/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  PROJ
 * Purpose:  Test ISO19111:2019 implementation
 * Author:   Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2018, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
 * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "gtest_include.h"

#include "test_primitives.hpp"

// to be able to use internal::replaceAll
#ifndef FROM_PROJ_CPP
#define FROM_PROJ_CPP
#endif

#include "proj/common.hpp"
#include "proj/coordinateoperation.hpp"
#include "proj/coordinatesystem.hpp"
#include "proj/crs.hpp"
#include "proj/datum.hpp"
#include "proj/io.hpp"
#include "proj/metadata.hpp"
#include "proj/util.hpp"

#include "proj/internal/internal.hpp"

#include "proj_constants.h"

#include <string>
#include <vector>

using namespace osgeo::proj::common;
using namespace osgeo::proj::crs;
using namespace osgeo::proj::cs;
using namespace osgeo::proj::datum;
using namespace osgeo::proj::io;
using namespace osgeo::proj::internal;
using namespace osgeo::proj::metadata;
using namespace osgeo::proj::operation;
using namespace osgeo::proj::util;

namespace {
struct UnrelatedObject : public IComparable {
    UnrelatedObject() = default;

    bool _isEquivalentTo(const IComparable *, Criterion,
                         const DatabaseContextPtr &) const override {
        assert(false);
        return false;
    }
};

static nn<std::shared_ptr<UnrelatedObject>> createUnrelatedObject() {
    return nn_make_shared<UnrelatedObject>();
}
} // namespace

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, method) {

    auto method = OperationMethod::create(
        PropertyMap(), std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{});
    EXPECT_TRUE(method->isEquivalentTo(method.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(method->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
    auto otherMethod = OperationMethod::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{OperationParameter::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName"))});
    EXPECT_TRUE(otherMethod->isEquivalentTo(otherMethod.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(method->isEquivalentTo(otherMethod.get()));
    auto otherMethod2 = OperationMethod::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{OperationParameter::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName2"))});
    EXPECT_FALSE(otherMethod->isEquivalentTo(otherMethod2.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(otherMethod->isEquivalentTo(
        otherMethod2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, method_parameter_different_order) {

    auto method1 = OperationMethod::create(
        PropertyMap(), std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{
                           OperationParameter::create(PropertyMap().set(
                               IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName")),
                           OperationParameter::create(PropertyMap().set(
                               IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName2"))});

    auto method2 = OperationMethod::create(
        PropertyMap(), std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{
                           OperationParameter::create(PropertyMap().set(
                               IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName2")),
                           OperationParameter::create(PropertyMap().set(
                               IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName"))});

    auto method3 = OperationMethod::create(
        PropertyMap(), std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{
                           OperationParameter::create(PropertyMap().set(
                               IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName3")),
                           OperationParameter::create(PropertyMap().set(
                               IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName"))});

    EXPECT_FALSE(method1->isEquivalentTo(method2.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(method1->isEquivalentTo(method2.get(),
                                        IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_FALSE(method1->isEquivalentTo(method3.get(),
                                         IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, ParameterValue) {

    auto valStr1 = ParameterValue::create("str1");
    auto valStr2 = ParameterValue::create("str2");
    EXPECT_TRUE(valStr1->isEquivalentTo(valStr1.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(valStr1->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(valStr1->isEquivalentTo(valStr2.get()));

    auto valMeasure1 = ParameterValue::create(Angle(-90.0));
    auto valMeasure1Eps = ParameterValue::create(Angle(-90.0 - 1e-11));
    auto valMeasure2 = ParameterValue::create(Angle(-89.0));
    EXPECT_TRUE(valMeasure1->isEquivalentTo(valMeasure1.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(valMeasure1->isEquivalentTo(
        valMeasure1.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_FALSE(valMeasure1->isEquivalentTo(valMeasure1Eps.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(valMeasure1->isEquivalentTo(
        valMeasure1Eps.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_FALSE(valMeasure1->isEquivalentTo(valStr1.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(valMeasure1->isEquivalentTo(valMeasure2.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(valMeasure1->isEquivalentTo(
        valMeasure2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    auto valInt1 = ParameterValue::create(1);
    auto valInt2 = ParameterValue::create(2);
    EXPECT_TRUE(valInt1->isEquivalentTo(valInt1.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(valInt1->isEquivalentTo(valInt2.get()));

    auto valTrue = ParameterValue::create(true);
    auto valFalse = ParameterValue::create(false);
    EXPECT_TRUE(valTrue->isEquivalentTo(valTrue.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(valTrue->isEquivalentTo(valFalse.get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, OperationParameter) {

    auto op1 = OperationParameter::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName"));
    auto op2 = OperationParameter::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName2"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(op1->isEquivalentTo(op1.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(op1->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(op1->isEquivalentTo(op2.get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, OperationParameterValue) {

    auto op1 = OperationParameter::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName"));
    auto op2 = OperationParameter::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName2"));
    auto valStr1 = ParameterValue::create("str1");
    auto valStr2 = ParameterValue::create("str2");
    auto opv11 = OperationParameterValue::create(op1, valStr1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(opv11->isEquivalentTo(opv11.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(opv11->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
    auto opv12 = OperationParameterValue::create(op1, valStr2);
    EXPECT_FALSE(opv11->isEquivalentTo(opv12.get()));
    auto opv21 = OperationParameterValue::create(op2, valStr1);
    EXPECT_FALSE(opv11->isEquivalentTo(opv12.get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, SingleOperation) {

    auto sop1 = Transformation::create(
        PropertyMap(), nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326),
        nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807),
        static_cast<CRSPtr>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.as_nullable()),
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{OperationParameter::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName"))},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo.bin")},
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{
            PositionalAccuracy::create("0.1")});

    EXPECT_TRUE(sop1->isEquivalentTo(sop1.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(sop1->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));

    EXPECT_TRUE(
        sop1->isEquivalentTo(sop1->CoordinateOperation::shallowClone().get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(sop1->inverse()->isEquivalentTo(
        sop1->inverse()->CoordinateOperation::shallowClone().get()));

    auto sop2 = Transformation::create(
        PropertyMap(), nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326),
        nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807),
        static_cast<CRSPtr>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.as_nullable()),
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{OperationParameter::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName2"))},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo.bin")},
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{
            PositionalAccuracy::create("0.1")});
    EXPECT_FALSE(sop1->isEquivalentTo(sop2.get()));

    auto sop3 = Transformation::create(
        PropertyMap(), nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326),
        nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807),
        static_cast<CRSPtr>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.as_nullable()),
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{
            OperationParameter::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName")),
            OperationParameter::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName2"))},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo.bin"),
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo2.bin")},
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{
            PositionalAccuracy::create("0.1")});
    EXPECT_FALSE(sop1->isEquivalentTo(sop3.get()));

    auto sop4 = Transformation::create(
        PropertyMap(), nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326),
        nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807),
        static_cast<CRSPtr>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.as_nullable()),
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{OperationParameter::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName"))},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo2.bin")},
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{
            PositionalAccuracy::create("0.1")});
    EXPECT_FALSE(sop1->isEquivalentTo(sop4.get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, SingleOperation_different_order) {

    auto sop1 = Transformation::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "ignored1"),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, nullptr,
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{
            OperationParameter::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName")),
            OperationParameter::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName2"))},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo.bin"),
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo2.bin")},
        {});

    auto sop2 = Transformation::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "ignored2"),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, nullptr,
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{
            OperationParameter::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName2")),
            OperationParameter::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName"))},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo2.bin"),
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo.bin")},
        {});

    auto sop3 = Transformation::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "ignored3"),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, nullptr,
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{
            OperationParameter::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName")),
            OperationParameter::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName2"))},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo2.bin"),
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo.bin")},
        {});

    EXPECT_FALSE(sop1->isEquivalentTo(sop2.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        sop1->isEquivalentTo(sop2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_FALSE(
        sop1->isEquivalentTo(sop3.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_to_wkt) {
    PropertyMap propertiesTransformation;
    propertiesTransformation
        .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "codeSpaceTransformation")
        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, "codeTransformation")
        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "transformationName")
        .set(IdentifiedObject::REMARKS_KEY, "my remarks");

    auto transf = Transformation::create(
        propertiesTransformation,
        nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326),
        nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807),
        static_cast<CRSPtr>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.as_nullable()),
        PropertyMap()
            .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "codeSpaceOperationMethod")
            .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, "codeOperationMethod")
            .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "operationMethodName"),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{OperationParameter::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName"))},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo.bin")},
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{
            PositionalAccuracy::create("0.1")});

    std::string src_wkt;
    {
        auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create();
        formatter->setOutputId(false);
        src_wkt = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->exportToWKT(formatter.get());
    }

    std::string dst_wkt;
    {
        auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create();
        formatter->setOutputId(false);
        dst_wkt = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807->exportToWKT(formatter.get());
    }

    std::string interpolation_wkt;
    {
        auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create();
        formatter->setOutputId(false);
        interpolation_wkt =
            GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979->exportToWKT(formatter.get());
    }

    auto expected =
        "COORDINATEOPERATION[\"transformationName\",\n"
        "    SOURCECRS[" +
        src_wkt + "],\n"
                  "    TARGETCRS[" +
        dst_wkt +
        "],\n"
        "    METHOD[\"operationMethodName\",\n"
        "        ID[\"codeSpaceOperationMethod\",\"codeOperationMethod\"]],\n"
        "    PARAMETERFILE[\"paramName\",\"foo.bin\"],\n"
        "    INTERPOLATIONCRS[" +
        interpolation_wkt +
        "],\n"
        "    OPERATIONACCURACY[0.1],\n"
        "    ID[\"codeSpaceTransformation\",\"codeTransformation\"],\n"
        "    REMARK[\"my remarks\"]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        replaceAll(replaceAll(transf->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
                              " ", ""),
                   "\n", ""),
        replaceAll(replaceAll(expected, " ", ""), "\n", ""));

    EXPECT_THROW(
        transf->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);

    EXPECT_TRUE(transf->isEquivalentTo(transf.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(transf->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, concatenated_operation) {

    PropertyMap propertiesTransformation;
    propertiesTransformation
        .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "codeSpaceTransformation")
        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, "codeTransformation")
        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "transformationName")
        .set(IdentifiedObject::REMARKS_KEY, "my remarks");

    auto transf_1 = Transformation::create(
        propertiesTransformation,
        nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326),
        nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807), nullptr,
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "operationMethodName"),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{OperationParameter::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName"))},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo.bin")},
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());

    auto transf_2 = Transformation::create(
        propertiesTransformation,
        nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807),
        nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979), nullptr,
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "operationMethodName"),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{OperationParameter::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName"))},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo.bin")},
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());

    auto concat = ConcatenatedOperation::create(
        PropertyMap()
            .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "codeSpace")
            .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, "code")
            .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "name")
            .set(IdentifiedObject::REMARKS_KEY, "my remarks"),
        std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr>{transf_1, transf_2},
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{
            PositionalAccuracy::create("0.1")});

    std::string src_wkt;
    {
        auto formatter =
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019);
        src_wkt = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->exportToWKT(formatter.get());
    }

    std::string dst_wkt;
    {
        auto formatter =
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019);
        dst_wkt = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979->exportToWKT(formatter.get());
    }

    std::string step1_wkt;
    {
        auto formatter =
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019);
        step1_wkt = transf_1->exportToWKT(formatter.get());
    }

    std::string step2_wkt;
    {
        auto formatter =
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019);
        step2_wkt = transf_2->exportToWKT(formatter.get());
    }

    auto expected = "CONCATENATEDOPERATION[\"name\",\n"
                    "    SOURCECRS[" +
                    src_wkt + "],\n"
                              "    TARGETCRS[" +
                    dst_wkt + "],\n"
                              "    STEP[" +
                    step1_wkt + "],\n"
                                "    STEP[" +
                    step2_wkt + "],\n"
                                "    ID[\"codeSpace\",\"code\"],\n"
                                "    REMARK[\"my remarks\"]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(replaceAll(replaceAll(concat->exportToWKT(
                                        WKTFormatter::create(
                                            WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
                                            .get()),
                                    " ", ""),
                         "\n", ""),
              replaceAll(replaceAll(expected, " ", ""), "\n", ""));

    EXPECT_THROW(concat->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
                 FormattingException);

    EXPECT_THROW(ConcatenatedOperation::create(
                     PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "name"),
                     std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr>{transf_1, transf_1},
                     std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>()),
                 InvalidOperation);

    auto inv = concat->inverse();
    EXPECT_EQ(inv->nameStr(), "Inverse of name");
    EXPECT_EQ(inv->sourceCRS()->nameStr(), concat->targetCRS()->nameStr());
    EXPECT_EQ(inv->targetCRS()->nameStr(), concat->sourceCRS()->nameStr());
    auto inv_as_concat = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ConcatenatedOperation>(inv);
    ASSERT_TRUE(inv_as_concat != nullptr);

    ASSERT_EQ(inv_as_concat->operations().size(), 2U);
    EXPECT_EQ(inv_as_concat->operations()[0]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of transformationName");
    EXPECT_EQ(inv_as_concat->operations()[1]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of transformationName");

    EXPECT_TRUE(concat->isEquivalentTo(concat.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(concat->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(concat->isEquivalentTo(
        concat->CoordinateOperation::shallowClone().get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(
        ConcatenatedOperation::create(PropertyMap(),
                                      std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr>{
                                          transf_1, transf_1->inverse()},
                                      std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>())
            ->isEquivalentTo(ConcatenatedOperation::create(
                                 PropertyMap(),
                                 std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr>{
                                     transf_1->inverse(), transf_1},
                                 std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>())
                                 .get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(
        ConcatenatedOperation::create(PropertyMap(),
                                      std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr>{
                                          transf_1, transf_1->inverse()},
                                      std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>())
            ->isEquivalentTo(ConcatenatedOperation::create(
                                 PropertyMap(),
                                 std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr>{
                                     transf_1, transf_1->inverse(), transf_1},
                                 std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>())
                                 .get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_createGeocentricTranslations) {

    auto transf = Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
    EXPECT_TRUE(transf->validateParameters().empty());

    auto params = transf->getTOWGS84Parameters();
    auto expected = std::vector<double>{1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
    EXPECT_EQ(params, expected);

    auto inv_transf = transf->inverse();
    auto inv_transf_as_transf =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<Transformation>(inv_transf);
    ASSERT_TRUE(inv_transf_as_transf != nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf_as_transf->targetCRS()->nameStr());
    EXPECT_EQ(transf->targetCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf_as_transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr());
    auto expected_inv =
        std::vector<double>{-1.0, -2.0, -3.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
    EXPECT_EQ(inv_transf_as_transf->getTOWGS84Parameters(), expected_inv);

    EXPECT_EQ(transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 "
              "+z=3 +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step "
              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static GeodeticCRSNNPtr createGeocentricDatumWGS84() {
    PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
    propertiesCRS.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 4328)
        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WGS 84");
    return GeodeticCRS::create(
        propertiesCRS, GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
        CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static GeodeticCRSNNPtr createGeocentricKM() {
    PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
    propertiesCRS.set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Based on WGS 84");
    return GeodeticCRS::create(
        propertiesCRS, GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
        CartesianCS::createGeocentric(
            UnitOfMeasure("kilometre", 1000.0, UnitOfMeasure::Type::LINEAR)));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     transformation_createGeocentricTranslations_between_geocentricCRS) {

    auto transf1 = Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
        PropertyMap(), createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), createGeocentricKM(), 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());

    EXPECT_EQ(transf1->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +z_in=m +xy_out=km +z_out=km");

    auto transf2 = Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
        PropertyMap(), createGeocentricKM(), createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());

    EXPECT_EQ(transf2->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=km +z_in=km "
              "+xy_out=m +z_out=m +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3");

    auto transf3 = Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
        PropertyMap(), createGeocentricKM(), createGeocentricKM(), 1.0, 2.0,
        3.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());

