# Comma Separated Value (.csv)

OGR supports reading and writing primarily non-spatial tabular data stored in text CSV files. CSV files are a common interchange format between software packages supporting tabular data and are also easily produced manually with a text editor or with end-user written scripts or programs.

While in theory .csv files could have any extension, in order to auto-recognise the format OGR only supports CSV files ending with the extension ".csv". The datasource name may be either a single CSV file or point to a directory. For a directory to be recognised as a .csv datasource at least half the files in the directory need to have the extension .csv. One layer (table) is produced from each .csv file accessed.

Starting with GDAL 1.8.0, for files structured as CSV, but not ending with .CSV extension, the 'CSV:' prefix can be added before the filename to force loading by the CSV driver.

The OGR CSV driver supports reading and writing. Because the CSV format has variable length text lines, reading is done sequentially. Reading features in random order will generally be very slow. OGR CSV layer might have a coordinate system stored in a .prj file (see GeoCSV specification). When reading a field named "WKT" is assumed to contain WKT geometry, but also is treated as a regular field. The OGR CSV driver returns all attribute columns as string data types if no field type information file (with .csvt extension) is available.

Limited type recognition can be done for Integer, Real, String, Date (YYYY-MM-DD), Time (HH:MM:SS+nn), DateTime (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS+nn) columns through a descriptive file with the same name as the CSV file, but a .csvt extension. In a single line the types for each column have to be listed with double quotes and be comma separated (e.g., "Integer","String"). It is also possible to specify explicitly the width and precision of each column, e.g. "Integer(5)","Real(10.7)","String(15)". The driver will then use these types as specified for the csv columns. Starting with GDAL 2.0, subtypes can be passed between parenthesis, such as "Integer(Boolean)", "Integer(Int16)" and "Real(Float32)". Starting with GDAL 2.1, accordingly with the GeoCSV specification, the "CoordX" or "Point(X)" type can be used to specify a column with longitude/easting values, "CoordY" or "Point(Y)" for latitude/northing values and "WKT" for geometries encoded in WKT

Starting with GDAL 2.2, the "JSonStringList", "JSonIntegerList", "JSonInteger64List" and "JSonRealList" types can be used in .csvt to map to the corresponding OGR StringList, IntegerList, Integer64List and RealList types. The field values are then encoded as JSon arrays, with proper CSV escaping.

Starting with GDAL 2.0, automatic field type guessing can also be done if specifying the open options described in the below "Open options" section.

## Format

CSV files have one line for each feature (record) in the layer (table). The attribute field values are separated by commas. At least two fields per line must be present. Lines may be terminated by a DOS (CR/LF) or Unix (LF) style line terminators. Each record should have the same number of fields. The driver will also accept a semicolon, a tabulation or a space (GDAL >= 2.0 for the later) character as field separator . This autodetection will work only if there's no other potential separator on the first line of the CSV file. Otherwise it will default to comma as separator.

Complex attribute values (such as those containing commas, quotes or newlines) may be placed in double quotes. Any occurrences of double quotes within the quoted string should be doubled up to "escape" them.

By default, the driver attempts to treat the first line of the file as a list of field names for all the fields. However, if one or more of the names is all numeric it is assumed that the first line is actually data values and dummy field names are generated internally (field_1 through field_n) and the first record is treated as a feature. Starting with GDAL 1.9.0 numeric values are treated as field names if they are enclosed in double quotes. Starting with GDAL 2.1, this behaviour can be modified via the HEADERS open option.

All CSV files are treated as UTF-8 encoded. Starting with GDAL 1.9.0, a Byte Order Mark (BOM) at the beginning of the file will be parsed correctly. From 1.9.2, The option WRITE_BOM can be used to create a file with a Byte Order Mark, which can improve compatibility with some software (particularly Excel).

