord(dfMaxY, nMaxLevel));
        int nTileSize = 0;
        nBands = MBTilesGetBandCountAndTileSize(
            STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "/vsicurl/"), hDS,
            nMaxLevel, nMinTileRow, nMaxTileRow, nMinTileCol, nMaxTileCol,
            nTileSize);
        bool bFoundRasterTile = nBands > 0;
        if (!bFoundRasterTile)
            nTileSize = knDEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE;

        // Force 4 bands by default (see #6119)
        nBands = 4;

        const char *pszBandCount = CSLFetchNameValueDef(
            poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "BAND_COUNT",
            CPLGetConfigOption("MBTILES_BAND_COUNT", nullptr));
        if (pszBandCount)
        {
            int nTmpBands = atoi(pszBandCount);
            if (nTmpBands >= 1 && nTmpBands <= 4)
                nBands = nTmpBands;
        }

        if (poOpenInfo->eAccess == GA_Update)
        {
            // So that we can edit all potential overviews
            nMinLevel = 0;
        }

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Set dataset attributes */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */

        poDS = new MBTilesDataset();
        poDS->eAccess = poOpenInfo->eAccess;
        poDS->hDS = hDS;
        poDS->hDB = (sqlite3 *)GDALGetInternalHandle((GDALDatasetH)hDS,
                                                     "SQLITE_HANDLE");
        CPLAssert(poDS->hDB != nullptr);

        /* poDS will release it from now */
        hDS = nullptr;

        poDS->m_osClip =
            CSLFetchNameValueDef(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "CLIP", "");
        poDS->m_nMinZoomLevel = nMinLevel;
        bool bRasterOK = poDS->InitRaster(nullptr, nMaxLevel, nBands, nTileSize,
                                          dfMinX, dfMinY, dfMaxX, dfMaxY);

        const char *pszFormat = poDS->GetMetadataItem("format");
        if (pszFormat != nullptr && EQUAL(pszFormat, "pbf"))
        {
            if ((poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_VECTOR) == 0)
            {
                CPLDebug("MBTiles", "This files contain vector tiles, "
                                    "but driver open in raster-only mode");
                delete poDS;
                return nullptr;
            }
            poDS->InitVector(dfMinX, dfMinY, dfMaxX, dfMaxY,
                             CPLFetchBool(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions,
                                          "ZOOM_LEVEL_AUTO",
                                          CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption(
                                              "MVT_ZOOM_LEVEL_AUTO", "NO"))),
                             CPLFetchBool(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions,
                                          "JSON_FIELD", false));
        }
        else if ((pszFormat != nullptr && !EQUAL(pszFormat, "pbf")) ||
                 bFoundRasterTile)
        {
            if ((poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_RASTER) == 0)
            {
                CPLDebug("MBTiles", "This files contain raster tiles, "
                                    "but driver open in vector-only mode");
                delete poDS;
                return nullptr;
            }
        }

        if ((pszFormat == nullptr || !EQUAL(pszFormat, "pbf")) && !bRasterOK)
        {
            delete poDS;
            return nullptr;
        }

        if (poDS->eAccess == GA_Update)
        {
            if (pszFormat != nullptr &&
                (EQUAL(pszFormat, "jpg") || EQUAL(pszFormat, "jpeg")))
            {
                poDS->m_eTF = GPKG_TF_JPEG;
            }

            const char *pszTF =
                CSLFetchNameValue(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "TILE_FORMAT");
            if (pszTF)
            {
                poDS->m_eTF = GDALGPKGMBTilesGetTileFormat(pszTF);
                if ((pszFormat != nullptr &&
                     (EQUAL(pszFormat, "jpg") || EQUAL(pszFormat, "jpeg")) &&
                     poDS->m_eTF != GPKG_TF_JPEG) ||
                    (pszFormat != nullptr && EQUAL(pszFormat, "png") &&
                     poDS->m_eTF == GPKG_TF_JPEG))
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "Format metadata = '%s', but TILE_FORMAT='%s'",
                             pszFormat, pszTF);
                }
            }

            poDS->ParseCompressionOptions(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions);
        }

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Add overview levels as internal datasets */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        for (int iLevel = nMaxLevel - 1; iLevel >= nMinLevel; iLevel--)
        {
            MBTilesDataset *poOvrDS = new MBTilesDataset();
            poOvrDS->ShareLockWithParentDataset(poDS);
            poOvrDS->InitRaster(poDS, iLevel, nBands, nTileSize, dfMinX, dfMinY,
                                dfMaxX, dfMaxY);

            poDS->m_papoOverviewDS = (MBTilesDataset **)CPLRealloc(
                poDS->m_papoOverviewDS,
                sizeof(MBTilesDataset *) * (poDS->m_nOverviewCount + 1));
            poDS->m_papoOverviewDS[poDS->m_nOverviewCount++] = poOvrDS;

            if (poOvrDS->GetRasterXSize() < 256 &&
                poOvrDS->GetRasterYSize() < 256)
            {
                break;
            }
        }