    EXPECT_EQ(transf3->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=km +z_in=km "
              "+xy_out=m +z_out=m +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +z_in=m +xy_out=km +z_out=km");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_createGeocentricTranslations_null) {

    auto transf = Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
        PropertyMap(), createGeocentricDatumWGS84(),
        createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());

    EXPECT_EQ(transf->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=noop");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_createGeocentricTranslations_neg_zero) {

    auto transf = Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
        PropertyMap(), createGeocentricDatumWGS84(),
        createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), 1.0, -0.0, 0.0,
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());

    EXPECT_EQ(transf->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=helmert +x=-1 +y=0 +z=0");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_createPositionVector) {

    auto transf = Transformation::createPositionVector(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{
                                          PositionalAccuracy::create("100")});
    EXPECT_TRUE(transf->validateParameters().empty());

    ASSERT_EQ(transf->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);

    auto expected = std::vector<double>{1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0};
    EXPECT_EQ(transf->getTOWGS84Parameters(), expected);

    EXPECT_EQ(transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 "
              "+z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step "
              "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");

    auto inv_transf = transf->inverse();
    ASSERT_EQ(inv_transf->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);

    EXPECT_EQ(transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf->targetCRS()->nameStr());
    EXPECT_EQ(transf->targetCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr());

#ifdef USE_APPROXIMATE_HELMERT_INVERSE
    auto inv_transf_as_transf =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<Transformation>(inv_transf);
    ASSERT_TRUE(inv_transf_as_transf != nullptr);
#else
    EXPECT_EQ(
        inv_transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 +step "
        "+proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +inv +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 "
        "+ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=cart "
        "+ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
        "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

    // In WKT, use approximate formula
    auto wkt = inv_transf->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        wkt.find("Transformation from WGS 84 to NAD83 (approx. inversion)") !=
        std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("Position Vector transformation (geog2D domain)") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("ID[\"EPSG\",9606]]") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"X-axis translation\",-1") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Y-axis translation\",-2") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Z-axis translation\",-3") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"X-axis rotation\",-4") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Y-axis rotation\",-5") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Z-axis rotation\",-6") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Scale difference\",-7") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
#endif
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_createCoordinateFrameRotation) {

    auto transf = Transformation::createCoordinateFrameRotation(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, -4.0, -5.0, -6.0, 7.0,
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
    EXPECT_TRUE(transf->validateParameters().empty());

    auto params = transf->getTOWGS84Parameters();
    auto expected = std::vector<double>{1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0};
    EXPECT_EQ(params, expected);

    EXPECT_EQ(transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 "
              "+z=3 +rx=-4 +ry=-5 +rz=-6 +s=7 +convention=coordinate_frame "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");

    auto inv_transf = transf->inverse();
    ASSERT_EQ(inv_transf->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 0U);

    EXPECT_EQ(transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf->targetCRS()->nameStr());
    EXPECT_EQ(transf->targetCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr());

#ifdef USE_APPROXIMATE_HELMERT_INVERSE
    auto inv_transf_as_transf =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<Transformation>(inv_transf);
    ASSERT_TRUE(inv_transf_as_transf != nullptr);
#else
    EXPECT_EQ(
        inv_transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 +step "
        "+proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +inv +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 "
        "+rx=-4 +ry=-5 +rz=-6 +s=7 +convention=coordinate_frame +step +inv "
        "+proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=unitconvert "
        "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

    // In WKT, use approximate formula
    auto wkt = inv_transf->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        wkt.find("Transformation from WGS 84 to NAD83 (approx. inversion)") !=
        std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("Coordinate Frame rotation (geog2D domain)") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("ID[\"EPSG\",9607]]") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"X-axis translation\",-1") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Y-axis translation\",-2") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Z-axis translation\",-3") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"X-axis rotation\",4") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Y-axis rotation\",5") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Z-axis rotation\",6") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Scale difference\",-7") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
#endif
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_createTimeDependentPositionVector) {

    auto transf = Transformation::createTimeDependentPositionVector(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 2018.5,
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
    EXPECT_TRUE(transf->validateParameters().empty());

    auto inv_transf = transf->inverse();

    EXPECT_EQ(transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf->targetCRS()->nameStr());
    EXPECT_EQ(transf->targetCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr());

    auto projString =
        inv_transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(projString.find("+proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 "
                                "+rz=6 +s=7 +dx=0.1 +dy=0.2 +dz=0.3 +drx=0.4 "
                                "+dry=0.5 +drz=0.6 +ds=0.7 +t_epoch=2018.5 "
                                "+convention=position_vector") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << projString;

    // In WKT, use approximate formula
    auto wkt = inv_transf->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        wkt.find("Transformation from WGS 84 to NAD83 (approx. inversion)") !=
        std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("Time-dependent Position Vector tfm (geog2D)") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("ID[\"EPSG\",1054]]") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"X-axis translation\",-1") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Y-axis translation\",-2") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Z-axis translation\",-3") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"X-axis rotation\",-4") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Y-axis rotation\",-5") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Z-axis rotation\",-6") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Scale difference\",-7") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of X-axis translation\",-0.1") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of Y-axis translation\",-0.2") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of Z-axis translation\",-0.3") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of X-axis rotation\",-0.4") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of Y-axis rotation\",-0.5") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of Z-axis rotation\",-0.6") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of Scale difference\",-0.7") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Parameter reference epoch\",2018.5") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_createTimeDependentCoordinateFrameRotation) {

    auto transf = Transformation::createTimeDependentCoordinateFrameRotation(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 2018.5,
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
    EXPECT_TRUE(transf->validateParameters().empty());

    auto inv_transf = transf->inverse();

    EXPECT_EQ(transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf->targetCRS()->nameStr());
    EXPECT_EQ(transf->targetCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr());

    auto projString =
        inv_transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(projString.find("+proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 "
                                "+rz=6 +s=7 +dx=0.1 +dy=0.2 +dz=0.3 +drx=0.4 "
                                "+dry=0.5 +drz=0.6 +ds=0.7 +t_epoch=2018.5 "
                                "+convention=coordinate_frame") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << projString;

    // In WKT, use approximate formula
    auto wkt = inv_transf->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        wkt.find("Transformation from WGS 84 to NAD83 (approx. inversion)") !=
        std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("Time-dependent Coordinate Frame rotation (geog2D)") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("ID[\"EPSG\",1057]]") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"X-axis translation\",-1") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Y-axis translation\",-2") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Z-axis translation\",-3") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"X-axis rotation\",-4") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Y-axis rotation\",-5") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Z-axis rotation\",-6") != std::string::npos) << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Scale difference\",-7") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of X-axis translation\",-0.1") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of Y-axis translation\",-0.2") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of Z-axis translation\",-0.3") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of X-axis rotation\",-0.4") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of Y-axis rotation\",-0.5") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of Z-axis rotation\",-0.6") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Rate of change of Scale difference\",-0.7") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("\"Parameter reference epoch\",2018.5") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_successive_helmert_noop) {

    auto transf_1 = Transformation::createPositionVector(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
    auto transf_2 = Transformation::createPositionVector(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, -1.0,
        -2.0, -3.0, -4.0, -5.0, -6.0, -7.0,
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());

    auto concat = ConcatenatedOperation::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr>{transf_1, transf_2},
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{});

    EXPECT_EQ(concat->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=noop");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_successive_helmert_non_trivial_1) {

    auto transf_1 = Transformation::createPositionVector(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
    auto transf_2 = Transformation::createPositionVector(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, -1.0,
        -2.0, -3.0, -4.0, -5.0, -6.0, 7.0,
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());

    auto concat = ConcatenatedOperation::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr>{transf_1, transf_2},
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{});

    EXPECT_NE(concat->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_successive_helmert_non_trivial_2) {

    auto transf_1 = Transformation::createPositionVector(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
    auto transf_2 = Transformation::createCoordinateFrameRotation(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, -1.0,
        -2.0, -3.0, -4.0, -5.0, -6.0, -7.0,
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());

    auto concat = ConcatenatedOperation::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr>{transf_1, transf_2},
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{});

    EXPECT_NE(concat->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_createMolodensky) {

    auto transf = Transformation::createMolodensky(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
    EXPECT_TRUE(transf->validateParameters().empty());

    auto wkt = transf->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(replaceAll(replaceAll(wkt, " ", ""), "\n", "")
                    .find("METHOD[\"Molodensky\",ID[\"EPSG\",9604]]") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;

    auto inv_transf = transf->inverse();
    auto inv_transf_as_transf =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<Transformation>(inv_transf);
    ASSERT_TRUE(inv_transf_as_transf != nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf_as_transf->targetCRS()->nameStr());
    EXPECT_EQ(transf->targetCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf_as_transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr());

    auto projString = inv_transf_as_transf->exportToPROJString(
        PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_EQ(projString, "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                          "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                          "+step +proj=molodensky +ellps=GRS80 +dx=-1 +dy=-2 "
                          "+dz=-3 +da=-4 +df=-5 +step +proj=unitconvert "
                          "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
                          "+order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_createAbridgedMolodensky) {

    auto transf = Transformation::createAbridgedMolodensky(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());

    auto wkt = transf->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(replaceAll(replaceAll(wkt, " ", ""), "\n", "")
                    .find(replaceAll(
                        "METHOD[\"Abridged Molodensky\",ID[\"EPSG\",9605]]",
                        " ", "")) != std::string::npos)
        << wkt;

    auto inv_transf = transf->inverse();
    auto inv_transf_as_transf =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<Transformation>(inv_transf);
    ASSERT_TRUE(inv_transf_as_transf != nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf_as_transf->targetCRS()->nameStr());
    EXPECT_EQ(transf->targetCRS()->nameStr(),
              inv_transf_as_transf->sourceCRS()->nameStr());

    auto projString = inv_transf_as_transf->exportToPROJString(
        PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_EQ(projString, "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                          "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                          "+step +proj=molodensky +ellps=GRS80 +dx=-1 +dy=-2 "
                          "+dz=-3 +da=-4 +df=-5 +abridged +step "
                          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step "
                          "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_inverse) {

    auto transf = Transformation::create(
        PropertyMap()
            .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "my transformation")
            .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "my codeSpace")
            .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, "my code"),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, nullptr,
        PropertyMap()
            .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "my operation")
            .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "my codeSpace")
            .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, "my code"),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{OperationParameter::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "paramName"))},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{
            ParameterValue::createFilename("foo.bin")},
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{
            PositionalAccuracy::create("0.1")});
    auto inv = transf->inverse();
    EXPECT_EQ(inv->inverse(), transf);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        inv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
        "COORDINATEOPERATION[\"Inverse of my transformation\",\n"
        "    SOURCECRS[\n"
        "        GEODCRS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"North American Datum 1983\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "            CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
        "                    ORDER[1],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
        "                    ORDER[2],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]]],\n"
        "    TARGETCRS[\n"
        "        GEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "            CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
        "                    ORDER[1],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
        "                    ORDER[2],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]]],\n"
        "    METHOD[\"Inverse of my operation\",\n"
        "        ID[\"INVERSE(my codeSpace)\",\"my code\"]],\n"
        "    PARAMETERFILE[\"paramName\",\"foo.bin\"],\n"
        "    OPERATIONACCURACY[0.1],\n"
        "    ID[\"INVERSE(my codeSpace)\",\"my code\"]]");

    EXPECT_THROW(inv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                 FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static VerticalCRSNNPtr createVerticalCRS() {
    PropertyMap propertiesVDatum;
    propertiesVDatum.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 5101)
        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Ordnance Datum Newlyn");
    auto vdatum = VerticalReferenceFrame::create(propertiesVDatum);
    PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
    propertiesCRS.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 5701)
        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "ODN height");
    return VerticalCRS::create(
        propertiesCRS, vdatum,
        VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_createTOWGS84) {

    EXPECT_THROW(Transformation::createTOWGS84(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
                                               std::vector<double>()),
                 InvalidOperation);

    EXPECT_THROW(Transformation::createTOWGS84(createVerticalCRS(),
                                               std::vector<double>(7, 0)),
                 InvalidOperation);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, createAxisOrderReversal) {

    {
        auto conv = Conversion::createAxisOrderReversal(false);
        EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());
    }
    {
        auto conv = Conversion::createAxisOrderReversal(true);
        EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());
    }

    auto latLongDeg = GeographicCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
    auto longLatDeg = GeographicCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
        EllipsoidalCS::createLongitudeLatitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            latLongDeg, longLatDeg);
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }
    {
        auto longLatRad = GeographicCRS::create(
            PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
            EllipsoidalCS::createLongitudeLatitude(UnitOfMeasure::RADIAN));
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            longLatRad, latLongDeg);
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, utm_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 1, false);
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=utm +zone=1 +south");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 1S\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",-177,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",10000000,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]],\n"
              "    ID[\"EPSG\",17001]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-177],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",10000000]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, tmerc_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createTransverseMercator(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Scale(3), Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=tmerc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +k=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    {
        auto formatter = PROJStringFormatter::create();
        formatter->setUseApproxTMerc(true);
        EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(formatter.get()),
                  "+proj=tmerc +approx +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +k=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");
    }

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",3,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, gstmerc_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createGaussSchreiberTransverseMercator(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Scale(3), Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=gstmerc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +k_0=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Gauss Schreiber Transverse Mercator\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Gauss Schreiber Transverse Mercator\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",3,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Gauss_Schreiber_Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, tmerc_south_oriented_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createTransverseMercatorSouthOriented(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Scale(3), Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    // False easting/northing != 0 not supported
    EXPECT_THROW(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                 FormattingException);

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Transverse Mercator (South Orientated)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator (South Orientated)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9808]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",3,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator_South_Orientated\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");

    auto wkt = "PROJCRS[\"Hartebeesthoek94 / Lo29\","
               "  BASEGEODCRS[\"Hartebeesthoek94\","
               "    DATUM[\"Hartebeesthoek94\","
               "      ELLIPSOID[\"WGS "
               "84\",6378137,298.257223563,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0]]]],"
               "  CONVERSION[\"South African Survey Grid zone 29\","
               "    METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator (South "
               "Orientated)\",ID[\"EPSG\",9808]],"
               "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural "
               "origin\",0,ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329252]],"
               "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural "
               "origin\",29,ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329252]],"
               "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural "
               "origin\",1,SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1.0]],"
               "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0]],"
               "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0]]],"
               "  CS[cartesian,2],"
               "    AXIS[\"westing (Y)\",west,ORDER[1]],"
               "    AXIS[\"southing (X)\",south,ORDER[2]],"
               "    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0],"
               "  ID[\"EPSG\",2053]]";
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=tmerc +axis=wsu +lat_0=0 +lon_0=29 +k=1 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 "
              "+ellps=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, tped_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createTwoPointEquidistant(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(3), Angle(4), Length(5),
        Length(6));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=tpeqd +lat_1=1 +lon_1=2 +lat_2=3 +lon_2=4 +x_0=5 +y_0=6");

    auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create();
    formatter->simulCurNodeHasId();
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(formatter.get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Two Point Equidistant\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Two Point Equidistant\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st point\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of 1st point\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd point\",3,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of 2nd point\",4,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",6,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Two_Point_Equidistant\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_1st_Point\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of_1st_Point\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_2nd_Point\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of_2nd_Point\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, tmg_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createTunisiaMappingGrid(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_THROW(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                 FormattingException);