Example (employee.csv):

    ID,Salary,Name,Comments
    132,55000.0,John Walker,"The ""big"" cheese."
    133,11000.0,Jane Lake,Cleaning Staff

Note that the Comments value for the first data record is placed in double quotes because the value contains quotes, and those quotes have to be doubled up so we know we haven't reached the end of the quoted string yet.

Many variations of textual input are sometimes called Comma Separated Value files, including files without commas, but fixed column widths, those using tabs as separators or those with other auxiliary data defining field types or structure. This driver does not attempt to support all such files, but instead to support simple .csv files that can be auto-recognised. Scripts or other mechanisms can generally be used to convert other variations into a form that is compatible with the OGR CSV driver.

## Reading CSV containing spatial information

### Building point geometries

Consider the following CSV file (test.csv):

    Latitude,Longitude,Name
    48.1,0.25,"First point"
    49.2,1.1,"Second point"
    47.5,0.75,"Third point"

Starting with GDAL 2.1, it is possible to directly specify the potential names of the columns that can contain X/longitude and Y/latitude with the X_POSSIBLE_NAMES and Y_POSSIBLE_NAMES open option.

ogrinfo -ro -al test.csv -oo X_POSSIBLE_NAMES=Lon* -oo Y_POSSIBLE_NAMES=Lat* -oo KEEP_GEOM_COLUMNS=NO will return :

    OGRFeature(test):1
      Name (String) = First point
      POINT (0.25 48.1)

    OGRFeature(test):2
      Name (String) = Second point
      POINT (1.1 49.2)

    OGRFeature(test):3
      Name (String) = Third point
      POINT (0.75 47.5)

Otherwise, if one or several columns contain a geometry definition encoded as WKT, WKB (encoded in hexadecimal) or GeoJSON (in which case the GeoJSON content must be formatted to follow CSV rules, that is to say it must be surrounded by double-quotes, and double-quotes inside the string must be repeated for proper escaping), the name of such column(s) the GEOM_POSSIBLE_NAMES open option.

For older versions, it is possible to extract spatial information (points) from a CSV file which has columns for the X and Y coordinates, through the use of the VRT driver.

You can write the associated VRT file (test.vrt):

    <OGRVRTDataSource>
        <OGRVRTLayer name="test">
            <SrcDataSource>test.csv</SrcDataSource>
            <GeometryType>wkbPoint</GeometryType>
            <LayerSRS>WGS84</LayerSRS>
            <GeometryField encoding="PointFromColumns" x="Longitude" y="Latitude"/>
        </OGRVRTLayer>
    </OGRVRTDataSource>

and ogrinfo -ro -al test.vrt will return :

    OGRFeature(test):1
      Latitude (String) = 48.1
      Longitude (String) = 0.25
      Name (String) = First point
      POINT (0.25 48.1 0)

    OGRFeature(test):2
      Latitude (String) = 49.2
      Longitude (String) = 1.1
      Name (String) = Second point
      POINT (1.1 49.200000000000003 0)

    OGRFeature(test):3
      Latitude (String) = 47.5
      Longitude (String) = 0.75
      Name (String) = Third point
      POINT (0.75 47.5 0)

### Building line geometries

Consider the following CSV file (test.csv):

    way_id,pt_id,x,y
    1,1,2,49
    1,2,3,50
    2,1,-2,49
    2,2,-3,50

With a GDAL build with Spatialite enabled, ogrinfo test.csv -dialect SQLite -sql "SELECT way_id, MakeLine(MakePoint(CAST(x AS float),CAST(y AS float))) FROM test GROUP BY way_id" will return :

    OGRFeature(SELECT):0
      way_id (String) = 1
      LINESTRING (2 49,3 50)

    OGRFeature(SELECT):1
      way_id (String) = 2
      LINESTRING (-2 49,-3 50)

## Open options

Starting with GDAL 2.0, the following open options can be specified (typically with the -oo name=value parameters of ogrinfo or ogr2ogr):