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Initialize any PAM information. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        poDS->SetDescription(poOpenInfo->pszFilename);

        if (!STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "/vsicurl/"))
            poDS->TryLoadXML();
        else
        {
            poDS->SetPamFlags(poDS->GetPamFlags() & ~GPF_DIRTY);
        }
    }

end:
    if (hDS)
        GDALClose(hDS);

    return poDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                Create()                              */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *MBTilesDataset::Create(const char *pszFilename, int nXSize,
                                    int nYSize, int nBandsIn, GDALDataType eDT,
                                    char **papszOptions)
{
#ifdef HAVE_MVT_WRITE_SUPPORT
    if (nXSize == 0 && nYSize == 0 && nBandsIn == 0 && eDT == GDT_Unknown)
    {
        char **papszOptionsMod = CSLDuplicate(papszOptions);
        papszOptionsMod = CSLSetNameValue(papszOptionsMod, "FORMAT", "MBTILES");
        GDALDataset *poRet = OGRMVTWriterDatasetCreate(
            pszFilename, nXSize, nYSize, nBandsIn, eDT, papszOptionsMod);
        CSLDestroy(papszOptionsMod);
        return poRet;
    }
#endif

    MBTilesDataset *poDS = new MBTilesDataset();
    if (!poDS->CreateInternal(pszFilename, nXSize, nYSize, nBandsIn, eDT,
                              papszOptions))
    {
        delete poDS;
        poDS = nullptr;
    }
    return poDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            CreateInternal()                          */
/************************************************************************/

bool MBTilesDataset::CreateInternal(const char *pszFilename, int nXSize,
                                    int nYSize, int nBandsIn, GDALDataType eDT,
                                    char **papszOptions)
{
    if (eDT != GDT_Byte)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported, "Only Byte supported");
        return false;
    }
    if (nBandsIn != 1 && nBandsIn != 2 && nBandsIn != 3 && nBandsIn != 4)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Only 1 (Grey/ColorTable), 2 (Grey+Alpha), 3 (RGB) or 4 "
                 "(RGBA) band dataset supported");
        return false;
    }

    // for test/debug purposes only. true is the nominal value
    m_bPNGSupports2Bands =
        CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("MBTILES_PNG_SUPPORTS_2BANDS", "TRUE"));
    m_bPNGSupportsCT =
        CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("MBTILES_PNG_SUPPORTS_CT", "TRUE"));
    m_bWriteBounds = CPLFetchBool(const_cast<const char **>(papszOptions),
                                  "WRITE_BOUNDS", true);
    m_bWriteMinMaxZoom = CPLFetchBool(const_cast<const char **>(papszOptions),
                                      "WRITE_MINMAXZOOM", true);
    int nBlockSize = std::max(
        64, std::min(8192, atoi(CSLFetchNameValueDef(
                               papszOptions, "BLOCKSIZE",
                               CPLSPrintf("%d", knDEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE)))));
    m_osBounds = CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "BOUNDS", "");
    m_osCenter = CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "CENTER", "");

    VSIUnlink(pszFilename);
    SetDescription(pszFilename);

    int rc;
    if (STARTS_WITH(pszFilename, "/vsi"))
    {
        pMyVFS = OGRSQLiteCreateVFS(nullptr, nullptr);
        sqlite3_vfs_register(pMyVFS, 0);
        rc = sqlite3_open_v2(pszFilename, &hDB,
                             SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE,
                             pMyVFS->zName);
    }
    else
    {
        rc = sqlite3_open(pszFilename, &hDB);
    }

    if (rc != SQLITE_OK)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO, "Cannot create %s", pszFilename);
        return false;
    }

    sqlite3_exec(hDB, "PRAGMA synchronous = OFF", nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);

    rc = sqlite3_exec(hDB,
                      "CREATE TABLE tiles ("
                      "zoom_level INTEGER NOT NULL,"
                      "tile_column INTEGER NOT NULL,"
                      "tile_row INTEGER NOT NULL,"
                      "tile_data BLOB NOT NULL,"
                      "UNIQUE (zoom_level, tile_column, tile_row) )",
                      nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    if (rc != SQLITE_OK)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO, "Cannot create tiles table");
        return false;
    }