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Tunisia Mapping Grid\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Tunisia Mapping Grid\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9816]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Tunisia_Mapping_Grid\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, aea_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createAlbersEqualArea(PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                                  Angle(2), Angle(3), Angle(4),
                                                  Length(5), Length(6));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=aea +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +lat_1=3 +lat_2=4 +x_0=5 +y_0=6");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Albers Equal Area\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Albers Equal Area\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9822]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",3,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard parallel\",4,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",6,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Albers_Conic_Equal_Area\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_2\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, azimuthal_equidistant_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createAzimuthalEquidistant(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=aeqd +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Modified Azimuthal Equidistant\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Modified Azimuthal Equidistant\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9832]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Azimuthal_Equidistant\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, guam_projection_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createGuamProjection(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=aeqd +guam +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Guam Projection\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Guam Projection\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9831]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_THROW(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, bonne_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createBonne(PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2),
                                        Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=bonne +lat_1=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Bonne\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Bonne\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9827]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Bonne\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "PROJCS[\"unnamed\","
        "GEOGCS[\"unnamed ellipse\","
        "    DATUM[\"unknown\","
        "        SPHEROID[\"unnamed\",6378137,298.257223563]],"
        "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],"
        "    UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
        "PROJECTION[\"Bonne\"],"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",1],"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4],"
        "UNIT[\"metre\",1]]");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=bonne +lat_1=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4 +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lambert_cylindrical_equal_area_spherical_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createLambertCylindricalEqualAreaSpherical(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=cea +lat_ts=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Lambert Cylindrical Equal Area (Spherical)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Lambert Cylindrical Equal Area (Spherical)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9834]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Cylindrical_Equal_Area\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lambert_cylindrical_equal_area_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createLambertCylindricalEqualArea(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=cea +lat_ts=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Lambert Cylindrical Equal Area\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Lambert Cylindrical Equal Area\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9835]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Cylindrical_Equal_Area\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc1sp_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_1SP(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Scale(3), Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=lcc +lat_1=1 +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +k_0=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (1SP)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (1SP)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",3,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic_1SP\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(3), Angle(4), Length(5),
        Length(6));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=lcc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +lat_1=3 +lat_2=4 +x_0=5 +y_0=6");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",3,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard parallel\",4,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",6,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic_2SP\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_2\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_isEquivalentTo_parallels_switched) {
    auto conv1 = Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(3), Angle(4), Length(5),
        Length(6));
    auto conv2 = Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(4), Angle(3), Length(5),
        Length(6));

    EXPECT_TRUE(
        conv1->isEquivalentTo(conv2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    auto conv3 = Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(3), Angle(3), Length(5),
        Length(6));

    EXPECT_FALSE(
        conv1->isEquivalentTo(conv3.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_michigan_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP_Michigan(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(3), Angle(4), Length(5),
        Length(6), Scale(7));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=lcc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +lat_1=3 +lat_2=4 +x_0=5 +y_0=6 +k_0=7");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP Michigan)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP Michigan)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",1051]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",3,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard parallel\",4,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",6,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8827]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Ellipsoid scaling factor\",7,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",1038]]]");

    EXPECT_THROW(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_belgium_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP_Belgium(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(3), Angle(4), Length(5),
        Length(6));
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=lcc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +lat_1=3 +lat_2=4 +x_0=5 +y_0=6");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP Belgium)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP Belgium)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9803]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",3,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard parallel\",4,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",6,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic_2SP_Belgium\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_2\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, cassini_soldner_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createCassiniSoldner(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=cass +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Cassini-Soldner\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Cassini-Soldner\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Cassini_Soldner\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, equidistant_conic_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createEquidistantConic(PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                                   Angle(2), Angle(3), Angle(4),
                                                   Length(5), Length(6));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=eqdc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +lat_1=3 +lat_2=4 +x_0=5 +y_0=6");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Equidistant Conic\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Equidistant Conic\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",3,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard parallel\",4,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",6,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Equidistant_Conic\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_2\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, eckert_export) {

    std::vector<std::string> numbers{"", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"};
    std::vector<std::string> latinNumbers{"",   "I", "II", "III",
                                          "IV", "V", "VI"};

    for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
        auto conv =
            (i == 1)
                ? Conversion::createEckertI(PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2),
                                            Length(3))
                : (i == 2)
                      ? Conversion::createEckertII(PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                                   Length(2), Length(3))
                      : (i == 3)
                            ? Conversion::createEckertIII(
                                  PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2), Length(3))
                            : (i == 4) ? Conversion::createEckertIV(
                                             PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2),
                                             Length(3))
                                       : (i == 5) ? Conversion::createEckertV(
                                                        PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                                        Length(2), Length(3))
                                                  :

                                                  Conversion::createEckertVI(
                                                      PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                                      Length(2), Length(3));

        EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

        EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=eck" + numbers[i] + " +lon_0=1 +x_0=2 +y_0=3");

        EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
                  "CONVERSION[\"Eckert " + latinNumbers[i] +
                      "\",\n"
                      "    METHOD[\"Eckert " +
                      latinNumbers[i] +
                      "\"],\n"
                      "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
                      "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
                      "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
                      "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",2,\n"
                      "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
                      "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
                      "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",3,\n"
                      "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
                      "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

        EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(
                      WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL)
                          .get()),
                  "PROJECTION[\"Eckert_" + latinNumbers[i] +
                      "\"],\n"
                      "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",1],\n"
                      "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",2],\n"
                      "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",3]");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, createEquidistantCylindrical) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createEquidistantCylindrical(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=eqc +lat_ts=1 +lat_0=0 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Equidistant Cylindrical\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Equidistant Cylindrical\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",1028]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Equirectangular\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");

    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, createEquidistantCylindricalSpherical) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createEquidistantCylindricalSpherical(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=eqc +lat_ts=1 +lat_0=0 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Equidistant Cylindrical (Spherical)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Equidistant Cylindrical (Spherical)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",1029]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Equirectangular\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");

    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, equidistant_cylindrical_lat_0) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=eqc +ellps=sphere +lat_0=-2 +lat_ts=1 +lon_0=-10 +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto wkt = crs->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",-2") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt;

    auto projString = crs->exportToPROJString(
        PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_4)
            .get());
    EXPECT_EQ(projString,
              "+proj=eqc +lat_ts=1 +lat_0=-2 +lon_0=-10 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 "
              "+ellps=sphere +units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, gall_export) {

    auto conv =
        Conversion::createGall(PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2), Length(3));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=gall +lon_0=1 +x_0=2 +y_0=3");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Gall Stereographic\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Gall Stereographic\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",2,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Gall_Stereographic\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",3]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, goode_homolosine_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createGoodeHomolosine(PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                                  Length(2), Length(3));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=goode +lon_0=1 +x_0=2 +y_0=3");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Goode Homolosine\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Goode Homolosine\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",2,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Goode_Homolosine\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",3]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, interrupted_goode_homolosine_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createInterruptedGoodeHomolosine(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2), Length(3));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=igh +lon_0=1 +x_0=2 +y_0=3");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Interrupted Goode Homolosine\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Interrupted Goode Homolosine\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",2,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Interrupted_Goode_Homolosine\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",3]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geostationary_satellite_sweep_x_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createGeostationarySatelliteSweepX(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=geos +sweep=x +lon_0=1 +h=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Geostationary Satellite (Sweep X)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Geostationary Satellite (Sweep X)\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Satellite Height\",2,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
              "            ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    auto crs = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, conv,
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto wkt1 = crs->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt1.find("PROJECTION[\"Geostationary_Satellite\"]") !=
                std::string::npos)
        << wkt1;
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt1.find("EXTENSION[\"PROJ4\",\"+proj=geos +sweep=x +lon_0=1 "
                          "+h=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4 +datum=WGS84 +units=m "
                          "+no_defs\"]]") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt1;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geostationary_satellite_sweep_y_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createGeostationarySatelliteSweepY(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=geos +lon_0=1 +h=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Geostationary Satellite (Sweep Y)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Geostationary Satellite (Sweep Y)\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Satellite Height\",2,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
              "            ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Geostationary_Satellite\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"satellite_height\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, gnomonic_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createGnomonic(PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2),
                                           Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=gnom +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Gnomonic\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Gnomonic\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Gnomonic\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, hotine_oblique_mercator_variant_A_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createHotineObliqueMercatorVariantA(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(3), Angle(4), Scale(5),
        Length(6), Length(7));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=omerc +no_uoff +lat_0=1 +lonc=2 +alpha=3 +gamma=4 +k=5 "
              "+x_0=6 +y_0=7");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Hotine Oblique Mercator (variant A)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Hotine Oblique Mercator (variant A)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9812]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of projection centre\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8811]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of projection centre\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8812]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Azimuth of initial line\",3,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8813]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Angle from Rectified to Skew Grid\",4,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8814]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor on initial line\",5,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8815]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",6,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",7,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Hotine_Oblique_Mercator\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"azimuth\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"rectified_grid_angle\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",6],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",7]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, hotine_oblique_mercator_variant_A_export_swiss_mercator) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createHotineObliqueMercatorVariantA(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(90), Angle(90), Scale(5),
        Length(6), Length(7));
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=somerc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +k_0=5 "
              "+x_0=6 +y_0=7");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, hotine_oblique_mercator_variant_B_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createHotineObliqueMercatorVariantB(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(3), Angle(4), Scale(5),
        Length(6), Length(7));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=omerc +lat_0=1 +lonc=2 +alpha=3 +gamma=4 +k=5 "
              "+x_0=6 +y_0=7");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Hotine Oblique Mercator (variant B)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Hotine Oblique Mercator (variant B)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9815]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of projection centre\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8811]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of projection centre\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8812]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Azimuth of initial line\",3,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8813]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Angle from Rectified to Skew Grid\",4,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8814]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor on initial line\",5,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8815]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Easting at projection centre\",6,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8816]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Northing at projection centre\",7,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8817]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Hotine_Oblique_Mercator_Azimuth_Center\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"azimuth\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"rectified_grid_angle\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",6],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",7]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, hotine_oblique_mercator_variant_B_export_swiss_mercator) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createHotineObliqueMercatorVariantB(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(90), Angle(90), Scale(5),
        Length(6), Length(7));
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=somerc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +k_0=5 "
              "+x_0=6 +y_0=7");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, hotine_oblique_mercator_two_point_natural_origin_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createHotineObliqueMercatorTwoPointNaturalOrigin(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(3), Angle(4), Angle(5),
        Scale(6), Length(7), Length(8));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=omerc +lat_0=1 +lat_1=2 +lon_1=3 +lat_2=4 +lon_2=5 +k=6 "
              "+x_0=7 +y_0=8");

    auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create();
    formatter->simulCurNodeHasId();
    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(formatter.get()),
        "CONVERSION[\"Hotine Oblique Mercator Two Point Natural Origin\",\n"
        "    METHOD[\"Hotine Oblique Mercator Two Point Natural Origin\"],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of projection centre\",1,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8811]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st point\",2,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of 1st point\",3,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd point\",4,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of 2nd point\",5,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor on initial line\",6,\n"
        "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8815]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Easting at projection centre\",7,\n"
        "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8816]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Northing at projection centre\",8,\n"
        "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8817]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Hotine_Oblique_Mercator_Two_Point_Natural_Origin\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_point_1\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_point_1\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_point_2\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_point_2\",5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",6],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",7],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",8]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, laborde_oblique_mercator_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createLabordeObliqueMercator(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(3), Scale(4), Length(5),
        Length(6));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=labrd +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +azi=3 +k=4 +x_0=5 +y_0=6");

    auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create();
    formatter->simulCurNodeHasId();
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(formatter.get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Laborde Oblique Mercator\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Laborde Oblique Mercator\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9813]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of projection centre\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8811]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of projection centre\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8812]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Azimuth of initial line\",3,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8813]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor on initial line\",4,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8815]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",6,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Laborde_Oblique_Mercator\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"azimuth\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, imw_polyconic_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createInternationalMapWorldPolyconic(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(3), Angle(4), Length(5), Length(6));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=imw_p +lon_0=1 +lat_1=3 +lat_2=4 +x_0=5 +y_0=6");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"International Map of the World Polyconic\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"International Map of the World Polyconic\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st point\",3,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
              "            ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd point\",4,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
              "            ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",6,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"International_Map_of_the_World_Polyconic\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_1st_Point\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_2nd_Point\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, krovak_north_oriented_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createKrovakNorthOriented(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(49.5), Angle(42.5), Angle(30.2881397527778),
        Angle(78.5), Scale(0.9999), Length(5), Length(6));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=krovak +lat_0=49.5 +lon_0=42.5 +alpha=30.2881397527778 "
              "+k=0.9999 +x_0=5 +y_0=6");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
        "CONVERSION[\"Krovak (North Orientated)\",\n"
        "    METHOD[\"Krovak (North Orientated)\",\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",1041]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of projection centre\",49.5,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8811]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of origin\",42.5,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8833]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Co-latitude of cone axis\",30.2881397527778,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",1036]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of pseudo standard parallel\",78.5,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8818]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor on pseudo standard parallel\",0.9999,\n"
        "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8819]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",5,\n"
        "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",6,\n"
        "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Krovak\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",49.5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",42.5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"azimuth\",30.2881397527778],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"pseudo_standard_parallel_1\",78.5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9999],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, krovak_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createKrovak(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(49.5), Angle(42.5), Angle(30.2881397527778),
        Angle(78.5), Scale(0.9999), Length(5), Length(6));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=krovak +axis=swu +lat_0=49.5 +lon_0=42.5 "
              "+alpha=30.2881397527778 +k=0.9999 +x_0=5 "
              "+y_0=6");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
        "CONVERSION[\"Krovak\",\n"
        "    METHOD[\"Krovak\",\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",9819]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of projection centre\",49.5,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8811]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of origin\",42.5,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8833]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Co-latitude of cone axis\",30.2881397527778,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",1036]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of pseudo standard parallel\",78.5,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8818]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor on pseudo standard parallel\",0.9999,\n"
        "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8819]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",5,\n"
        "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",6,\n"
        "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Krovak\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",49.5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",42.5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"azimuth\",30.2881397527778],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"pseudo_standard_parallel_1\",78.5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9999],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",5],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lambert_azimuthal_equal_area_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createLambertAzimuthalEqualArea(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=laea +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9820]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Azimuthal_Equal_Area\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, miller_cylindrical_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createMillerCylindrical(PropertyMap(), Angle(2),
                                                    Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=mill +R_A +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Miller Cylindrical\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Miller Cylindrical\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Miller_Cylindrical\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, mercator_variant_A_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createMercatorVariantA(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(0), Angle(1), Scale(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=merc +lon_0=1 +k=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Mercator (variant A)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Mercator (variant A)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9804]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Mercator_1SP\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, mercator_variant_A_export_latitude_origin_non_zero) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createMercatorVariantA(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(10), Angle(1), Scale(2), Length(3), Length(4));

    EXPECT_THROW(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                 FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, wkt1_import_mercator_variant_A) {
    auto wkt = "PROJCS[\"test\",\n"
               "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
               "        DATUM[\"WGS 1984\",\n"
               "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
               "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
               "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
               "    PROJECTION[\"Mercator_1SP\"],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",1],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",2],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4],\n"
               "    UNIT[\"metre\",1]]";
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto conversion = crs->derivingConversion();
    auto convRef = Conversion::createMercatorVariantA(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"), Angle(0),
        Angle(1), Scale(2), Length(3), Length(4));

    EXPECT_EQ(conversion->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              convRef->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, wkt1_import_mercator_variant_A_that_is_variant_B) {
    // Addresses https://trac.osgeo.org/gdal/ticket/3026
    auto wkt = "PROJCS[\"test\",\n"
               "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
               "        DATUM[\"WGS 1984\",\n"
               "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
               "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
               "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
               "    PROJECTION[\"Mercator_1SP\"],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",-1],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",1],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4],\n"
               "    UNIT[\"metre\",1]]";
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto conversion = crs->derivingConversion();
    auto convRef = Conversion::createMercatorVariantB(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"), Angle(-1),
        Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4));

    EXPECT_TRUE(conversion->isEquivalentTo(convRef.get(),
                                           IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, mercator_variant_B_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createMercatorVariantB(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=merc +lat_ts=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Mercator (variant B)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Mercator (variant B)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9805]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Mercator_2SP\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, odd_mercator_1sp_with_non_null_latitude) {
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "PROJCS[\"unnamed\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]],\n"
        "    PROJECTION[\"Mercator_1SP\"],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",0],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.99],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",0],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
        "    UNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH]]");

    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    EXPECT_THROW(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                 FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, odd_mercator_2sp_with_latitude_of_origin) {
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "PROJCS[\"unnamed\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]],\n"
        "    PROJECTION[\"Mercator_2SP\"],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",30],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",40],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",0],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",0],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
        "    UNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH]]");

