# GeoJSON

Driver short name

GeoJSON

Driver built-in by default

This driver is built-in by default

This driver implements read/write support for access to features encoded in GeoJSON format. GeoJSON is a dialect based on the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). JSON is a lightweight plain text format for data interchange and GeoJSON is nothing other than its specialization for geographic content.

GeoJSON is supported as an output format of a number of services: GeoServer, CartoWeb, etc.

The OGR GeoJSON driver translates GeoJSON encoded data to objects of the OGR Simple Features model: Datasource, Layer, Feature, Geometry. The implementation is based on GeoJSON Specification, v1.0.

Starting with GDAL 2.1.0, the GeoJSON driver supports updating existing GeoJSON files. In that case, the default value for the NATIVE_DATA open option will be YES.

## Driver capabilities

Supports Create()

This driver supports the `GDALDriver::Create()` operation

Supports Georeferencing

This driver supports georeferencing

Supports VirtualIO

This driver supports virtual I/O operations (/vsimem/, etc.)

## Datasource

The OGR GeoJSON driver accepts three types of sources of data:

- Uniform Resource Locator (URL) - a Web address to perform HTTP request

- Plain text file with GeoJSON data - identified from the file extension .geojson or .json

- Text passed directly and encoded in GeoJSON

Starting with GDAL 2.3, the URL/filename/text might be prefixed with GeoJSON: to avoid any ambiguity with other drivers.

## Layer

A GeoJSON datasource is translated to single OGRLayer object with pre-defined name OGRGeoJSON:

    ogrinfo -ro http://featureserver/data/.geojson OGRGeoJSON

It is also valid to assume that OGRDataSource::GetLayerCount() for GeoJSON datasource always returns 1.

Starting with GDAL 2.2, the layer name is built with the following logic:

1. If a “name” member is found at the FeatureCollection level, it is used.

2. Otherwise if the filename is regular (ie not a URL with query parameters), then the filename without extension and path is used as the layer name.

3. Otherwise OGRGeoJSON is used.

Accessing Web Service as a datasource (i.e. FeatureServer), each request will produce new layer. This behavior conforms to stateless nature of HTTP transaction and is similar to how Web browsers operate: single request == single page.

If a top-level member of GeoJSON data is of any other type than FeatureCollection, the driver will produce a layer with only one feature. Otherwise, a layer will consists of a set of features.

If the NATIVE_DATA open option is set to YES, members at the level of the FeatureCollection will be stored as a serialized JSon object in the NATIVE_DATA item of the NATIVE_DATA metadata domain of the layer object (and “application/vnd.geo+json” in the NATIVE_MEDIA_TYPE of the NATIVE_DATA metadata domain).

## Feature

The OGR GeoJSON driver maps each object of following types to new OGRFeature object: Point, LineString, Polygon, GeometryCollection, Feature.

According to the GeoJSON Specification, only the Feature object must have a member with name properties. Each and every member of properties is translated to OGR object of type of OGRField and added to corresponding OGRFeature object.

The GeoJSON Specification does not require all Feature objects in a collection to have the same schema of properties. If Feature objects in a set defined by FeatureCollection object have different schema of properties, then resulting schema of fields in OGRFeatureDefn is generated as union of all Feature properties.

Schema detection will recognized fields of type String, Integer, Real, StringList, IntegerList and RealList. Starting with GDAL 2.0, Integer(Boolean), Date, Time and DateTime fields are also recognized.

It is possible to tell the driver to not to process attributes by setting environment variable ATTRIBUTES_SKIP=YES. Default behavior is to preserve all attributes (as an union, see previous paragraph), what is equal to setting ATTRIBUTES_SKIP=NO.

If the NATIVE_DATA open option is set to YES, the Feature JSon object will be stored as a serialized JSon object in the NativeData property of the OGRFeature object (and “application/vnd.geo+json” in the NativeMediaType property). On write, if a OGRFeature to be written has its NativeMediaType property set to “application/vnd.geo+json” and its NativeData property set to a string that is a serialized JSon object, then extra members of this object (i.e. not the “property” dictionary, nor the first 3 dimensions of geometry coordinates) will be used to enhance the created JSon object from the OGRFeature. See RFC 60 : Improved round-tripping in OGR for more details.