    rc = sqlite3_exec(hDB, "CREATE TABLE metadata (name TEXT, value TEXT)",
                      nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    if (rc != SQLITE_OK)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO, "Cannot create metadata table");
        return false;
    }

    const char *pszName =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "NAME", CPLGetBasename(pszFilename));
    char *pszSQL = sqlite3_mprintf(
        "INSERT INTO metadata (name, value) VALUES ('name', '%q')", pszName);
    sqlite3_exec(hDB, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    sqlite3_free(pszSQL);

    const char *pszType = CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "TYPE", "overlay");
    pszSQL = sqlite3_mprintf(
        "INSERT INTO metadata (name, value) VALUES ('type', '%q')", pszType);
    sqlite3_exec(hDB, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    sqlite3_free(pszSQL);

    const char *pszDescription = CSLFetchNameValueDef(
        papszOptions, "DESCRIPTION", CPLGetBasename(pszFilename));
    pszSQL = sqlite3_mprintf(
        "INSERT INTO metadata (name, value) VALUES ('description', '%q')",
        pszDescription);
    sqlite3_exec(hDB, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    sqlite3_free(pszSQL);

    const char *pszTF = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "TILE_FORMAT");
    if (pszTF)
        m_eTF = GDALGPKGMBTilesGetTileFormat(pszTF);

    const char *pszVersion = CSLFetchNameValueDef(
        papszOptions, "VERSION", (m_eTF == GPKG_TF_WEBP) ? "1.3" : "1.1");
    pszSQL = sqlite3_mprintf(
        "INSERT INTO metadata (name, value) VALUES ('version', '%q')",
        pszVersion);
    sqlite3_exec(hDB, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    sqlite3_free(pszSQL);

    const char *pszFormat = CSLFetchNameValueDef(
        papszOptions, "FORMAT", GDALMBTilesGetTileFormatName(m_eTF));
    pszSQL = sqlite3_mprintf(
        "INSERT INTO metadata (name, value) VALUES ('format', '%q')",
        pszFormat);
    sqlite3_exec(hDB, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    sqlite3_free(pszSQL);

    m_bNew = true;
    eAccess = GA_Update;
    nRasterXSize = nXSize;
    nRasterYSize = nYSize;

    m_pabyCachedTiles =
        (GByte *)VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(4 * 4, nBlockSize, nBlockSize);
    if (m_pabyCachedTiles == nullptr)
    {
        return false;
    }

    for (int i = 1; i <= nBandsIn; i++)
        SetBand(i, new MBTilesBand(this, nBlockSize));

    ParseCompressionOptions(papszOptions);

    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            CreateCopy()                              */
/************************************************************************/

typedef struct
{
    const char *pszName;
    GDALResampleAlg eResampleAlg;
} WarpResamplingAlg;

static const WarpResamplingAlg asResamplingAlg[] = {
    {"NEAREST", GRA_NearestNeighbour},
    {"BILINEAR", GRA_Bilinear},
    {"CUBIC", GRA_Cubic},
    {"CUBICSPLINE", GRA_CubicSpline},
    {"LANCZOS", GRA_Lanczos},
    {"MODE", GRA_Mode},
    {"AVERAGE", GRA_Average},
    {"RMS", GRA_RMS},
};

GDALDataset *MBTilesDataset::CreateCopy(const char *pszFilename,
                                        GDALDataset *poSrcDS, int /*bStrict*/,
                                        char **papszOptions,
                                        GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                        void *pProgressData)
{

    int nBands = poSrcDS->GetRasterCount();
    if (nBands != 1 && nBands != 2 && nBands != 3 && nBands != 4)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Only 1 (Grey/ColorTable), 2 (Grey+Alpha), 3 (RGB) or 4 "
                 "(RGBA) band dataset supported");
        return nullptr;
    }

    char **papszTO = CSLSetNameValue(nullptr, "DST_SRS", SRS_EPSG_3857);

    void *hTransformArg = nullptr;