- MERGE_SEPARATOR=YES/NO (defaults to NO). Setting it to YES will enable merging consecutive separators. Mostly useful when it is the space character.
- AUTODETECT_TYPE=YES/NO (defaults to NO). Setting it to YES will enable auto-detection of field data types. If while reading the records (beyond the records used for autodetection), a value is found to not correspond to the autodetected data type, a warning will be emitted and the field will be emptied.
- KEEP_SOURCE_COLUMNS=YES/NO (default NO) keep a copy of the original columns where the guessing is active, and the guessed type is different from string. The name of the original columns will be suffixed with "_original". This flag should be used only when AUTODETECT_TYPE=YES.
- AUTODETECT_WIDTH=YES/NO/STRING_ONLY (defaults to NO). Setting it to YES to detect the width of string and integer fields, and the width and precision of real fields. Setting it to STRING_ONLY restricts to string fields. Setting it to NO select default size and width. If while reading the records (beyond the records used for autodetection), a value is found to not correspond to the autodetected width/precision, a warning will be emitted and the field will be emptied.
- AUTODETECT_SIZE_LIMIT=size to specify the number of bytes to inspect to determine the data type and width/precision. The default will be 100000. Setting 0 means inspecting the whole file. Note : specifying a value over 1 MB (or 0 if the file is larger than 1MB) will prevent reading from standard input.
- QUOTED_FIELDS_AS_STRING=YES/NO (default NO). Only used if AUTODETECT_TYPE=YES. Whether to enforce quoted fields as string fields when set to YES. Otherwise, by default, the content of quoted fields will be tested for real, integer, etc... data types.
- X_POSSIBLE_NAMES=list_of_names. (GDAL >= 2.1) Comma separated list of possible names for X/longitude coordinate of a point. Each name might be a pattern using the star character in starting and/or ending position. E.g.: prefix*, *suffix or *middle*. The values in the column must be floating point values. X_POSSIBLE_NAMES and Y_POSSIBLE_NAMES must be both specified and a matching for each must be found in the columns of the CSV file. Only one geometry column per layer might be built when using X_POSSIBLE_NAMES/Y_POSSIBLE_NAMES.
- Y_POSSIBLE_NAMES=list_of_names. (GDAL >= 2.1) Comma separated list of possible names for Y/latitude coordinate of a point. Each name might be a pattern using the star character in starting and/or ending position. E.g.: prefix*, *suffix or *middle*. The values in the column must be floating point values. X_POSSIBLE_NAMES and Y_POSSIBLE_NAMES must be both specified and a matching for each must be found in the columns of the CSV file.
- Z_POSSIBLE_NAMES=list_of_names. (GDAL >= 2.1) Comma separated list of possible names for Z/elevation coordinate of a point. Each name might be a pattern using the star character in starting and/or ending position. E.g.: prefix*, *suffix or *middle*. The values in the column must be floating point values. Only taken into account in combination with X_POSSIBLE_NAMES and Y_POSSIBLE_NAMES.
- GEOM_POSSIBLE_NAMES=list_of_names. (GDAL >= 2.1) Comma separated list of possible names for geometry columns that contain geometry definitions encoded as WKT, WKB (in hexadecimal form, potentially in PostGIS 2.0 extended WKB) or GeoJSON. Each name might be a pattern using the star character in starting and/or ending position. E.g.: prefix*, *suffix or *middle*
- KEEP_GEOM_COLUMNS=YES/NO (default YES) Expose the detected X,Y,Z or geometry columns as regular attribute fields.
- HEADERS=YES/NO/AUTO (default AUTO) (GDAL >= 2.1) Whether the first line of the file contains column names or not. When set to AUTO, GDAL will assume the first line is column names if none of the values are strictly numeric.
- EMPTY_STRING_AS_NULL=YES/NO (default NO) (GDAL >= 2.1) Whether to consider empty strings as null fields on reading'.