## Geometry

Similarly to the issue with mixed-properties features, the GeoJSON Specification draft does not require all Feature objects in a collection must have geometry of the same type. Fortunately, OGR objects model does allow to have geometries of different types in single layer - a heterogeneous layer. By default, the GeoJSON driver preserves type of geometries.

However, sometimes there is a need to generate a homogeneous layer from a set of heterogeneous features. For this purpose, it is possible to tell the driver to wrap all geometries with OGRGeometryCollection type as a common denominator. This behavior may be controlled by setting GEOMETRY_AS_COLLECTION=YES in the environment (default is NO).

## Environment variables

- GEOMETRY_AS_COLLECTION - used to control translation of geometries: YES - wrap geometries with OGRGeometryCollection type

- ATTRIBUTES_SKIP - controls translation of attributes: YES - skip all attributes

- OGR_GEOJSON_MAX_OBJ_SIZE - (GDAL >= 3.0.2) size in MBytes of the maximum accepted single feature, default value is 200MB

## Open options

(GDAL >= 2.0)

- FLATTEN_NESTED_ATTRIBUTES = YES/NO: Whether to recursively explore nested objects and produce flatten OGR attributes. Defaults to NO.

- NESTED_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR = character: Separator between components of nested attributes. Defaults to ‘_’

- FEATURE_SERVER_PAGING = YES/NO: Whether to automatically scroll through results with a ArcGIS Feature Service endpoint.

- NATIVE_DATA = YES/NO: (GDAL >= 2.1) Whether to store the native JSon representation at FeatureCollection and Feature level. Defaults to NO. This option can be used to improve round-tripping from GeoJSON to GeoJSON by preserving some extra JSon objects that would otherwise be ignored by the OGR abstraction. Note that ogr2ogr by default enable this option, unless you specify its -noNativeData switch.

- ARRAY_AS_STRING = YES/NO: (GDAL >= 2.1) Whether to expose JSon arrays of strings, integers or reals as a OGR String. Default is NO. Can also be set with the OGR_GEOJSON_ARRAY_AS_STRING configuration option.

- DATE_AS_STRING = YES/NO: (GDAL >= 3.0.3) Whether to expose date/time/date-time content using dedicated OGR date/time/date-time types or as a OGR String. Default is NO (that is date/time/date-time are detected as such). Can also be set with the OGR_GEOJSON_DATE_AS_STRING configuration option.

To explain FLATTEN_NESTED_ATTRIBUTES, consider the following GeoJSON fragment:

    {
      "type": "FeatureCollection",
      "features":
      [
        {
          "type": "Feature",
          "geometry": {
            "type": "Point",
            "coordinates": [ 2, 49 ]
          },
          "properties": {
            "a_property": "foo",
            "some_object": {
              "a_property": 1,
              "another_property": 2
            }
          }
        }
      ]
    }

“ogrinfo test.json -al -oo FLATTEN_NESTED_ATTRIBUTES=yes” reports:

    OGRFeature(OGRGeoJSON):0
      a_property (String) = foo
      some_object_a_property (Integer) = 1
      some_object_another_property (Integer) = 2
      POINT (2 49)

## Layer creation options

- WRITE_BBOX = YES/NO: (OGR >= 1.9.0) Set to YES to write a bbox property with the bounding box of the geometries at the feature and feature collection level. Defaults to NO.

- COORDINATE_PRECISION = int_number: (OGR >= 1.9.0) Maximum number of figures after decimal separator to write in coordinates. Default to 15 for GeoJSON 2008, and 7 for RFC 7946. “Smart” truncation will occur to remove trailing zeros.

- SIGNIFICANT_FIGURES = int_number: (OGR >= 2.1) Maximum number of significant figures when writing floating-point numbers. Default to 17. If explicitly specified, and COORDINATE_PRECISION is not, this will also apply to coordinates.

- NATIVE_DATA=string. (OGR >= 2.1) Serialized JSon object that contains extra properties to store at FeatureCollection level.

- NATIVE_MEDIA_TYPE=string. (OGR >= 2.1) Format of NATIVE_DATA. Must be “application/vnd.geo+json”, otherwise NATIVE_DATA will be ignored.