    // Hack to compensate for GDALSuggestedWarpOutput2() failure (or not
    // ideal suggestion with PROJ 8) when reprojecting latitude = +/- 90 to
    // EPSG:3857.
    double adfSrcGeoTransform[6] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
    std::unique_ptr<GDALDataset> poTmpDS;
    bool bModifiedMaxLat = false;
    bool bModifiedMinLat = false;
    const auto poSrcSRS = poSrcDS->GetSpatialRef();
    if (poSrcDS->GetGeoTransform(adfSrcGeoTransform) == CE_None &&
        adfSrcGeoTransform[2] == 0 && adfSrcGeoTransform[4] == 0 &&
        adfSrcGeoTransform[5] < 0)
    {
        if (poSrcSRS && poSrcSRS->IsGeographic())
        {
            double maxLat = adfSrcGeoTransform[3];
            double minLat = adfSrcGeoTransform[3] +
                            poSrcDS->GetRasterYSize() * adfSrcGeoTransform[5];
            // Corresponds to the latitude of MAX_GM
            constexpr double MAX_LAT = 85.0511287798066;
            if (maxLat > MAX_LAT)
            {
                maxLat = MAX_LAT;
                bModifiedMaxLat = true;
            }
            if (minLat < -MAX_LAT)
            {
                minLat = -MAX_LAT;
                bModifiedMinLat = true;
            }
            if (bModifiedMaxLat || bModifiedMinLat)
            {
                CPLStringList aosOptions;
                aosOptions.AddString("-of");
                aosOptions.AddString("VRT");
                aosOptions.AddString("-projwin");
                aosOptions.AddString(
                    CPLSPrintf("%.17g", adfSrcGeoTransform[0]));
                aosOptions.AddString(CPLSPrintf("%.17g", maxLat));
                aosOptions.AddString(
                    CPLSPrintf("%.17g", adfSrcGeoTransform[0] +
                                            poSrcDS->GetRasterXSize() *
                                                adfSrcGeoTransform[1]));
                aosOptions.AddString(CPLSPrintf("%.17g", minLat));
                auto psOptions =
                    GDALTranslateOptionsNew(aosOptions.List(), nullptr);
                poTmpDS.reset(GDALDataset::FromHandle(GDALTranslate(
                    "", GDALDataset::ToHandle(poSrcDS), psOptions, nullptr)));
                GDALTranslateOptionsFree(psOptions);
                if (poTmpDS)
                {
                    hTransformArg = GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2(
                        GDALDataset::FromHandle(poTmpDS.get()), nullptr,
                        papszTO);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    if (hTransformArg == nullptr)
    {
        hTransformArg =
            GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2(poSrcDS, nullptr, papszTO);
    }
    if (hTransformArg == nullptr)
    {
        CSLDestroy(papszTO);
        return nullptr;
    }

    GDALTransformerInfo *psInfo = (GDALTransformerInfo *)hTransformArg;
    double adfGeoTransform[6];
    double adfExtent[4];
    int nXSize, nYSize;

    if (GDALSuggestedWarpOutput2(poSrcDS, psInfo->pfnTransform, hTransformArg,
                                 adfGeoTransform, &nXSize, &nYSize, adfExtent,
                                 0) != CE_None)
    {
        CSLDestroy(papszTO);
        GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(hTransformArg);
        return nullptr;
    }

    GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(hTransformArg);
    hTransformArg = nullptr;
    poTmpDS.reset();

    if (bModifiedMaxLat || bModifiedMinLat)
    {
        if (bModifiedMaxLat)
        {
            const double maxNorthing = MAX_GM;
            adfGeoTransform[3] = maxNorthing;
            adfExtent[3] = maxNorthing;
        }
        if (bModifiedMinLat)
        {
            const double minNorthing = -MAX_GM;
            adfExtent[1] = minNorthing;
        }

        if (poSrcSRS && poSrcSRS->IsGeographic())
        {
            if (adfSrcGeoTransform[0] +
                    poSrcDS->GetRasterXSize() * adfSrcGeoTransform[1] ==
                180)
            {
                adfExtent[2] = MAX_GM;
            }
        }
    }

    int nZoomLevel;
    double dfComputedRes = adfGeoTransform[1];
    double dfPrevRes = 0.0;
    double dfRes = 0.0;
    int nBlockSize = std::max(
        64, std::min(8192, atoi(CSLFetchNameValueDef(
                               papszOptions, "BLOCKSIZE",
                               CPLSPrintf("%d", knDEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE)))));
    const double dfPixelXSizeZoomLevel0 = 2 * MAX_GM / nBlockSize;
    for (nZoomLevel = 0; nZoomLevel < 25; nZoomLevel++)
    {
        dfRes = dfPixelXSizeZoomLevel0 / (1 << nZoomLevel);
        if (dfComputedRes > dfRes)
            break;
        dfPrevRes = dfRes;
    }
    if (nZoomLevel == 25)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Could not find an appropriate zoom level");
        CSLDestroy(papszTO);
        return nullptr;
    }

    const char *pszZoomLevelStrategy =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "ZOOM_LEVEL_STRATEGY", "AUTO");
    if (fabs(dfComputedRes - dfRes) / dfRes > 1e-8)
    {
        if (EQUAL(pszZoomLevelStrategy, "LOWER"))
        {
            if (nZoomLevel > 0)
                nZoomLevel--;
        }
        else if (EQUAL(pszZoomLevelStrategy, "UPPER"))
        {
            /* do nothing */
        }
        else if (nZoomLevel > 0)
        {
            if (dfPrevRes / dfComputedRes < dfComputedRes / dfRes)
                nZoomLevel--;
        }
    }