    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    EXPECT_THROW(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                 FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, webmerc_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createPopularVisualisationPseudoMercator(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(0), Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=webmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Popular Visualisation Pseudo Mercator\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Popular Visualisation Pseudo Mercator\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",1024]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Pseudo-Mercator"),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, conv,
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    EXPECT_EQ(
        projCRS->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJCS[\"Pseudo-Mercator\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]],\n"
        "    PROJECTION[\"Mercator_1SP\"],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",1],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4],\n"
        "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
        "    EXTENSION[\"PROJ4\",\"+proj=merc "
        "+a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0 +lon_0=2 "
        "+x_0=3 +y_0=4 +k=1 +units=m "
        "+nadgrids=@null +wktext +no_defs\"]]");

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, projCRS);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=webmerc "
              "+lat_0=0 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4 +ellps=WGS84");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        projCRS->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 "
        "+y_0=4 +k=1 +units=m +nadgrids=@null +wktext +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, webmerc_import_from_GDAL_wkt1) {

    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Pseudo-Mercator"),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createPopularVisualisationPseudoMercator(
            PropertyMap(), Angle(0), Angle(0), Length(0), Length(0)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto wkt1 = projCRS->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get());
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt1);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto convGot = crs->derivingConversion();

    EXPECT_EQ(convGot->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Popular Visualisation Pseudo Mercator\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",1024]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, webmerc_import_from_GDAL_wkt1_with_EPSG_code) {

    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap()
            .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Pseudo-Mercator")
            .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
            .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, "3857"),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createPopularVisualisationPseudoMercator(
            PropertyMap(), Angle(0), Angle(0), Length(0), Length(0)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto wkt1 = projCRS->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt1.find("3857") != std::string::npos) << wkt1;
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt1);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->identifiers().size(), 1U);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, webmerc_import_from_GDAL_wkt1_EPSG_3785_deprecated) {

    auto wkt1 =
        "PROJCS[\"Popular Visualisation CRS / Mercator (deprecated)\","
        "    GEOGCS[\"Popular Visualisation CRS\","
        "        DATUM[\"Popular_Visualisation_Datum\","
        "            SPHEROID[\"Popular Visualisation Sphere\",6378137,0,"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7059\"]],"
        "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6055\"]],"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4055\"]],"
        "    PROJECTION[\"Mercator_1SP\"],"
        "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",0],"
        "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",1],"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",0],"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],"
        "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],"
        "    AXIS[\"X\",EAST],"
        "    AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],"
        "    EXTENSION[\"PROJ4\",\"+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 "
        "+lat_ts=0.0 +lon_0=0.0 +x_0=0.0 +y_0=0 +k=1.0 +units=m "
        "+nadgrids=@null +wktext  +no_defs\"]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt1);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0 +lon_0=0 +x_0=0 "
        "+y_0=0 +k=1 +units=m +nadgrids=@null +wktext +no_defs +type=crs");

    auto convGot = crs->derivingConversion();

    EXPECT_EQ(convGot->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Popular Visualisation Pseudo Mercator\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",1024]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, webmerc_import_from_WKT2_EPSG_3785_deprecated) {
    auto wkt2 =
        "PROJCRS[\"Popular Visualisation CRS / Mercator\",\n"
        "    BASEGEODCRS[\"Popular Visualisation CRS\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"Popular Visualisation Datum\",\n"
        "            ELLIPSOID[\"Popular Visualisation Sphere\",6378137,0,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
        "    CONVERSION[\"Popular Visualisation Mercator\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"Mercator (1SP) (Spherical)\",\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",9841]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",1,\n"
        "            SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],\n"
        "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"easting (X)\",east,\n"
        "            ORDER[1],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",north,\n"
        "            ORDER[2],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0 +lon_0=0 +x_0=0 "
        "+y_0=0 +k=1 +units=m +nadgrids=@null +wktext +no_defs +type=crs");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2015).get()),
        wkt2);

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL,
                                 DatabaseContext::create())
                .get()),
        "PROJCS[\"Popular Visualisation CRS / Mercator\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"Popular Visualisation CRS\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"Popular_Visualisation_Datum\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"Popular Visualisation Sphere\",6378137,0],\n"
        "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "    PROJECTION[\"Mercator_1SP\"],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",0],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",1],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",0],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
        "    UNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
        "    EXTENSION[\"PROJ4\",\"+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0 "
        "+lon_0=0 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +k=1 +units=m +nadgrids=@null +wktext "
        "+no_defs\"]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, webmerc_import_from_broken_esri_WGS_84_Pseudo_Mercator) {

    // Likely the result of a broken export of GDAL morphToESRI()
    auto wkt1 = "PROJCS[\"WGS_84_Pseudo_Mercator\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_WGS_1984\","
                "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\","
                "6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],"
                "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]],"
                "PROJECTION[\"Mercator\"],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",0],"
                "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",0],"
                "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1],"
                "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",0.0]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().setStrict(false).createFromWKT(wkt1);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto convGot = crs->derivingConversion();

    EXPECT_EQ(convGot->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Popular Visualisation Pseudo Mercator\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",1024]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, mollweide_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createMollweide(PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2),
                                            Length(3));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=moll +lon_0=1 +x_0=2 +y_0=3");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Mollweide\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Mollweide\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",2,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Mollweide\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",3]");
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, nzmg_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createNewZealandMappingGrid(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=nzmg +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"New Zealand Map Grid\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"New Zealand Map Grid\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9811]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"New_Zealand_Map_Grid\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, oblique_stereographic_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createObliqueStereographic(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Scale(3), Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=sterea +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +k=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Oblique Stereographic\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Oblique Stereographic\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9809]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",3,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Oblique_Stereographic\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, orthographic_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createOrthographic(PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                               Angle(2), Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=ortho +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Orthographic\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Orthographic\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9840]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Orthographic\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, american_polyconic_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createAmericanPolyconic(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=poly +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"American Polyconic\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"American Polyconic\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9818]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Polyconic\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, polar_stereographic_variant_A_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createPolarStereographicVariantA(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(90), Angle(2), Scale(3), Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=stere +lat_0=90 +lon_0=2 +k=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Polar Stereographic (variant A)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Polar Stereographic (variant A)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9810]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",90,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",3,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Polar_Stereographic\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",90],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, polar_stereographic_variant_B_export_positive_lat) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createPolarStereographicVariantB(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(70), Angle(2), Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=stere +lat_0=90 +lat_ts=70 +lon_0=2 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Polar Stereographic (variant B)\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Polar Stereographic (variant B)\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9829]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of standard parallel\",70,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8832]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8833]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Polar_Stereographic\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",70],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, polar_stereographic_variant_B_export_negative_lat) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createPolarStereographicVariantB(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(-70), Angle(2), Length(4), Length(5));

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=stere +lat_0=-90 +lat_ts=-70 +lon_0=2 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, wkt1_import_polar_stereographic_variantA) {
    auto wkt = "PROJCS[\"test\",\n"
               "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
               "        DATUM[\"WGS 1984\",\n"
               "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
               "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
               "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
               "    PROJECTION[\"Polar_Stereographic\"],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",-90],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",3],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5],\n"
               "    UNIT[\"metre\",1]]";
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto conversion = crs->derivingConversion();
    auto convRef = Conversion::createPolarStereographicVariantA(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"), Angle(-90),
        Angle(2), Scale(3), Length(4), Length(5));

    EXPECT_EQ(conversion->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              convRef->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, wkt1_import_polar_stereographic_variantB) {
    auto wkt = "PROJCS[\"test\",\n"
               "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
               "        DATUM[\"WGS 1984\",\n"
               "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
               "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
               "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
               "    PROJECTION[\"Polar_Stereographic\"],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",-70],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",1],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5],\n"
               "    UNIT[\"metre\",1]]";
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto conversion = crs->derivingConversion();
    auto convRef = Conversion::createPolarStereographicVariantB(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"), Angle(-70),
        Angle(2), Length(4), Length(5));

    EXPECT_EQ(conversion->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              convRef->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, wkt1_import_polar_stereographic_ambiguous) {
    auto wkt = "PROJCS[\"test\",\n"
               "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
               "        DATUM[\"WGS 1984\",\n"
               "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
               "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
               "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
               "    PROJECTION[\"Polar_Stereographic\"],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",-70],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",3],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5],\n"
               "    UNIT[\"metre\",1]]";
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto conversion = crs->derivingConversion();
    EXPECT_EQ(conversion->method()->nameStr(), "Polar_Stereographic");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, wkt1_import_equivalent_parameters) {
    auto wkt = "PROJCS[\"test\",\n"
               "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
               "        DATUM[\"WGS 1984\",\n"
               "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
               "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
               "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
               "    PROJECTION[\"Hotine Oblique Mercator Two Point Natural "
               "Origin\"],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_1st_Point\",2],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of_1st_Point\",3],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_2nd_Point\",4],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of 2nd_Point\",5],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",6],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",7],\n"
               "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",8],\n"
               "    UNIT[\"metre\",1]]";
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto conversion = crs->derivingConversion();
    auto convRef = Conversion::createHotineObliqueMercatorTwoPointNaturalOrigin(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(3), Angle(4), Angle(5),
        Scale(6), Length(7), Length(8));

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conversion->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        convRef->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, robinson_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createRobinson(PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2),
                                           Length(3));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=robin +lon_0=1 +x_0=2 +y_0=3");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Robinson\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Robinson\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",2,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Robinson\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",3]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, sinusoidal_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createSinusoidal(PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2),
                                             Length(3));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=sinu +lon_0=1 +x_0=2 +y_0=3");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Sinusoidal\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Sinusoidal\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",2,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Sinusoidal\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",3]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, stereographic_export) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createStereographic(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Scale(3), Length(4), Length(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=stere +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +k=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Stereographic\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Stereographic\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",3,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Stereographic\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, vandergrinten_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createVanDerGrinten(PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                                Length(2), Length(3));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=vandg +R_A +lon_0=1 +x_0=2 +y_0=3");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Van Der Grinten\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Van Der Grinten\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",2,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"VanDerGrinten\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",3]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, wagner_export) {

    std::vector<std::string> numbers{"", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7"};
    std::vector<std::string> latinNumbers{"",   "I", "II", "III",
                                          "IV", "V", "VI", "VII"};

    for (int i = 1; i <= 7; i++) {
        if (i == 3)
            continue;
        auto conv =
            (i == 1)
                ? Conversion::createWagnerI(PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2),
                                            Length(3))
                : (i == 2)
                      ? Conversion::createWagnerII(PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                                   Length(2), Length(3))
                      : (i == 4)
                            ? Conversion::createWagnerIV(
                                  PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2), Length(3))
                            : (i == 5) ? Conversion::createWagnerV(
                                             PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2),
                                             Length(3))
                                       : (i == 6) ?

                                                  Conversion::createWagnerVI(
                                                      PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                                      Length(2), Length(3))
                                                  :

                                                  Conversion::createWagnerVII(
                                                      PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                                      Length(2), Length(3));
        EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

        EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=wag" + numbers[i] + " +lon_0=1 +x_0=2 +y_0=3");

        auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create();
        formatter->simulCurNodeHasId();
        EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(formatter.get()),
                  "CONVERSION[\"Wagner " + latinNumbers[i] +
                      "\",\n"
                      "    METHOD[\"Wagner " +
                      latinNumbers[i] +
                      "\"],\n"
                      "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
                      "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
                      "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
                      "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",2,\n"
                      "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
                      "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
                      "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",3,\n"
                      "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
                      "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

        EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(
                      WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL)
                          .get()),
                  "PROJECTION[\"Wagner_" + latinNumbers[i] +
                      "\"],\n"
                      "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",1],\n"
                      "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",2],\n"
                      "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",3]");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, wagnerIII_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createWagnerIII(PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2),
                                            Length(3), Length(4));

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=wag3 +lat_ts=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create();
    formatter->simulCurNodeHasId();
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(formatter.get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Wagner III\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Wagner III\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of true scale\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Wagner_III\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, qsc_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createQuadrilateralizedSphericalCube(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=qsc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +x_0=3 +y_0=4");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Quadrilateralized Spherical Cube\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Quadrilateralized Spherical Cube\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Quadrilateralized_Spherical_Cube\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, sch_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createSphericalCrossTrackHeight(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(3), Length(4));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=sch +plat_0=1 +plon_0=2 +phdg_0=3 +h_0=4");

    auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create();
    formatter->simulCurNodeHasId();
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(formatter.get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Spherical Cross-Track Height\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Spherical Cross-Track Height\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Peg point latitude\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Peg point longitude\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Peg point heading\",3,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Peg point height\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        "PROJECTION[\"Spherical_Cross_Track_Height\"],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"peg_point_latitude\",1],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"peg_point_longitude\",2],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"peg_point_heading\",3],\n"
        "PARAMETER[\"peg_point_height\",4]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, conversion_inverse) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createTransverseMercator(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Scale(3), Length(4), Length(5));
    auto inv = conv->inverse();
    EXPECT_EQ(inv->inverse(), conv);
    EXPECT_EQ(inv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Inverse of Transverse Mercator\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Inverse of Transverse Mercator\",\n"
              "        ID[\"INVERSE(EPSG)\",9807]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",3,\n"
              "        SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(inv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +k=3 "
              "+x_0=4 +y_0=5");

    EXPECT_TRUE(inv->isEquivalentTo(inv.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(inv->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));

    EXPECT_TRUE(
        conv->isEquivalentTo(conv->CoordinateOperation::shallowClone().get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        inv->isEquivalentTo(inv->CoordinateOperation::shallowClone().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, eqearth_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createEqualEarth(PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Length(2),
                                             Length(3));

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=eqearth +lon_0=1 +x_0=2 +y_0=3");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Equal Earth\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Equal Earth\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",1078]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",2,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, vertical_perspective_export) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createVerticalPerspective(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(3), Length(4), Length(5),
        Length(6));

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=nsper +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +h=4 +x_0=5 +y_0=6");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Vertical Perspective\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Vertical Perspective\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9838]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of topocentric origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8834]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of topocentric origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8835]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Ellipsoidal height of topocentric origin\",3,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8836]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Viewpoint height\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8840]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",5,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",6,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    vertical_perspective_export_no_topocentric_height_and_false_easting_northing) {

    auto conv = Conversion::createVerticalPerspective(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Length(0), Length(4), Length(0),
        Length(0));

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=nsper +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +h=4 +x_0=0 +y_0=0");

    // Check that False esting and False northing are not exported, when they
    // are 0.
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"Vertical Perspective\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"Vertical Perspective\",\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",9838]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of topocentric origin\",1,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8834]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of topocentric origin\",2,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8835]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Ellipsoidal height of topocentric origin\",0,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8836]],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"Viewpoint height\",4,\n"
              "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
              "        ID[\"EPSG\",8840]]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, laborde_oblique_mercator) {

    // Content of EPSG:29701 "Tananarive (Paris) / Laborde Grid"
    auto projString = "+proj=labrd +lat_0=-18.9 +lon_0=44.1 +azi=18.9 "
                      "+k=0.9995 +x_0=400000 +y_0=800000 +ellps=intl +pm=paris "
                      "+units=m +no_defs +type=crs";
    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(projString);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              projString);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, adams_ws2_export) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    // ESRI:54098 WGS_1984_Adams_Square_II
    auto crs = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "ESRI")
                   ->createProjectedCRS("54098");
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=adams_ws2 +lon_0=0 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +datum=WGS84 +units=m "
              "+no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, adams_ws2_export_failure) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    // ESRI:54099 WGS_1984_Spilhaus_Ocean_Map_in_Square
    auto crs = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "ESRI")
                   ->createProjectedCRS("54099");
    EXPECT_THROW(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                 FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, PROJ_based) {
    auto conv = SingleOperation::createPROJBased(PropertyMap(), "+proj=merc",
                                                 nullptr, nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=merc");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"PROJ-based coordinate operation\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"PROJ-based operation method: +proj=merc\"]]");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=merc");

    auto str = "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
               "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step +proj=longlat "
               "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1";
    EXPECT_EQ(
        SingleOperation::createPROJBased(PropertyMap(), str, nullptr, nullptr)
            ->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        str);