- RFC7946=YES/NO. (OGR >= 2.2) Whether to use RFC 7946 standard. Otherwise GeoJSON 2008 initial version will be used. Default is NO (thus GeoJSON 2008)

- WRITE_NAME=YES/NO. (OGR >= 2.2) Whether to write a “name” property at feature collection level with layer name. Defaults to YES.

- DESCRIPTION=string. (OGR >= 2.2) (Long) description to write in a “description” property at feature collection level. On reading, this will be reported in the DESCRIPTION metadata item of the layer.

- ID_FIELD=string. (OGR >= 2.3) Name of the source field that must be written as the ‘id’ member of Feature objects.

- ID_TYPE=AUTO/String/Integer. (OGR >= 2.3) Type of the ‘id’ memer of Feature objects.

- ID_GENERATE=YES/NO. (OGR >= 3.1) Auto-generate feature ids

- WRITE_NON_FINITE_VALUES=YES/NO. (OGR >= 2.4) Whether to write NaN / Infinity values. Such values are not allowed in strict JSon mode, but some JSon parsers (libjson-c >= 0.12 for exampl) can understand them as they are allowed by ECMAScript. Defaults to NO

## VSI Virtual File System API support

Some features below require OGR >= 1.9.0.

The driver supports reading and writing to files managed by VSI Virtual File System API, which includes “regular” files, as well as files in the /vsizip/ (read-write), /vsigzip/ (read-write), /vsicurl/ (read-only) domains.

Writing to /dev/stdout or /vsistdout/ is also supported.

## Round-tripping of extra JSon members

See RFC 60 : Improved round-tripping in OGR for more details.

Starting with GDAL 2.1, extra JSon members at the FeatureCollection, Feature or geometry levels that are not normally reflected in the OGR abstraction, such as the ones called “extra_XXXXX_member” in the below snippet, are by default preserved when executing ogr2ogr with GeoJSON both at the source and destination. This also applies to extra values in position tuples of geometries, beyond the 3rd dimension (100, 101 in the below example), if the transformation preserves the geometry structure (for example, reprojection is allowed, but not change in the number of coordinates).

    {
      "type": "FeatureCollection",
      "extra_fc_member": "foo",
      "features":
      [
        {
          "type": "Feature",
          "extra_feat_member": "bar",
          "geometry": {
            "type": "Point",
            "extra_geom_member": "baz",
            "coordinates": [ 2, 49, 3, 100, 101 ]
          },
          "properties": {
            "a_property": "foo",
          }
        }
      ]
    }

This behaviour can be turned off by specifying the -noNativeData switch of the ogr2ogr utility.

## RFC 7946 write support

By default, the driver will write GeoJSON files following GeoJSON 2008 specification. When specifying the RFC7946=YES creation option, the RFC 7946 standard will be used instead.

The differences between the 2 versions are mentioned in Appendix B of RFC 7946 and recalled here for what matters to the driver:

- Coordinates must be geographic over the WGS 84 ellipsoid, hence if the spatial reference system specified at layer creation time is not EPSG:4326, on-the-fly reprojection will be done by the driver.

- Polygons will be written such as to follow the right-hand rule for orientation (counterclockwise external rings, clockwise internal rings).

- The values of a “bbox” array are “[west, south, east, north]”, not “[minx, miny, maxx, maxy]”

- Some extension member names (see previous section about round/tripping) are forbidden in the FeatureCollection, Feature and Geometry objects.

- The default coordinate precision is 7 decimal digits after decimal separator.

## Examples

How to dump content of .geojson file:

    ogrinfo -ro point.geojson

How to query features from remote service with filtering by attribute:

    ogrinfo -ro http://featureserver/cities/.geojson OGRGeoJSON -where "name=Warsaw"

How to translate number of features queried from FeatureServer to ESRI Shapefile:

    ogr2ogr -f "ESRI Shapefile" cities.shp http://featureserver/cities/.geojson OGRGeoJSON

How to translate a ESRI Shapefile into a RFC 7946 GeoJSON file:

    ogr2ogr -f GeoJSON cities.json cities.shp -lco RFC7946=YES

## See Also

- GeoJSON - encoding geographic content in JSON

- RFC 7946 standard.

- GeoJSON 2008 specification (obsoleted by RFC 7946).

- JSON - JavaScript Object Notation

- GeoJSON sequence driver

- ESRI JSon / FeatureService driver

- TopoJSON driver