## Creation Issues

The driver supports creating new databases (as a directory of .csv files), adding new .csv files to an existing directory or .csv files or appending features to an existing .csv table. Starting with GDAL 2.1, deleting or replacing existing features, or adding/modifying/deleting fields is supported, provided the modifications done are small enough to be stored in RAM temporarily before flushing to disk.

Layer Creation options:

- LINEFORMAT: By default when creating new .csv files they are created with the line termination conventions of the local platform (CR/LF on win32 or LF on all other systems). This may be overridden through use of the LINEFORMAT layer creation option which may have a value of CRLF (DOS format) or LF (Unix format).

- GEOMETRY (Starting with GDAL 1.6.0): By default, the geometry of a feature written to a .csv file is discarded. It is possible to export the geometry in its WKT representation by specifying GEOMETRY=AS_WKT. It is also possible to export point geometries into their X,Y,Z components (different columns in the csv file) by specifying GEOMETRY=AS_XYZ, GEOMETRY=AS_XY or GEOMETRY=AS_YX. The geometry column(s) will be prepended to the columns with the attributes values.

- CREATE_CSVT=YES/NO (Starting with GDAL 1.7.0): Create the associated .csvt file (see above paragraph) to describe the type of each column of the layer and its optional width and precision. Default value : NO

- SEPARATOR=COMMA/SEMICOLON/TAB/SPACE (Starting with GDAL 1.7.0): Field separator character. Default value : COMMA

- WRITE_BOM=YES/NO (Starting with GDAL 1.9.2): Write a UTF-8 Byte Order Mark (BOM) at the start of the file. Default value : NO

- GEOMETRY_NAME=name (Starting with GDAL 2.1): Name of geometry column. Only used if GEOMETRY=AS_WKT. Defaults to WKT

- STRING_QUOTING=IF_NEEDED/IF_AMBIGUOUS/ALWAYS (Starting with GDAL 2.3): whether to double-quote strings. IF_AMBIGUOUS means that string values that look like numbers will be quoted (it also implies IF_NEEDED). Defaults to IF_AMBIGUOUS (behaviour in older versions was IF_NEEDED)

Configuration options (set with "--config key value" on command line utilities):

- OGR_WKT_PRECISION=int: Number of decimals for coordinate values. Default to 15. A heuristics is used to remove unsignificant trailing 00000x or 99999x that can appear when formatting decimal numbers.
- OGR_WKT_ROUND=YES/NO: (GDAL >=2.3) Whether to enable the above mentioned heuristics to remove unsignificant trailing 00000x or 99999x. Default to YES.

## VSI Virtual File System API support

(Some features below might require OGR >= 1.9.0)

The driver supports reading and writing to files managed by VSI Virtual File System API, which include "regular" files, as well as files in the /vsizip/ (read-write) , /vsigzip/ (read-only) , /vsicurl/ (read-only) domains.

Writing to /dev/stdout or /vsistdout/ is also supported.

### Examples

- This example shows using ogr2ogr to transform a shapefile with point geometry into a .csv file with the X,Y,Z coordinates of the points as first columns in the .csv file

      ogr2ogr -f CSV output.csv input.shp -lco GEOMETRY=AS_XYZ

## Particular datasources

The CSV driver can also read files whose structure is close to CSV files :

- Airport data files NfdcFacilities.xls, NfdcRunways.xls, NfdcRemarks.xls and NfdcSchedules.xls found on tha FAA website (OGR >= 1.8.0)
- Files from the USGS GNIS (Geographic Names Information System) (OGR >= 1.9.0)
- The allCountries file from GeoNames (OGR >= 1.9.0 for direct import)
- Eurostat .TSV files (OGR >= 1.10.0)

## Other Notes

- GeoCSV specification (supported by GDAL >= 2.1)
- Initial development of the OGR CSV driver was supported by DM Solutions Group and GoMOOS.
- Carto funded field type auto-detection and open options related to geometry columns.