    EXPECT_THROW(SingleOperation::createPROJBased(
                     PropertyMap(), "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=pipeline",
                     nullptr, nullptr)
                     ->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                 FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, PROJ_based_empty) {
    auto conv =
        SingleOperation::createPROJBased(PropertyMap(), "", nullptr, nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=noop");

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "CONVERSION[\"PROJ-based coordinate operation\",\n"
              "    METHOD[\"PROJ-based operation method: \"]]");

    EXPECT_THROW(
        conv->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=noop");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, PROJ_based_with_global_parameters) {
    auto conv = SingleOperation::createPROJBased(
        PropertyMap(), "+proj=pipeline +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=longlat",
        nullptr, nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(conv->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=longlat");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS) {

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv +proj=longlat "
        "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
        "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_default) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
        CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);

    // Directly found in database
    {
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"), // Pulkovo 42
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
            ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
        // Romania has a larger area than Poland (given our approx formula)
        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 15994); // Romania - 3m
        EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->getEPSGCode(), 1644);  // Poland - 1m
        EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->nameStr(),
                  "Ballpark geographic offset from Pulkovo 1942(58) to ETRS89");

        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
            "+step +proj=cart +ellps=krass +step +proj=helmert +x=2.3287 "
            "+y=-147.0425 +z=-92.0802 +rx=0.3092483 +ry=-0.32482185 "
            "+rz=-0.49729934 +s=5.68906266 +convention=coordinate_frame +step "
            "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
            "+order=2,1");
    }

    // Reverse case
    {
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"),
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"), ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
        // Romania has a larger area than Poland (given our approx formula)
        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                  "Inverse of Pulkovo 1942(58) to ETRS89 (4)"); // Romania - 3m

        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
            "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +inv +proj=helmert +x=2.3287 "
            "+y=-147.0425 +z=-92.0802 +rx=0.3092483 +ry=-0.32482185 "
            "+rz=-0.49729934 +s=5.68906266 +convention=coordinate_frame +step "
            "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=krass +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
            "+order=2,1");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_match_by_name) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
        CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);
    auto NAD27 = GeographicCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->nameStr()),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->datum(),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->datumEnsemble(),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->coordinateSystem());
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NAD27, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, ctxt);
    auto listInv = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, NAD27, ctxt);
    auto listRef = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, ctxt);
    EXPECT_EQ(list.size(), listRef.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(listInv.size(), listRef.size());
    EXPECT_GE(listRef.size(), 2U);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_filter_accuracy) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 1.0);
        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);

        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 1644); // Poland - 1m
    }
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.9);
        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);

        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 0U);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_filter_bbox) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    // INSERT INTO "area" VALUES('EPSG','1197','Romania','Romania - onshore and
    // offshore.',43.44,48.27,20.26,31.41,0);
    {
        auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(
            authFactory, Extent::createFromBBOX(20.26, 43.44, 31.41, 48.27),
            0.0);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 15994); // Romania - 3m
    }
    {
        auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(
            authFactory, Extent::createFromBBOX(20.26 + .1, 43.44 + .1,
                                                31.41 - .1, 48.27 - .1),
            0.0);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 15994); // Romania - 3m
    }
    {
        auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(
            authFactory, Extent::createFromBBOX(20.26 - .1, 43.44 - .1,
                                                31.41 + .1, 48.27 + .1),
            0.0);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=noop");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_incompatible_area) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4267"), // NAD27
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS 89
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=noop");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_inverse_needed) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
        ctxt->setUsePROJAlternativeGridNames(false);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4275"), // NTF
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
            ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
            "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=-168 "
            "+y=-60 +z=320 +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop "
            "+v_3 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step "
            "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
        EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create(
                          PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                          authFactory->databaseContext())
                          .get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                  "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step "
                  "+proj=hgridshift +grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step "
                  "+proj=unitconvert "
                  "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4275"), // NTF
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
            ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step "
            "+proj=hgridshift +grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step "
            "+proj=unitconvert "
            "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4275"), // NTF
            ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
            "+proj=hgridshift +grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step "
            "+proj=unitconvert "
            "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_ntv1_ntv2_ctable2) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4267"), // NAD27
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"), // NAD83
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 10U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=hgridshift "
              "+grids=ca_nrc_ntv1_can.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=hgridshift "
              "+grids=ca_nrc_ntv2_0.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=hgridshift "
              "+grids=us_noaa_conus.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
              "+xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_NAD27_to_WGS84) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4267"), // NAD27
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), // WGS84
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 79U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (33)"); // 1.0 m, Canada - NAD27
    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(),
              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (3)"); // 20.0 m, Canada - NAD27
    EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->nameStr(),
              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (79)"); // 5.0 m, USA - CONUS including EEZ
    EXPECT_EQ(list[3]->nameStr(),
              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (4)"); // 10.0 m, USA - CONUS - onshore
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_NAD27_to_WGS84_G1762) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);

    auto authFactoryEPSG =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // NAD27
        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4267"),
        // WGS84 (G1762)
        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("9057"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 78U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (33) + WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=ca_nrc_ntv2_0.tif "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(),
              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (3) + WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->nameStr(),
              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (79) + WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[3]->nameStr(),
              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (4) + WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762)");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_WGS84_G1674_to_WGS84_G1762) {
    // Check that particular behavior with WGS 84 (Gxxx) related to
    // 'geodetic_datum_preferred_hub' table and custom no-op transformations
    // between WGS 84 and WGS 84 (Gxxx) doesn't affect direct transformations
    // to those realizations.
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);

    auto authFactoryEPSG =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // WGS84 (G1674)
        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("9056"),
        // WGS84 (G1762)
        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("9057"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=-0.004 +y=0.003 +z=0.004 +rx=0.00027 "
              "+ry=-0.00027 +rz=0.00038 +s=-0.0069 "
              "+convention=coordinate_frame "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_EPSG_4240_Indian1975_to_EPSG_4326) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4240"), // Indian 1975
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);

    // Indian 1975 to WGS 84 (4), 3.0 m, Thailand - onshore
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 1812);

    // The following is the one we want to see. It has a lesser accuracy than
    // the above one and the same bbox, but the name of its area of use is
    // slightly different
    // Indian 1975 to WGS 84 (2), 5.0 m, Thailand - onshore and Gulf of Thailand
    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->getEPSGCode(), 1304);

    // Indian 1975 to WGS 84 (3), 1.0 m, Thailand - Bongkot field
    EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->getEPSGCode(), 1537);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_helmert_geog3D_crs) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4939"), // GDA94 3D
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7843"), // GDA2020 3D
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);

    // Check there is no push / pop of v_3
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=0.06155 +y=-0.01087 +z=-0.04019 "
              "+rx=-0.0394924 +ry=-0.0327221 +rz=-0.0328979 +s=-0.009994 "
              "+convention=coordinate_frame "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_helmert_geocentric_3D) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // GDA94 geocentric
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4348"),
        // GDA2020 geocentric
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7842"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);

    // Check there is no push / pop of v_3
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=helmert +x=0.06155 +y=-0.01087 +z=-0.04019 "
              "+rx=-0.0394924 +ry=-0.0327221 +rz=-0.0328979 +s=-0.009994 "
              "+convention=coordinate_frame");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +inv +proj=helmert +x=0.06155 +y=-0.01087 +z=-0.04019 "
              "+rx=-0.0394924 +ry=-0.0327221 +rz=-0.0328979 +s=-0.009994 "
              "+convention=coordinate_frame");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_helmert_geog3D_to_geocentirc) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // GDA94 3D
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4939"),
        // GDA2020 geocentric
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7842"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);

    // Check there is no push / pop of v_3
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=0.06155 +y=-0.01087 +z=-0.04019 "
              "+rx=-0.0394924 +ry=-0.0327221 +rz=-0.0328979 +s=-0.009994 "
              "+convention=coordinate_frame");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_invalid_EPSG_ID) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
    // EPSG:4656 is incorrect. Should be EPSG:8997
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "GEOGCS[\"ITRF2000\","
        "DATUM[\"International_Terrestrial_Reference_Frame_2000\","
        "SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,"
        "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6656\"]],"
        "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433],"
        "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4656\"]]");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(crs), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_datum_ensemble) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);

    auto dst_wkt =
        "GEOGCRS[\"unknown\","
        "  ENSEMBLE[\"World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble\","
        "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (Transit)\","
        "       ID[\"EPSG\",1166]],"
        "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G730)\","
        "       ID[\"EPSG\",1152]],"
        "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G873)\","
        "       ID[\"EPSG\",1153]],"
        "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1150)\","
        "       ID[\"EPSG\",1154]],"
        "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1674)\","
        "       ID[\"EPSG\",1155]],"
        "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1762)\","
        "       ID[\"EPSG\",1156]],"
        "     ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,"
        "      LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]],"
        "      ID[\"EPSG\",7030]],"
        "     ENSEMBLEACCURACY[2]],"
        "  PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
        "    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9102]],"
        "    ID[\"EPSG\",8901]],"
        "  CS[ellipsoidal,2,"
        "    ID[\"EPSG\",6422]],"
        "  AXIS[\"Geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,"
        "    ORDER[1]],"
        "  AXIS[\"Geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,"
        "    ORDER[2]],"
        "  ANGLEUNIT[\"degree (supplier to define representation)\","
        "0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]]";
    auto dstObj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(dst_wkt);
    auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(dstObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
        NN_NO_CHECK(dstCRS), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1)");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, vertCRS_to_geogCRS_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        ctxt->setUsePROJAlternativeGridNames(false);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
                "3855"), // EGM2008 height
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
            ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[1]->exportToPROJString(
                PROJStringFormatter::create(
                    PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                    authFactory->databaseContext())
                    .get()),
            "+proj=pipeline "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
            "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
                "3855"), // EGM2008 height
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
            ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=pipeline "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
            "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
                "3855"), // EGM2008 height
            ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=pipeline "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
            "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif "
            "+multiplier=1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            // NGVD29 depth (ftUS)
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6359"),
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=affine +s33=-0.304800609601219");
    }
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            // NZVD2016 height
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7839"),
            // NZGD2000
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4959"), ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=pipeline "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
            "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=nz_linz_nzgeoid2016.tif "
            "+multiplier=1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }
    {
        // Test actually the database where we derive records using the more
        // classic 'Geographic3D to GravityRelatedHeight' method from
        // records using EPSG:9635
        //'Geog3D to Geog2D+GravityRelatedHeight (US .gtx)' method
        auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(
            AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string()),
            nullptr, 0.0);
        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            // Baltic 1957 height
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("8357"),
            // ETRS89
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"), ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=pipeline "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
            "+step +proj=vgridshift "
            "+grids=sk_gku_Slovakia_ETRS89h_to_Baltic1957.tif "
            "+multiplier=1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geog3DCRS_to_geog2DCRS_plus_vertCRS_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            // ETRS89 (3D)
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"),
            // ETRS89 + Baltic 1957 height
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("8360"), ctxt);
        ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=pipeline "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
            "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift "
            "+grids=sk_gku_Slovakia_ETRS89h_to_Baltic1957.tif +multiplier=1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->nameStr(),
                  "Inverse of 'ETRS89 to ETRS89 + Baltic 1957 height (1)'");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_noop) {

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "Null geographic offset from WGS 84 to WGS 84");
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=noop");
    EXPECT_EQ(op->inverse()->nameStr(), op->nameStr());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_longitude_rotation) {

    auto src = GeographicCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "A"),
        GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                                       optional<std::string>(),
                                       PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
    auto dest = GeographicCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "B"),
        GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                                       optional<std::string>(),
                                       PrimeMeridian::PARIS),
        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(src, dest);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=longlat "
              "+ellps=WGS84 +pm=paris +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    EXPECT_EQ(op->inverse()->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
                  ->createOperation(dest, src)
                  ->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        op->inverse()->isEquivalentTo(CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
                                          ->createOperation(dest, src)
                                          .get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_longitude_rotation_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4807"), // NTF(Paris)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4275"), // NTF
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "NTF (Paris) to NTF (1)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(), "NTF (Paris) to NTF (2)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=2.33720833333333 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_concatenated_operation) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
        CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::ALWAYS);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4807"), // NTF(Paris)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4171"), // RGF93
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 4U);

    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "NTF (Paris) to RGF93 (1)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
              "+step +proj=xyzgridshift +grids=fr_ign_gr3df97a.tif "
              "+grid_ref=output_crs +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(), "NTF (Paris) to RGF93 (2)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=hgridshift "
              "+grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

    EXPECT_TRUE(nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ConcatenatedOperation>(list[0]) !=
                nullptr);
    auto grids = list[0]->gridsNeeded(DatabaseContext::create(), false);
    EXPECT_EQ(grids.size(), 1U);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_ED50_to_WGS72_no_NTF_intermediate) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4230"), // ED50
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4322"), // WGS 72
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 2U);
    // We should not use the ancient NTF as an intermediate when looking for
    // ED50 -> WGS 72 operations.
    for (const auto &op : list) {
        EXPECT_TRUE(op->nameStr().find("NTF") == std::string::npos)
            << op->nameStr();
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_same_grid_name) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4314"), // DHDN
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_TRUE(!list.empty());
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "DHDN to ETRS89 (8)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=hgridshift "
              "+grids=de_adv_BETA2007.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_geographic_offset_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4120"), // NTF(Paris)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4121"), // NTF
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Greek to GGRS87 (1)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
              "+dlat=-5.86 +dlon=0.28 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_CH1903_to_CH1903plus_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
        CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::ALWAYS);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4149"), // CH1903
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4150"), // CH1903+
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_TRUE(list.size() == 1U);

    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "CH1903 to CH1903+ (1)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=ch_swisstopo_CHENyx06a.tif "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_init_IGNF_to_init_IGNF_context) {

    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();

    auto sourceCRS_obj = PROJStringParser()
                             .attachDatabaseContext(dbContext)
                             .setUsePROJ4InitRules(true)
                             .createFromPROJString("+init=IGNF:NTFG");
    auto sourceCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(sourceCRS_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(sourceCRS != nullptr);

    auto targetCRS_obj = PROJStringParser()
                             .attachDatabaseContext(dbContext)
                             .setUsePROJ4InitRules(true)
                             .createFromPROJString("+init=IGNF:RGF93G");
    auto targetCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(targetCRS_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(targetCRS != nullptr);

    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(sourceCRS), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(targetCRS), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);

    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "NOUVELLE TRIANGULATION DE LA FRANCE (NTF) vers RGF93 (ETRS89)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_3D) {

    auto geogcrs_m_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +vunits=m +type=crs");
    auto geogcrs_m = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_m_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_m != nullptr);

    auto geogcrs_ft_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +vunits=ft +type=crs");
    auto geogcrs_ft = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_ft_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_ft != nullptr);

    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_ft));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=ft");
    }

    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=ft +z_out=m");
    }

    auto geogcrs_m_with_pm_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +pm=paris +vunits=m +type=crs");
    auto geogcrs_m_with_pm =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_m_with_pm_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_m_with_pm != nullptr);