    dfRes = dfPixelXSizeZoomLevel0 / (1 << nZoomLevel);

    double dfMinX = adfExtent[0];
    double dfMinY = adfExtent[1];
    double dfMaxX = adfExtent[2];
    double dfMaxY = adfExtent[3];

    nXSize = (int)(0.5 + (dfMaxX - dfMinX) / dfRes);
    nYSize = (int)(0.5 + (dfMaxY - dfMinY) / dfRes);
    adfGeoTransform[1] = dfRes;
    adfGeoTransform[5] = -dfRes;

    int nTargetBands = nBands;
    /* For grey level or RGB, if there's reprojection involved, add an alpha */
    /* channel */
    if ((nBands == 1 &&
         poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetColorTable() == nullptr) ||
        nBands == 3)
    {
        OGRSpatialReference oSrcSRS;
        oSrcSRS.SetFromUserInput(poSrcDS->GetProjectionRef());
        oSrcSRS.AutoIdentifyEPSG();
        if (oSrcSRS.GetAuthorityCode(nullptr) == nullptr ||
            atoi(oSrcSRS.GetAuthorityCode(nullptr)) != 3857)
        {
            nTargetBands++;
        }
    }

    GDALResampleAlg eResampleAlg = GRA_Bilinear;
    const char *pszResampling = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "RESAMPLING");
    if (pszResampling)
    {
        for (size_t iAlg = 0;
             iAlg < sizeof(asResamplingAlg) / sizeof(asResamplingAlg[0]);
             iAlg++)
        {
            if (EQUAL(pszResampling, asResamplingAlg[iAlg].pszName))
            {
                eResampleAlg = asResamplingAlg[iAlg].eResampleAlg;
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    if (nBands == 1 && poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetColorTable() != nullptr &&
        eResampleAlg != GRA_NearestNeighbour && eResampleAlg != GRA_Mode)
    {
        CPLError(
            CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
            "Input dataset has a color table, which will likely lead to "
            "bad results when using a resampling method other than "
            "nearest neighbour or mode. Converting the dataset to 24/32 bit "
            "(e.g. with gdal_translate -expand rgb/rgba) is advised.");
    }

    GDALDataset *poDS = Create(pszFilename, nXSize, nYSize, nTargetBands,
                               GDT_Byte, papszOptions);
    if (poDS == nullptr)
    {
        CSLDestroy(papszTO);
        return nullptr;
    }
    poDS->SetGeoTransform(adfGeoTransform);
    if (nTargetBands == 1 && nBands == 1 &&
        poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetColorTable() != nullptr)
    {
        poDS->GetRasterBand(1)->SetColorTable(
            poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetColorTable());
    }

    hTransformArg = GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2(poSrcDS, poDS, papszTO);
    CSLDestroy(papszTO);
    if (hTransformArg == nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2 failed");
        delete poDS;
        return nullptr;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Warp the transformer with a linear approximator                 */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    hTransformArg = GDALCreateApproxTransformer(GDALGenImgProjTransform,
                                                hTransformArg, 0.125);
    GDALApproxTransformerOwnsSubtransformer(hTransformArg, TRUE);

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Setup warp options.                                             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALWarpOptions *psWO = GDALCreateWarpOptions();

    psWO->papszWarpOptions = CSLSetNameValue(nullptr, "OPTIMIZE_SIZE", "YES");
    psWO->eWorkingDataType = GDT_Byte;

    psWO->eResampleAlg = eResampleAlg;

    psWO->hSrcDS = poSrcDS;
    psWO->hDstDS = poDS;

    psWO->pfnTransformer = GDALApproxTransform;
    psWO->pTransformerArg = hTransformArg;

    psWO->pfnProgress = pfnProgress;
    psWO->pProgressArg = pProgressData;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Setup band mapping.                                             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    if (nBands == 2 || nBands == 4)
        psWO->nBandCount = nBands - 1;
    else
        psWO->nBandCount = nBands;

    psWO->panSrcBands = (int *)CPLMalloc(psWO->nBandCount * sizeof(int));
    psWO->panDstBands = (int *)CPLMalloc(psWO->nBandCount * sizeof(int));

    for (int i = 0; i < psWO->nBandCount; i++)
    {
        psWO->panSrcBands[i] = i + 1;
        psWO->panDstBands[i] = i + 1;
    }

    if (nBands == 2 || nBands == 4)
    {
        psWO->nSrcAlphaBand = nBands;
    }
    if (nTargetBands == 2 || nTargetBands == 4)
    {
        psWO->nDstAlphaBand = nTargetBands;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Initialize and execute the warp.                                */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALWarpOperation oWO;

    CPLErr eErr = oWO.Initialize(psWO);
    if (eErr == CE_None)
    {
        /*if( bMulti )
            eErr = oWO.ChunkAndWarpMulti( 0, 0, nXSize, nYSize );
        else*/
        eErr = oWO.ChunkAndWarpImage(0, 0, nXSize, nYSize);
    }
    if (eErr != CE_None)
    {
        delete poDS;
        poDS = nullptr;
    }

    GDALDestroyTransformer(hTransformArg);
    GDALDestroyWarpOptions(psWO);

    return poDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        ParseCompressionOptions()                     */
/************************************************************************/

void MBTilesDataset::ParseCompressionOptions(char **papszOptions)
{
    const char *pszZLevel = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "ZLEVEL");
    if (pszZLevel)
        m_nZLevel = atoi(pszZLevel);

    const char *pszQuality = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "QUALITY");
    if (pszQuality)
        m_nQuality = atoi(pszQuality);

    const char *pszDither = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "DITHER");
    if (pszDither)
        m_bDither = CPLTestBool(pszDither);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          IBuildOverviews()                           */
/************************************************************************/

static int GetFloorPowerOfTwo(int n)
{
    int p2 = 1;
    while ((n = n >> 1) > 0)
    {
        p2 <<= 1;
    }
    return p2;
}

CPLErr MBTilesDataset::IBuildOverviews(
    const char *pszResampling, int nOverviews, const int *panOverviewList,
    int nBandsIn, const int * /*panBandList*/, GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
    void *pProgressData, CSLConstList papszOptions)
{
    if (GetAccess() != GA_Update)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Overview building not supported on a database opened in "
                 "read-only mode");
        return CE_Failure;
    }
    if (m_poParentDS != nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Overview building not supported on overview dataset");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    if (nOverviews == 0)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < m_nOverviewCount; i++)
            m_papoOverviewDS[i]->FlushCache(false);
        char *pszSQL = sqlite3_mprintf(
            "DELETE FROM 'tiles' WHERE zoom_level < %d", m_nZoomLevel);
        char *pszErrMsg = nullptr;
        int ret = sqlite3_exec(hDB, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr, &pszErrMsg);
        sqlite3_free(pszSQL);
        if (ret != SQLITE_OK)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Failure: %s",
                     pszErrMsg ? pszErrMsg : "");
            sqlite3_free(pszErrMsg);
            return CE_Failure;
        }

        int nRows = 0;
        int nCols = 0;
        char **papszResult = nullptr;
        sqlite3_get_table(
            hDB, "SELECT * FROM metadata WHERE name = 'minzoom' LIMIT 2",
            &papszResult, &nRows, &nCols, nullptr);
        sqlite3_free_table(papszResult);
        if (nRows == 1)
        {
            pszSQL = sqlite3_mprintf(
                "UPDATE metadata SET value = %d WHERE name = 'minzoom'",
                m_nZoomLevel);
            sqlite3_exec(hDB, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
            sqlite3_free(pszSQL);
        }

        return CE_None;
    }

    if (nBandsIn != nBands)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Generation of overviews only"
                 "supported when operating on all bands.");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    if (m_nOverviewCount == 0)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Image too small to support overviews");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    FlushCache(false);

    const auto GetOverviewIndex = [](int nVal)
    {
        int iOvr = -1;
        while (nVal > 1)
        {
            nVal >>= 1;
            iOvr++;
        }
        return iOvr;
    };

    for (int i = 0; i < nOverviews; i++)
    {
        if (panOverviewList[i] < 2)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                     "Overview factor '%d' must be >= 2", panOverviewList[i]);
            return CE_Failure;
        }

        if (GetFloorPowerOfTwo(panOverviewList[i]) != panOverviewList[i])
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                     "Overview factor '%d' is not a power of 2",
                     panOverviewList[i]);
            return CE_Failure;
        }
        const int iOvr = GetOverviewIndex(panOverviewList[i]);
        if (iOvr >= m_nOverviewCount)
        {
            CPLDebug("MBTILES",
                     "Requested overview factor %d leads to too small overview "
                     "and will be ignored",
                     panOverviewList[i]);
        }
    }