    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m_with_pm), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_ft));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m "
                  "+xy_out=rad +z_out=m +step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 "
                  "+pm=paris +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
                  "+xy_out=deg +z_out=ft");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_3D_lat_long_non_metre_to_geogCRS_longlat) {

    auto wkt = "GEOGCRS[\"my CRS\",\n"
               "    DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
               "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563],\n"
               "        ID[\"EPSG\",6326]],\n"
               "    CS[ellipsoidal,3],\n"
               "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
               "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
               "        AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height\",up,\n"
               "            LENGTHUNIT[\"my_vunit\",0.3]]]";
    auto srcCRS_obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcCRS_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);

    auto dstCRS_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
    auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(dstCRS_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(srcCRS), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dstCRS));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=0.3 +z_out=m");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_without_id_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto src =
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4289"); // Amersfoort
    auto dst =
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"); // ETRS89 3D
    auto list =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    auto wkt2 = "GEOGCRS[\"unnamed\",\n"
                "    DATUM[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
                "        ELLIPSOID[\"Bessel 1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128,\n"
                "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
                "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
                "        AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
                "            ORDER[1],\n"
                "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                "        AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
                "            ORDER[2],\n"
                "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                "    USAGE[\n"
                "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
                "        AREA[\"Netherlands - onshore\"],\n"
                "        BBOX[50.75,3.2,53.7,7.22]]]\n";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
    auto src_from_wkt2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src_from_wkt2 != nullptr);
    auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src_from_wkt2), dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), list2.size());
    for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
        const auto &op = list[i];
        const auto &op2 = list2[i];
        EXPECT_TRUE(
            op->isEquivalentTo(op2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT))
            << op->nameStr() << " " << op2->nameStr();
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_same_datum) {

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_different_datum) {

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(),
              "Ballpark geocentric translation from WGS 84 to NAD83 "
              "(geocentric) + Conversion from NAD83 "
              "(geocentric) to NAD83");
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geocentricCRS_different_datum) {

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, createGeocentricDatumWGS84());
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "Conversion from NAD83 to NAD83 (geocentric) + "
                             "Ballpark geocentric translation from NAD83 "
                             "(geocentric) to WGS 84");
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=cart "
              "+ellps=GRS80");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geocentricCRS_same_noop) {

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), createGeocentricDatumWGS84());
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(),
              "Null geocentric translation from WGS 84 to WGS 84");
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=noop");
    EXPECT_EQ(op->inverse()->nameStr(), op->nameStr());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geocentricCRS_different_ballpark) {

    PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
    propertiesCRS.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 4328)
        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unknown");
    auto otherGeocentricCRS = GeodeticCRS::create(
        propertiesCRS, GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6269,
        CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        createGeocentricKM(), otherGeocentricCRS);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        op->nameStr(),
        "Ballpark geocentric translation from Based on WGS 84 to unknown");
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=km +z_in=km +xy_out=m +z_out=m");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_same_datum_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
        // WGS84 geocentric
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4978"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);

    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "Conversion from WGS 84 (geog2D) to WGS 84 (geocentric)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=cart "
              "+ellps=WGS84");

    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->nameStr(),
              "Conversion from WGS 84 (geocentric) to WGS 84 (geog2D)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_same_datum_context_all_auth) {
    // This is to check we don't use OGC:CRS84 as a pivot
    auto authFactoryEPSG =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto authFactoryAll =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
    auto ctxt =
        CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactoryAll, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
        // WGS84 geocentric
        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4978"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);

    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "Conversion from WGS 84 (geog2D) to WGS 84 (geocentric)");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geocentricCRS_different_datum_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // ITRF2000 (geocentric)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4919"),
        // ITRF2005 (geocentric)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4896"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1)");
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
        ComparePROJString,
        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
        "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
        "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
        "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_geocentricCRS_same_datum_to_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // WGS84 geocentric
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4978"),
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "Conversion from WGS 84 (geocentric) to WGS 84 (geog2D)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     geog2D_to_geog3D_same_datum_but_with_potential_other_pivot_context) {
    // Check that when going from geog2D to geog3D of same datum, we don't
    // try to go through a WGS84 pivot...
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5365"), // CR 05 2D
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5364"), // CR 05 3D
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=noop");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     geogCRS_to_geogCRS_different_datum_though_geocentric_transform_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // ITRF2000 (geog3D)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7909"),
        // ITRF2005 (geog3D)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7910"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "Conversion from ITRF2000 (geog3D) to ITRF2000 (geocentric) + "
              "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1) + "
              "Conversion from ITRF2005 (geocentric) to ITRF2005 (geog3D)");
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
        ComparePROJString,
        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
        "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
        "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
        "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
        "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector +step +inv "
        "+proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
        "+z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geocentricCRS_different_datum_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // ITRF2000 (geog3D)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7909"),
        // ITRF2005 (geocentric)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4896"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "Conversion from ITRF2000 (geog3D) to ITRF2000 (geocentric) + "
              "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1)");
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
        ComparePROJString,
        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
        "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
        "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
        "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
        "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_different_datum_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // ITRF2000 (geocentric)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4919"),
        // ITRF2005 (geog3D)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7910"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1) + "
              "Conversion from ITRF2005 (geocentric) to ITRF2005 (geog3D)");
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
        ComparePROJString,
        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
        "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
        "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
        "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector +step +inv "
        "+proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
        "+z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, esri_projectedCRS_to_geogCRS_with_ITRF_intermediate_context) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto authFactoryEPSG = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto authFactoryESRI = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "ESRI");
    auto ctxt =
        CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactoryEPSG, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // NAD_1983_CORS96_StatePlane_North_Carolina_FIPS_3200_Ft_US (projected)
        authFactoryESRI->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("103501"),
        // ITRF2005 (geog3D)
        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7910"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of NAD_1983_CORS96_StatePlane_North_Carolina_"
              "FIPS_3200_Ft_US + "
              "Conversion from NAD83(CORS96) (geog2D) to NAD83(CORS96) "
              "(geocentric) + Inverse of ITRF2000 to NAD83(CORS96) (1) + "
              "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1) + "
              "Conversion from ITRF2005 (geocentric) to ITRF2005 (geog3D)");
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
        ComparePROJString,
        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft "
        "+xy_out=m +step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=33.75 +lon_0=-79 "
        "+lat_1=34.3333333333333 +lat_2=36.1666666666667 "
        "+x_0=609601.219202438 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=cart "
        "+ellps=GRS80 +step +inv +proj=helmert +x=0.9956 +y=-1.9013 "
        "+z=-0.5215 +rx=0.025915 +ry=0.009426 +rz=0.011599 +s=0.00062 "
        "+dx=0.0007 +dy=-0.0007 +dz=0.0005 +drx=6.7e-05 +dry=-0.000757 "
        "+drz=-5.1e-05 +ds=-0.00018 +t_epoch=1997 "
        "+convention=coordinate_frame +step +proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
        "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
        "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
        "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=cart "
        "+ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
        "+xy_out=deg +z_out=m +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static ProjectedCRSNNPtr createUTM31_WGS84() {
    return ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static ProjectedCRSNNPtr createUTM32_WGS84() {
    return ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 32, true),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_projCRS) {

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, createUTM31_WGS84());
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<Conversion>(op) != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=utm "
              "+zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_longlat_to_geogCS_latlong) {

    auto sourceCRS = GeographicCRS::OGC_CRS84;
    auto targetCRS = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(sourceCRS,
                                                                    targetCRS);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    auto conv = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<Conversion>(op);
    ASSERT_TRUE(conv != nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(op->sourceCRS() &&
                op->sourceCRS()->isEquivalentTo(sourceCRS.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(op->targetCRS() &&
                op->targetCRS()->isEquivalentTo(targetCRS.get()));
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    auto convInverse = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<Conversion>(conv->inverse());
    ASSERT_TRUE(convInverse != nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(convInverse->sourceCRS() &&
                convInverse->sourceCRS()->isEquivalentTo(targetCRS.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(convInverse->targetCRS() &&
                convInverse->targetCRS()->isEquivalentTo(sourceCRS.get()));
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->method()->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              convInverse->method()->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->method()->isEquivalentTo(convInverse->method().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_longlat_to_geogCS_latlong_database) {

    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "OGC")
            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("CRS84"),
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_longlat_to_projCRS) {

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::OGC_CRS84, createUTM31_WGS84());
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_different_from_baseCRS_to_projCRS) {

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, createUTM31_WGS84());
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv +proj=longlat "
        "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=utm +zone=31 "
        "+ellps=WGS84");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     geogCRS_different_from_baseCRS_to_projCRS_context_compatible_area) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
        CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::ALWAYS);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4807"),  // NTF(Paris)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631"), // UTM31 WGS84
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 4U);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        list[0]->nameStr(),
        "NTF (Paris) to NTF (1) + Inverse of WGS 84 to NTF (3) + UTM zone 31N");
    ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "1");
    EXPECT_EQ(
        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=hgridshift "
        "+grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_projCRS) {

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), createUTM31_WGS84());
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
              "+proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_to_geogCRS) {

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        createUTM31_WGS84(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_no_id_to_geogCRS_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
        "28992"); // Amersfoort / RD New
    auto dst =
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"); // ETRS89 2D
    auto list =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    auto wkt2 =
        "PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
        "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
        "       DATUM[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
        "            ELLIPSOID[\"Bessel 1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128]]],\n"
        "    CONVERSION[\"unknown\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"Oblique Stereographic\"],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",52.1561605555556],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",5.38763888888889],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9999079],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",155000],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",463000]],\n"
        "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north],\n"
        "    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "    ID[\"EPSG\",28992]]";
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
    auto src_from_wkt2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src_from_wkt2 != nullptr);
    auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src_from_wkt2), dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), list2.size() - 1);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
        const auto &op = list[i];
        const auto &op2 = list2[i];
        EXPECT_TRUE(
            op->isEquivalentTo(op2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_3D_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto wkt = "PROJCRS[\"NAD83(HARN) / Oregon GIC Lambert (ft)\",\n"
               "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"NAD83(HARN)\",\n"
               "        DATUM[\"NAD83 (High Accuracy Reference Network)\",\n"
               "            ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
               "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
               "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
               "        ID[\"EPSG\",4957]],\n"
               "    CONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
               "        METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",41.75,\n"
               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",-120.5,\n"
               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",43,\n"
               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard parallel\",45.5,\n"
               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",1312335.958,\n"
               "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048],\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",0,\n"
               "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048],\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]],\n"
               "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
               "        AXIS[\"easting\",east,\n"
               "            ORDER[1],\n"
               "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048]],\n"
               "        AXIS[\"northing\",north,\n"
               "            ORDER[2],\n"
               "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048]],\n"
               "        AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height (h)\",up,\n"
               "            ORDER[3],\n"
               "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048]]]";
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto src = NN_CHECK_ASSERT(nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj));
    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
        "4957"); // NAD83(HARN) (3D)
    auto list =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              // Check that z ft->m conversion is done (and just once)
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=ft +z_in=ft +xy_out=m +z_out=m "
              "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=41.75 +lon_0=-120.5 +lat_1=43 "
              "+lat_2=45.5 +x_0=399999.9999984 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_3D_to_projCRS_2D_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto wkt =
        "PROJCRS[\"Projected 3d CRS\",\n"
        "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"JGD2000\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"Japanese Geodetic Datum 2000\",\n"
        "            ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",4947]],\n" // the code is what triggered the bug
        "    CONVERSION[\"Japan Plane Rectangular CS zone VII\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",36,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",137.166666666667,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9999,\n"
        "            SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8807]],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",17807]],\n"
        "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"northing (X)\",north,\n"
        "            ORDER[1],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"easting (Y)\",east,\n"
        "            ORDER[2],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height (h)\",up,\n"
        "            ORDER[3],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]]";
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto src = NN_CHECK_ASSERT(nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj));
    auto dst =
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32653"); // WGS 84 UTM 53
    // We just want to check that we don't get inconsistent chaining exception
    auto list =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_3D_to_projCRS_with_2D_geocentric_translation) {

    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto src =
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"); // WGS 84 3D

    // Azores Central 1948 / UTM zone 26N
    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("2189");

    auto list =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
              "+step +proj=push +v_3 " // this is what we check. Due to the
                                       // target system being 2D only
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=104 +y=-167 +z=38 "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=intl "
              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 " // this is what we check
              "+step +proj=utm +zone=26 +ellps=intl");

    auto listReverse =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, src, ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(listReverse.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        listReverse[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline "
        "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=26 +ellps=intl "
        "+step +proj=push +v_3 " // this is what we check
        "+step +proj=cart +ellps=intl "
        "+step +proj=helmert +x=-104 +y=167 +z=-38 "
        "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
        "+step +proj=pop +v_3 " // this is what we check
        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m "
        "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS) {

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        createUTM31_WGS84(), createUTM32_WGS84());
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
              "+proj=utm +zone=32 +ellps=WGS84");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_different_baseCRS) {

    auto utm32 = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 32, true),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        createUTM31_WGS84(), utm32);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
              "+proj=utm +zone=32 +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_compatible_area) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32634"), // UTM 34
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
            "2171"), // Pulkovo 42 Poland I
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of UTM zone 34N + Inverse of Pulkovo 1942(58) to WGS 84 "
              "(1) + Poland zone I");
    ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_compatible_area_bis) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
            "3844"), // Pulkovo 42 Stereo 70 (Romania)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32634"), // UTM 34
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of Stereo 70 + "
                                  "Pulkovo 1942(58) to WGS 84 "
                                  "(19) + UTM zone 34N");
    ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "3");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_one_incompatible_area) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631"), // UTM 31
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
            "2171"), // Pulkovo 42 Poland I
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of UTM zone 31N + Inverse of Pulkovo 1942(58) to WGS 84 "
              "(1) + Poland zone I");
    ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_incompatible_areas) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631"), // UTM 31
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32633"), // UTM 33
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of UTM zone 31N + UTM zone 33N");
    ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "0");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_incompatible_areas_ballpark) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("26711"), // UTM 11 NAD27
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
            "3034"), // ETRS89 / LCC Europe
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_TRUE(list[0]->hasBallparkTransformation());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    projCRS_to_projCRS_context_incompatible_areas_crs_extent_use_intersection) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSourceAndTargetCRSExtentUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SourceTargetCRSExtentUse::INTERSECTION);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("26711"), // UTM 11 NAD27
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
            "3034"), // ETRS89 / LCC Europe
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 0U);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_north_pole_inverted_axis) {

    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32661"),
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5041"),
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_south_pole_inverted_axis) {

    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32761"),
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5042"),
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_through_geog3D) {
    // Check that when going from projCRS to projCRS, using
    // geog2D-->geog3D-->geog3D-->geog2D we do not have issues with
    // inconsistent CRS chaining, due to how we 'hack' a bit some intermediate
    // steps
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5367"), // CR05 / CRTM05
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
            "8908"), // CR-SIRGAS / CRTM05
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-84 +k=0.9999 "
              "+x_0=500000 +y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=-0.16959 +y=0.35312 +z=0.51846 "
              "+rx=-0.03385 +ry=0.16325 +rz=-0.03446 +s=0.03693 "
              "+convention=position_vector "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-84 +k=0.9999 +x_0=500000 "
              "+y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transform_from_amersfoort_rd_new_to_epsg_4326) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("28992"),
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
    // The order matters: "Amersfoort to WGS 84 (4)" replaces "Amersfoort to WGS
    // 84 (3)"
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of RD New + Amersfoort to WGS 84 (4)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of RD New + Amersfoort to WGS 84 (3)");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_geogCRS) {
    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        boundCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 "
              "+z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step "
              "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_geodCRS) {
    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        boundCRS, GeodeticCRS::EPSG_4978);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step "
              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
              "+convention=position_vector");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_geodCRS_not_related_to_hub) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        boundCRS,
        // ETRS89 geocentric
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4936"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step "
              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
              "+convention=position_vector "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_geogCRS_with_area) {
    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        boundCRS, authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk66 +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 "
              "+z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step "
              "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_unrelated_geogCRS) {
    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        boundCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
                  ->createOperation(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
                                    GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269)
                  ->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, createOperation_boundCRS_identified_by_datum) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);

    auto objDest = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=utm +zone=32 +a=6378249.2 +b=6356515 "
        "+towgs84=-263.0,6.0,431.0 +no_defs +type=crs");
    auto dest = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(objDest);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dest != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=push +v_3 +step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
              "+proj=helmert +x=263 +y=-6 +z=-431 +step +inv +proj=cart "
              "+ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=utm +zone=32 "
              "+ellps=clrk80ign");