    GDALRasterBand ***papapoOverviewBands =
        (GDALRasterBand ***)CPLCalloc(sizeof(void *), nBands);
    int iCurOverview = 0;
    for (int iBand = 0; iBand < nBands; iBand++)
    {
        papapoOverviewBands[iBand] =
            (GDALRasterBand **)CPLCalloc(sizeof(void *), nOverviews);
        iCurOverview = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < nOverviews; i++)
        {
            const int iOvr = GetOverviewIndex(panOverviewList[i]);
            if (iOvr < m_nOverviewCount)
            {
                MBTilesDataset *poODS = m_papoOverviewDS[iOvr];
                papapoOverviewBands[iBand][iCurOverview] =
                    poODS->GetRasterBand(iBand + 1);
                iCurOverview++;
            }
        }
    }

    CPLErr eErr = GDALRegenerateOverviewsMultiBand(
        nBands, papoBands, iCurOverview, papapoOverviewBands, pszResampling,
        pfnProgress, pProgressData, papszOptions);

    for (int iBand = 0; iBand < nBands; iBand++)
    {
        CPLFree(papapoOverviewBands[iBand]);
    }
    CPLFree(papapoOverviewBands);

    if (eErr == CE_None)
    {
        // Determine new minzoom value from the existing one and the new
        // requested overview levels
        int nMinZoom = m_nZoomLevel;
        bool bHasMinZoomMetadata = false;
        int nRows = 0;
        int nCols = 0;
        char **papszResult = nullptr;
        sqlite3_get_table(
            hDB, "SELECT value FROM metadata WHERE name = 'minzoom' LIMIT 2",
            &papszResult, &nRows, &nCols, nullptr);
        if (nRows == 1 && nCols == 1 && papszResult[1])
        {
            bHasMinZoomMetadata = true;
            nMinZoom = atoi(papszResult[1]);
        }
        sqlite3_free_table(papszResult);
        if (bHasMinZoomMetadata)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < nOverviews; i++)
            {
                const int iOvr = GetOverviewIndex(panOverviewList[i]);
                if (iOvr < m_nOverviewCount)
                {
                    const MBTilesDataset *poODS = m_papoOverviewDS[iOvr];
                    nMinZoom = std::min(nMinZoom, poODS->m_nZoomLevel);
                }
            }

            char *pszSQL = sqlite3_mprintf(
                "UPDATE metadata SET value = '%d' WHERE name = 'minzoom'",
                nMinZoom);
            sqlite3_exec(hDB, pszSQL, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
            sqlite3_free(pszSQL);
        }
    }

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALRegister_MBTiles()                         */
/************************************************************************/

void GDALRegister_MBTiles()

{
    if (!GDAL_CHECK_VERSION("MBTiles driver"))
        return;

    if (GDALGetDriverByName("MBTiles") != nullptr)
        return;

    GDALDriver *poDriver = new GDALDriver();

    poDriver->SetDescription("MBTiles");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_RASTER, "YES");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_VECTOR, "YES");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_LONGNAME, "MBTiles");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_HELPTOPIC,
                              "drivers/raster/mbtiles.html");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_EXTENSION, "mbtiles");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_CREATIONDATATYPES, "Byte");

#define COMPRESSION_OPTIONS                                                    \
    "  <Option name='TILE_FORMAT' scope='raster' type='string-select' "        \
    "description='Format to use to create tiles' default='PNG'>"               \
    "    <Value>PNG</Value>"                                                   \
    "    <Value>PNG8</Value>"                                                  \
    "    <Value>JPEG</Value>"                                                  \
    "    <Value>WEBP</Value>"                                                  \
    "  </Option>"                                                              \
    "  <Option name='QUALITY' scope='raster' type='int' min='1' max='100' "    \
    "description='Quality for JPEG and WEBP tiles' default='75'/>"             \
    "  <Option name='ZLEVEL' scope='raster' type='int' min='1' max='9' "       \
    "description='DEFLATE compression level for PNG tiles' default='6'/>"      \
    "  <Option name='DITHER' scope='raster' type='boolean' "                   \
    "description='Whether to apply Floyd-Steinberg dithering (for "            \
    "TILE_FORMAT=PNG8)' default='NO'/>"