    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_TRUE(list[0]->isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_clrk_66_geogCRS_to_nad83_geogCRS) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=latlong +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=ntv1_can.dat,conus +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);

    auto objDest = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=latlong +datum=NAD83 +type=crs");
    auto dest = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDest);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dest != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=ntv1_can.dat,conus "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_clrk_66_projCRS_to_nad83_geogCRS) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=utm +zone=17 +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=ntv1_can.dat,conus "
        "+type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);

    auto objDest = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=latlong +datum=NAD83 +type=crs");
    auto dest = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDest);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dest != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=17 +ellps=clrk66 "
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=ntv1_can.dat,conus "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_projCRS_to_geogCRS) {
    auto utm31 = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        utm31, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        boundCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=clrk80ign "
              "+pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 +step +proj=cart "
              "+ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 "
              "+rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=cart "
              "+ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=unitconvert "
              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_projCRS) {
    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto utm31 = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto op =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(boundCRS, utm31);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 "
              "+z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step "
              "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
              "+proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_unrelated_geogCRS_context) {
    auto src = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    // ETRS89
    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    // Check with it is a concatenated operation, since it doesn't particularly
    // show up in the PROJ string
    EXPECT_TRUE(dynamic_cast<ConcatenatedOperation *>(list[0].get()) !=
                nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Transformation from NTF (Paris) to WGS84 + "
                                  "Inverse of ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
              "+step +proj=push +v_3 +step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
              "+convention=position_vector "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_boundCRS_of_geogCRS) {
    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, boundCRS);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +inv +proj=helmert +x=1 "
              "+y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=grad +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_geogCRS_same_datum_context) {
    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        boundCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=noop");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_geogCRS_hubCRS_and_targetCRS_same_but_baseCRS_not) {
    const char *wkt =
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
        "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]";

    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto boundCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(boundCRS), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_boundCRS) {
    auto utm31 = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto utm32 = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269,
        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 32, true),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto boundCRS1 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        utm31, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto boundCRS2 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        utm32, std::vector<double>{8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(boundCRS1,
                                                                    boundCRS2);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=clrk80ign "
              "+pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 +step +proj=cart "
              "+ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 "
              "+rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=helmert "
              "+x=8 +y=9 +z=10 +rx=11 +ry=12 +rz=13 +s=14 "
              "+convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=utm +zone=32 +ellps=GRS80");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_boundCRS_noop_for_TOWGS84) {
    auto boundCRS1 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto boundCRS2 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(boundCRS1,
                                                                    boundCRS2);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +inv +proj=cart "
              "+ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=unitconvert "
              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_boundCRS_unralated_hub) {
    auto boundCRS1 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto boundCRS2 = BoundCRS::create(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979,
        Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979,
            1.0, 2.0, 3.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>()));
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(boundCRS1,
                                                                    boundCRS2);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
                  ->createOperation(boundCRS1->baseCRS(), boundCRS2->baseCRS())
                  ->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_projCRS_towgs84_to_boundCRS_of_projCRS_nadgrids) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=utm +zone=15 +datum=NAD83 +units=m +no_defs +ellps=GRS80 "
        "+towgs84=0,0,0 +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=utm +zone=15 +datum=NAD27 +units=m +no_defs +ellps=clrk66 "
        "+nadgrids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat +type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=15 +ellps=GRS80 +step "
              "+inv +proj=hgridshift "
              "+grids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat +step +proj=utm "
              "+zone=15 +ellps=clrk66");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_with_basecrs_with_extent_to_geogCRS) {

    auto wkt =
        "BOUNDCRS[\n"
        "    SOURCECRS[\n"
        "        PROJCRS[\"NAD83 / California zone 3 (ftUS)\",\n"
        "            BASEGEODCRS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "                DATUM[\"North American Datum 1983\",\n"
        "                    ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "                PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
        "            CONVERSION[\"SPCS83 California zone 3 (US Survey "
        "feet)\",\n"
        "                METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
        "                PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",36.5,\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
        "                PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",-120.5,\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
        "                PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\","
        "                    38.4333333333333,\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
        "                PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard parallel\","
        "                    37.0666666666667,\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
        "                PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",6561666.667,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\","
        "                    0.304800609601219],\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
        "                PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",1640416.667,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\","
        "                    0.304800609601219],\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]],\n"
        "            CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"easting (X)\",east,\n"
        "                    ORDER[1],\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\","
        "                    0.304800609601219]],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",north,\n"
        "                    ORDER[2],\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\","
        "                    0.304800609601219]],\n"
        "            SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
        "            AREA[\"USA - California - SPCS - 3\"],\n"
        "            BBOX[36.73,-123.02,38.71,-117.83],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",2227]]],\n"
        "    TARGETCRS[\n"
        "        GEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "            CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
        "                    ORDER[1],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
        "                    ORDER[2],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]],\n"
        "    ABRIDGEDTRANSFORMATION[\"NAD83 to WGS 84 (1)\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"Geocentric translations (geog2D domain)\",\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",9603]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"X-axis translation\",0,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8605]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Y-axis translation\",0,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8606]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Z-axis translation\",0,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8607]],\n"
        "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
        "        AREA[\"North America - Canada and USA (CONUS, Alaska "
        "mainland)\"],\n"
        "        BBOX[23.81,-172.54,86.46,-47.74],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",1188]]]";
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto boundCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(boundCRS), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "Inverse of SPCS83 California zone 3 (US Survey "
                             "feet) + NAD83 to WGS 84 (1)");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, ETRS89_3D_to_proj_string_with_geoidgrids_nadgrids) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    // ETRS89 3D
    auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937");
    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=sterea +lat_0=52.15616055555555 +lon_0=5.38763888888889 "
        "+k=0.9999079 +x_0=155000 +y_0=463000 +ellps=bessel "
        "+nadgrids=rdtrans2008.gsb +geoidgrids=naptrans2008.gtx +units=m "
        "+type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        src, NN_NO_CHECK(dst), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=naptrans2008.gtx "
              "+multiplier=1 "
              "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=rdtrans2008.gsb "
              "+step +proj=sterea +lat_0=52.1561605555556 "
              "+lon_0=5.38763888888889 +k=0.9999079 +x_0=155000 "
              "+y_0=463000 +ellps=bessel");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, nadgrids_with_pm) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=tmerc +lat_0=39.66666666666666 +lon_0=1 +k=1 +x_0=200000 "
        "+y_0=300000 +ellps=intl +nadgrids=foo.gsb +pm=lisbon "
        "+units=m +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=39.6666666666667 +lon_0=1 "
              "+k=1 +x_0=200000 +y_0=300000 +ellps=intl +pm=lisbon "
              // Check that there is no extra +step +proj=longlat +pm=lisbon
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=foo.gsb "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

    // ETRS89
    dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258");
    list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=39.6666666666667 +lon_0=1 "
              "+k=1 +x_0=200000 +y_0=300000 +ellps=intl +pm=lisbon "
              // Check that there is no extra +step +proj=longlat +pm=lisbon
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=foo.gsb "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

    // From WKT BOUNDCRS
    auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019);
    auto src_wkt = src->exportToWKT(formatter.get());
    auto objFromWkt = WKTParser().createFromWKT(src_wkt);
    auto crsFromWkt = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(objFromWkt);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crsFromWkt);
    list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(crsFromWkt), dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=39.6666666666667 +lon_0=1 "
              "+k=1 +x_0=200000 +y_0=300000 +ellps=intl +pm=lisbon "
              // Check that there is no extra +step +proj=longlat +pm=lisbon
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=foo.gsb "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, WGS84_G1762_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_vertCRS) {
    auto authFactoryEPSG =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    // WGS 84 (G1762) 3D
    auto src = authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7665");
    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +datum=NAD83 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx +type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        src, NN_NO_CHECK(dst), ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 53U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762) + "
              "Inverse of unknown to WGS84 ellipsoidal height + "
              "Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + "
              "axis order change (2D)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS) {

    auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, createVerticalCRS()});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
                  ->createOperation(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
                                    GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807)
                  ->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static BoundCRSNNPtr createBoundVerticalCRS() {
    auto vertCRS = createVerticalCRS();
    auto transformation =
        Transformation::createGravityRelatedHeightToGeographic3D(
            PropertyMap(), vertCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, nullptr,
            "us_nga_egm08_25.tif", std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
    return BoundCRS::create(vertCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, transformation);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_height_to_PROJ_string) {
    auto transf = createBoundVerticalCRS()->transformation();
    EXPECT_EQ(transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif "
              "+multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

    auto grids = transf->gridsNeeded(DatabaseContext::create(), false);
    ASSERT_EQ(grids.size(), 1U);
    auto gridDesc = *(grids.begin());
    EXPECT_EQ(gridDesc.shortName, "us_nga_egm08_25.tif");
    EXPECT_TRUE(gridDesc.packageName.empty());
    EXPECT_EQ(gridDesc.url, "https://cdn.proj.org/us_nga_egm08_25.tif");
    if (gridDesc.available) {
        EXPECT_TRUE(!gridDesc.fullName.empty()) << gridDesc.fullName;
        EXPECT_TRUE(gridDesc.fullName.find(gridDesc.shortName) !=
                    std::string::npos)
            << gridDesc.fullName;
    } else {
        EXPECT_TRUE(gridDesc.fullName.empty()) << gridDesc.fullName;
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(gridDesc.directDownload, true);
    EXPECT_EQ(gridDesc.openLicense, true);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_Geographic3D_to_GravityRelatedHeight_gtx) {
    auto wkt =
        "COORDINATEOPERATION[\"ETRS89 to NAP height (1)\",\n"
        "    VERSION[\"RDNAP-Nld 2008\"],\n"
        "    SOURCECRS[\n"
        "        GEOGCRS[\"ETRS89\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"European Terrestrial Reference System 1989\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "            CS[ellipsoidal,3],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
        "                    ORDER[1],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
        "                    ORDER[2],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height (h)\",up,\n"
        "                    ORDER[3],\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",4937]]],\n"
        "    TARGETCRS[\n"
        "        VERTCRS[\"NAP height\",\n"
        "            VDATUM[\"Normaal Amsterdams Peil\"],\n"
        "            CS[vertical,1],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",5709]]],\n"
        "    METHOD[\"Geographic3D to GravityRelatedHeight (US .gtx)\",\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",9665]],\n"
        "    PARAMETERFILE[\"Geoid (height correction) model "
        "file\",\"naptrans2008.gtx\"],\n"
        "    OPERATIONACCURACY[0.01],\n"
        "    USAGE[\n"
        "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
        "        AREA[\"Netherlands - onshore\"],\n"
        "        BBOX[50.75,3.2,53.7,7.22]],\n"
        "    ID[\"EPSG\",7001]]";
    ;
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto transf = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<Transformation>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(transf != nullptr);

    // Check that we correctly inverse files in the case of
    // "Geographic3D to GravityRelatedHeight (US .gtx)"
    EXPECT_EQ(transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift "
              "+grids=naptrans2008.gtx +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_ntv2_to_PROJ_string) {
    auto transformation = Transformation::createNTv2(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        "foo.gsb", std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
    EXPECT_EQ(
        transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step "
        "+proj=hgridshift +grids=foo.gsb +step +proj=unitconvert "
        "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_VERTCON_to_PROJ_string) {
    auto verticalCRS1 = createVerticalCRS();

    auto verticalCRS2 = VerticalCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), VerticalReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap()),
        VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    // Use of this type of transformation is a bit of non-sense here
    // since it should normally be used with NGVD29 and NAVD88 for VerticalCRS,
    // and NAD27/NAD83 as horizontal CRS...
    auto vtransformation = Transformation::createVERTCON(
        PropertyMap(), verticalCRS1, verticalCRS2, "bla.gtx",
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
    EXPECT_EQ(vtransformation->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=bla.gtx +multiplier=0.001");
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_NZLVD_to_PROJ_string) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto op = factory->createCoordinateOperation("7860", false);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create(
                      PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5, dbContext)
                      .get()),
              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=nz_linz_auckht1946-nzvd2016.tif "
              "+multiplier=1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_BEV_AT_to_PROJ_string) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto op = factory->createCoordinateOperation("9275", false);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create(
                      PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5, dbContext)
                      .get()),
              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=at_bev_GV_Hoehengrid_V1.tif "
              "+multiplier=1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_longitude_rotation_to_PROJ_string) {

    auto src = GeographicCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
                           PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                           optional<std::string>(), PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
    auto dest = GeographicCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
                           PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                           optional<std::string>(), PrimeMeridian::PARIS),
        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
    auto transformation = Transformation::createLongitudeRotation(
        PropertyMap(), src, dest, Angle(10));
    EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());
    EXPECT_EQ(
        transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +pm=10 +step +proj=unitconvert "
        "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
              "+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +pm=-10 +step +proj=unitconvert "
              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_Geographic2D_offsets_to_PROJ_string) {

    auto transformation = Transformation::createGeographic2DOffsets(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Angle(0.5), Angle(-1), {});
    EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(
        transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
        "+dlat=1800 +dlon=-3600 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
        "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
              "+dlat=-1800 +dlon=3600 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_Geographic3D_offsets_to_PROJ_string) {

    auto transformation = Transformation::createGeographic3DOffsets(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Angle(0.5), Angle(-1), Length(2), {});
    EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(
        transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
        "+dlat=1800 +dlon=-3600 +dh=2 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
        "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
              "+dlat=-1800 +dlon=3600 +dh=-2 +step +proj=unitconvert "
              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     transformation_Geographic2D_with_height_offsets_to_PROJ_string) {

    auto transformation = Transformation::createGeographic2DWithHeightOffsets(
        PropertyMap(),
        CompoundCRS::create(PropertyMap(),
                            {GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, createVerticalCRS()}),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, Angle(0.5), Angle(-1), Length(2), {});
    EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(
        transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
        "+dlat=1800 +dlon=-3600 +dh=2 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
        "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
              "+dlat=-1800 +dlon=3600 +dh=-2 +step +proj=unitconvert "
              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, transformation_vertical_offset_to_PROJ_string) {

    auto transformation = Transformation::createVerticalOffset(
        PropertyMap(), createVerticalCRS(), createVerticalCRS(), Length(1), {});
    EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());

    EXPECT_EQ(
        transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=geogoffset +dh=1");
    EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=geogoffset +dh=-1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_to_geogCRS) {

    auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
                                             createBoundVerticalCRS()});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=vgridshift "
        "+grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 +step +proj=unitconvert "
        "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_boundGeogCRS_to_geogCRS) {

    auto geogCRS = GeographicCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
                           PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                           optional<std::string>(), PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
    auto horizBoundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        geogCRS, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{horizBoundCRS, createVerticalCRS()});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
              "+convention=position_vector "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_boundGeogCRS_and_boundVerticalCRS_to_geogCRS) {

    auto horizBoundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{horizBoundCRS, createBoundVerticalCRS()});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    // Not completely sure the order of horizontal and vertical operations
    // makes sense
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
              "+convention=position_vector "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

    auto grids = op->gridsNeeded(DatabaseContext::create(), false);
    EXPECT_EQ(grids.size(), 1U);

    auto opInverse = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, compound);
    ASSERT_TRUE(opInverse != nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(opInverse->inverse()->isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_boundProjCRS_and_boundVerticalCRS_to_geogCRS) {

    auto horizBoundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        ProjectedCRS::create(
            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
            Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
            CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE)),
        std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{horizBoundCRS, createBoundVerticalCRS()});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    // Not completely sure the order of horizontal and vertical operations
    // makes sense
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
              "+convention=position_vector "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

    auto opInverse = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, compound);
    ASSERT_TRUE(opInverse != nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(opInverse->inverse()->isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_from_geoidgrids_with_m_to_geogCRS) {

    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "axis order change (2D) + "
                             "unknown to WGS84 ellipsoidal height");
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_from_geoidgrids_with_ftus_to_geogCRS) {