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(
        GDAL_DMD_OPENOPTIONLIST,
        "<OpenOptionList>"
        "  <Option name='ZOOM_LEVEL' scope='raster,vector' type='integer' "
        "description='Zoom level of full resolution. If not specified, maximum "
        "non-empty zoom level'/>"
        "  <Option name='BAND_COUNT' scope='raster' type='string-select' "
        "description='Number of raster bands' default='AUTO'>"
        "    <Value>AUTO</Value>"
        "    <Value>1</Value>"
        "    <Value>2</Value>"
        "    <Value>3</Value>"
        "    <Value>4</Value>"
        "  </Option>"
        "  <Option name='MINX' scope='raster,vector' type='float' "
        "description='Minimum X of area of interest'/>"
        "  <Option name='MINY' scope='raster,vector' type='float' "
        "description='Minimum Y of area of interest'/>"
        "  <Option name='MAXX' scope='raster,vector' type='float' "
        "description='Maximum X of area of interest'/>"
        "  <Option name='MAXY' scope='raster,vector' type='float' "
        "description='Maximum Y of area of interest'/>"
        "  <Option name='USE_BOUNDS' scope='raster,vector' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether to use the bounds metadata, when available, to "
        "determine the AOI' default='YES'/>" COMPRESSION_OPTIONS
        "  <Option name='CLIP' scope='vector' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether to clip geometries to tile extent' "
        "default='YES'/>"
        "  <Option name='ZOOM_LEVEL_AUTO' scope='vector' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether to auto-select the zoom level for vector layers "
        "according to spatial filter extent. Only for display purpose' "
        "default='NO'/>"
        "  <Option name='JSON_FIELD' scope='vector' type='boolean' "
        "description='For vector layers, "
        "whether to put all attributes as a serialized JSon dictionary'/>"
        "</OpenOptionList>");

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(
        GDAL_DMD_CREATIONOPTIONLIST,
        "<CreationOptionList>"
        "  <Option name='NAME' scope='raster,vector' type='string' "
        "description='Tileset name'/>"
        "  <Option name='DESCRIPTION' scope='raster,vector' type='string' "
        "description='A description of the layer'/>"
        "  <Option name='TYPE' scope='raster,vector' type='string-select' "
        "description='Layer type' default='overlay'>"
        "    <Value>overlay</Value>"
        "    <Value>baselayer</Value>"
        "  </Option>"
        "  <Option name='VERSION' scope='raster' type='string' "
        "description='The version of the tileset, as a plain number' "
        "default='1.1'/>"
        "  <Option name='BLOCKSIZE' scope='raster' type='int' "
        "description='Block size in pixels' default='256' min='64' "
        "max='8192'/>" COMPRESSION_OPTIONS
        "  <Option name='ZOOM_LEVEL_STRATEGY' scope='raster' "
        "type='string-select' description='Strategy to determine zoom level.' "
        "default='AUTO'>"
        "    <Value>AUTO</Value>"
        "    <Value>LOWER</Value>"
        "    <Value>UPPER</Value>"
        "  </Option>"
        "  <Option name='RESAMPLING' scope='raster' type='string-select' "
        "description='Resampling algorithm.' default='BILINEAR'>"
        "    <Value>NEAREST</Value>"
        "    <Value>BILINEAR</Value>"
        "    <Value>CUBIC</Value>"
        "    <Value>CUBICSPLINE</Value>"
        "    <Value>LANCZOS</Value>"
        "    <Value>MODE</Value>"
        "    <Value>AVERAGE</Value>"
        "  </Option>"
        "  <Option name='WRITE_BOUNDS' scope='raster' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether to write the bounds metadata' default='YES'/>"
        "  <Option name='WRITE_MINMAXZOOM' scope='raster' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether to write the minzoom and maxzoom metadata' "
        "default='YES'/>"
        "  <Option name='BOUNDS' scope='raster,vector' type='string' "
        "description='Override default value for bounds metadata item'/>"
        "  <Option name='CENTER' scope='raster,vector' type='string' "
        "description='Override default value for center metadata item'/>"
#ifdef HAVE_MVT_WRITE_SUPPORT
        MVT_MBTILES_COMMON_DSCO
#endif
        "</CreationOptionList>");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_VIRTUALIO, "YES");

#ifdef HAVE_MVT_WRITE_SUPPORT
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_CREATE_FIELD, "YES");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_CREATIONFIELDDATATYPES,
                              "Integer Integer64 Real String");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_CREATIONFIELDDATASUBTYPES,
                              "Boolean Float32");

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DS_LAYER_CREATIONOPTIONLIST, MVT_LCO);
#endif

#ifdef ENABLE_SQL_SQLITE_FORMAT
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem("ENABLE_SQL_SQLITE_FORMAT", "YES");
#endif
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_SUPPORTED_SQL_DIALECTS, "SQLITE OGRSQL");

    poDriver->pfnOpen = MBTilesDataset::Open;
    poDriver->pfnIdentify = MBTilesDataset::Identify;
    poDriver->pfnCreateCopy = MBTilesDataset::CreateCopy;
    poDriver->pfnCreate = MBTilesDataset::Create;

    GetGDALDriverManager()->RegisterDriver(poDriver);
}