    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx +vunits=us-ft "
        "+type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "axis order change (2D) + "
                             "Transformation from unknown to unknown + "
                             "unknown to WGS84 ellipsoidal height");
    EXPECT_EQ(
        op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline "
        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
        "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
        "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     compoundCRS_with_boundProjCRS_with_ftus_and_boundVerticalCRS_to_geogCRS) {

    auto wkt =
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD_1983_StatePlane_Alabama_West_FIPS_0102_Feet + "
        "NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (US Feet)\",\n"
        "    PROJCS[\"NAD_1983_StatePlane_Alabama_West_FIPS_0102_Feet\",\n"
        "        GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
        "                SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
        "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
        "            UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.5],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999933333333333],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",1968500],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"ESRI\",\"102630\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height (ftUS)\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
        "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"foo.gtx\"],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6360\"]]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_NO_CHECK(crs), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
              "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=30 +lon_0=-87.5 "
              "+k=0.999933333333333 +x_0=600000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_from_grids_to_geogCRS_with_ftus_ctxt) {

    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();

    const char *wktSrc =
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
        "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"@foo.gtx\"],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1.0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]";
    auto objSrc =
        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktSrc);
    auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);

    const char *wktDst =
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]";
    auto objDst =
        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktDst);
    auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);

    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCRS), NN_NO_CHECK(dstCRS), ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
              "+xy_out=deg +z_out=us-ft "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    compoundCRS_with_boundGeogCRS_boundVerticalCRS_from_grids_to_boundGeogCRS_with_ftus_ctxt) {

    // Variant of above but with TOWGS84 in source & target CRS

    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();

    const char *wktSrc =
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
        "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
        "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"@foo.gtx\"],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1.0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]";
    auto objSrc =
        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktSrc);
    auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);

    const char *wktDst =
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
        "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]";
    auto objDst =
        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktDst);
    auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);

    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCRS), NN_NO_CHECK(dstCRS), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
              "+xy_out=deg +z_out=us-ft");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_from_grids_to_boundGeogCRS_with_ftus_ctxt) {

    // Variant of above but with TOWGS84 in target CRS only

    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();

    const char *wktSrc =
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
        "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"@foo.gtx\"],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1.0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]";
    auto objSrc =
        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktSrc);
    auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);

    const char *wktDst =
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
        "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]";
    auto objDst =
        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktDst);
    auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);

    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCRS), NN_NO_CHECK(dstCRS), ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
              "+xy_out=deg +z_out=us-ft "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     compoundCRS_with_boundGeogCRS_and_geoid_to_geodCRS_NAD2011_ctxt) {

    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();

    const char *wktSrc =
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 / California zone 5 (ftUS) + "
        "NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (ftUS)\","
        "   PROJCS[\"NAD83 / California zone 5 (ftUS)\","
        "       GEOGCS[\"NAD83\","
        "           DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\","
        "               SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,"
        "                   AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],"
        "               TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"
        "               AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],"
        "           PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
        "               AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],"
        "           UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,"
        "               AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],"
        "           AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],"
        "       PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic_2SP\"],"
        "       PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",35.46666666666667],"
        "       PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_2\",34.03333333333333],"
        "       PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",33.5],"
        "       PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-118],"
        "       PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",6561666.667],"
        "       PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",1640416.667],"
        "       UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.3048006096012192,"
        "           AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],"
        "       AXIS[\"X\",EAST],"
        "       AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],"
        "       AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"2229\"]],"
        "VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (ftUS)\","
        "   VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,"
        "       AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],"
        "   UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.3048006096012192,"
        "       AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],"
        "   AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],"
        "   AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6360\"]]]";
    auto objSrc =
        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktSrc);
    auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);

    auto authFactoryEPSG = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    // NAD83(2011) geocentric
    auto dstCRS = authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6317");

    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCRS), dstCRS, ctxt);
    bool found = false;
    for (const auto &op : list) {
        if (op->nameStr() ==
            "Inverse of unnamed + "
            "Transformation from NAD83 to WGS84 + "
            "Ballpark geographic offset from WGS 84 to NAD83(2011) + "
            "Transformation from NAVD88 height (ftUS) to NAVD88 height + "
            "Inverse of NAD83(2011) to NAVD88 height (1) + "
            "Conversion from NAD83(2011) (geog3D) to NAD83(2011) "
            "(geocentric)") {
            found = true;
            EXPECT_EQ(
                op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
                "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=33.5 +lon_0=-118 "
                "+lat_1=35.4666666666667 +lat_2=34.0333333333333 "
                "+x_0=2000000.0001016 +y_0=500000.0001016 +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2012bu0.tif "
                "+multiplier=1 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80");
        }
    }
    EXPECT_TRUE(found);
    if (!found) {
        for (const auto &op : list) {
            std::cerr << op->nameStr() << std::endl;
        }
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geocent_to_compoundCRS) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=geocent +datum=WGS84 +units=m +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
        "+type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +inv "
              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 +step +inv "
              "+proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb +step +proj=unitconvert "
              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, geocent_to_compoundCRS_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    // WGS84 geocentric
    auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4978");
    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
        "+type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        src, NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +inv "
              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 +step +inv "
              "+proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb +step +proj=unitconvert "
              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS) {
    auto compound1 = CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createUTM31_WGS84(), createVerticalCRS()});
    auto compound2 = CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createUTM32_WGS84(), createVerticalCRS()});
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(compound1,
                                                                    compound2);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    auto opRef = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        createUTM31_WGS84(), createUTM32_WGS84());
    ASSERT_TRUE(opRef != nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(op->isEquivalentTo(opRef.get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_vertical_transform) {
    auto verticalCRS1 = createVerticalCRS();

    auto verticalCRS2 = VerticalCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), VerticalReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap()),
        VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    // Use of this type of transformation is a bit of non-sense here
    // since it should normally be used with NGVD29 and NAVD88 for VerticalCRS,
    // and NAD27/NAD83 as horizontal CRS...
    auto vtransformation = Transformation::createVERTCON(
        PropertyMap(), verticalCRS1, verticalCRS2, "bla.gtx",
        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());

    auto compound1 = CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{
            ProjectedCRS::create(
                PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
                Conversion::createTransverseMercator(PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                                     Angle(2), Scale(3),
                                                     Length(4), Length(5)),
                CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE)),
            BoundCRS::create(verticalCRS1, verticalCRS2, vtransformation)});
    auto compound2 = CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createUTM32_WGS84(), verticalCRS2});

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(compound1,
                                                                    compound2);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +k=3 "
              "+x_0=4 +y_0=5 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=bla.gtx +multiplier=0.001 +step "
              "+proj=utm +zone=32 "
              "+ellps=WGS84");
    {
        auto formatter = PROJStringFormatter::create();
        formatter->setUseApproxTMerc(true);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            op->exportToPROJString(formatter.get()),
            "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=tmerc +approx +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 "
            "+k=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
            "+proj=vgridshift +grids=bla.gtx +multiplier=0.001 +step "
            "+proj=utm +approx +zone=32 "
            "+ellps=WGS84");
    }
    {
        auto formatter = PROJStringFormatter::create();
        formatter->setUseApproxTMerc(true);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            op->inverse()->exportToPROJString(formatter.get()),
            "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +approx +zone=32 +ellps=WGS84 "
            "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=bla.gtx "
            "+multiplier=0.001 +step +proj=tmerc +approx +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 "
            "+k=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5 +ellps=WGS84");
    }

    auto opInverse = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        compound2, compound1);
    ASSERT_TRUE(opInverse != nullptr);
    {
        auto formatter = PROJStringFormatter::create();
        auto formatter2 = PROJStringFormatter::create();
        EXPECT_EQ(opInverse->inverse()->exportToPROJString(formatter.get()),
                  op->exportToPROJString(formatter2.get()));
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
        "+type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@bar.gsb +geoidgrids=@bar.gtx "
        "+type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=@bar.gtx +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=@bar.gsb "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_same_geoidgrids) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
        "+type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@bar.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
        "+type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb "
              "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=@bar.gsb "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_same_geoidgrids_different_vunits) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
        "+type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@bar.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
        "+vunits=us-ft +type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=us-ft "
              "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=@bar.gsb "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_same_nadgrids_same_geoidgrids) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
        "+type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
        "+type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=noop");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_same_towgs84_same_geoidgrids) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +towgs84=0,0,0 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
        "+type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
        "+type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS67 "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_WKT1_same_geoidgrids_context) {
    auto objSrc = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 / Alabama West + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B "
        "(Meters)\",\n"
        "    PROJCS[\"NAD83 / Alabama West\",\n"
        "        GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
        "                SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
        "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
        "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.5],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999933333],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",600000],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"X\",EAST],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"26930\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
        "            "
        "EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"g2012a_alaska.gtx,g2012a_hawaii.gtx,"
        "g2012a_conus.gtx\"],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto objDst = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD_1983_StatePlane_Alabama_West_FIPS_0102_Feet + NAVD88 "
        "height - Geoid12B (US Feet)\",\n"
        "    PROJCS[\"NAD_1983_StatePlane_Alabama_West_FIPS_0102_Feet\",\n"
        "        GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
        "                SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
        "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
        "            UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.5],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999933333333333],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",1968500],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"ESRI\",\"102630\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height (ftUS)\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
        "            "
        "EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"g2012a_alaska.gtx,g2012a_hawaii.gtx,"
        "g2012a_conus.gtx\"],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6360\"]]]");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);

    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of unnamed + "
              "Transformation from NAD83 to WGS84 + "
              "NAVD88 height to NAVD88 height (ftUS) + "
              "Inverse of Transformation from NAD83 to WGS84 + "
              "unnamed");
    auto grids = list[0]->gridsNeeded(dbContext, false);
    EXPECT_TRUE(grids.empty());
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=30 +lon_0=-87.5 +k=0.999933333 "
              "+x_0=600000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=us-ft "
              "+step +proj=tmerc +lat_0=30 +lon_0=-87.5 +k=0.999933333333333 "
              "+x_0=600000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +xy_out=us-ft");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_issue_2232) {
    auto objSrc = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 / Alabama West + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B "
        "(Meters)\",\n"
        "    PROJCS[\"NAD83 / Alabama West\",\n"
        "        GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
        "                SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
        "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
        "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.5],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999933333],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",600000],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"X\",EAST],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"26930\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
        "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"foo.gtx\"],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1.0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);

    auto objDst = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + some CRS (US Feet)\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
        "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"some CRS (US Feet)\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"some datum\",2005],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.3048006096012192,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);

    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), ctxt);
    EXPECT_GE(list.size(), 1U);

    auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), ctxt);
    EXPECT_EQ(list2.size(), list.size());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // NAD27 + NGVD29 height (ftUS)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7406"),
        // NAD83(NSRS2007) + NAVD88 height
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5500"), ctxt);
    // 152 or 155 depending if the VERTCON grids are there
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 152U);
    EXPECT_FALSE(list[0]->hasBallparkTransformation());
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "NGVD29 height (ftUS) to NAVD88 height (3) + "
                                  "NAD27 to WGS 84 (79) + Inverse of "
                                  "NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1)");
    EXPECT_EQ(
        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
        "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_vertcone.tif +multiplier=1 "
        "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=us_noaa_conus.tif +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
        "+order=2,1");
    {
        // Test that we can round-trip this through WKT and still get the same
        // PROJ string.
        auto wkt = list[0]->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get());
        auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto co = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CoordinateOperation>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(co != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            co->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
    }

    bool foundApprox = false;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
        auto projString =
            list[i]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
        EXPECT_TRUE(
            projString.find("+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft "
                            "+xy_out=rad +z_out=m") == 0)
            << list[i]->nameStr();
        if (list[i]->nameStr().find("Transformation from NGVD29 height (ftUS) "
                                    "to NAVD88 height (ballpark vertical "
                                    "transformation)") == 0) {
            EXPECT_TRUE(list[i]->hasBallparkTransformation());
            EXPECT_EQ(list[i]->nameStr(),
                      "Transformation from NGVD29 height (ftUS) to NAVD88 "
                      "height (ballpark vertical transformation) + NAD27 to "
                      "WGS 84 (79) + Inverse of NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1)");
            EXPECT_EQ(
                projString,
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad "
                "+z_out=m +step +proj=hgridshift +grids=us_noaa_conus.tif "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
            foundApprox = true;
            break;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_TRUE(foundApprox);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_context_helmert_noop) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    // WGS84 + EGM96
    auto objSrc = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5773", dbContext);
    auto srcCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCrs != nullptr);
    // ETRS89 + EGM96
    auto objDest = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4258+5773", dbContext);
    auto destCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objDest);
    ASSERT_TRUE(destCrs != nullptr);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCrs), NN_NO_CHECK(destCrs), ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=noop");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

// EGM96 has a geoid model referenced to WGS84, and Belfast height has a
// geoid model referenced to ETRS89
TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_WGS84_EGM96_to_ETRS89_Belfast) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    // WGS84 + EGM96
    auto objSrc = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5773", dbContext);
    auto srcCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCrs != nullptr);
    // ETRS89 + Belfast height
    auto objDest = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4258+5732", dbContext);
    auto destCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objDest);
    ASSERT_TRUE(destCrs != nullptr);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCrs), NN_NO_CHECK(destCrs), ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of WGS 84 to EGM96 height (1) + "
                                  "Inverse of ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1) + "
                                  "ETRS89 to Belfast height (2)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm96_15.tif +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=uk_os_OSGM15_Belfast.tif "
              "+multiplier=1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Variant of above where source intermediate geog3D CRS == target intermediate
// geog3D CRS
TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_WGS84_EGM96_to_WGS84_Belfast) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    // WGS84 + EGM96
    auto objSrc = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5773", dbContext);
    auto srcCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCrs != nullptr);
    // WGS84 + Belfast height
    auto objDest = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5732", dbContext);
    auto destCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objDest);
    ASSERT_TRUE(destCrs != nullptr);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCrs), NN_NO_CHECK(destCrs), ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of WGS 84 to EGM96 height (1) + "
                                  "Inverse of ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1) + "
                                  "ETRS89 to Belfast height (2) + "
                                  "ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm96_15.tif +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=uk_os_OSGM15_Belfast.tif "
              "+multiplier=1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_concatenated_operation_with_two_vert_transformation) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            // ETRS89 + Baltic 1957 height
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("8360"),
            // ETRS89 + EVRF2007 height
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7423"), ctxt);
        ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=pipeline "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
            "+step +proj=vgridshift "
            "+grids=sk_gku_Slovakia_ETRS89h_to_Baltic1957.tif +multiplier=1 "
            "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift "
            "+grids=sk_gku_Slovakia_ETRS89h_to_EVRF2007.tif +multiplier=1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
        EXPECT_EQ(
            list[0]->nameStr(),
            "ETRS89 + Baltic 1957 height to ETRS89 + EVRF2007 height (1)");
        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->nameStr(), "Inverse of 'ETRS89 + Baltic "
                                                 "1957 height to ETRS89 + "
                                                 "EVRF2007 height (1)'");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, vertCRS_to_vertCRS) {

    auto vertcrs_m_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString("+vunits=m");
    auto vertcrs_m = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(vertcrs_m_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(vertcrs_m != nullptr);

    auto vertcrs_ft_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString("+vunits=ft");
    auto vertcrs_ft = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(vertcrs_ft_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(vertcrs_ft != nullptr);

    auto vertcrs_us_ft_obj =
        PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString("+vunits=us-ft");
    auto vertcrs_us_ft =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(vertcrs_us_ft_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(vertcrs_us_ft != nullptr);

    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_ft));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=ft");
    }
    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_ft));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(op->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=ft +z_out=m");
    }
    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_m));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=ft +z_out=m");
    }
    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_us_ft));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=affine +s33=0.999998");
    }

    auto vertCRSMetreUp =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(WKTParser().createFromWKT(
            "VERTCRS[\"my height\",VDATUM[\"my datum\"],CS[vertical,1],"
            "AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,"
            "LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]"));
    ASSERT_TRUE(vertCRSMetreUp != nullptr);

    auto vertCRSMetreDown =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(WKTParser().createFromWKT(
            "VERTCRS[\"my depth\",VDATUM[\"my datum\"],CS[vertical,1],"
            "AXIS[\"depth (D)\",down,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]"));
    ASSERT_TRUE(vertCRSMetreDown != nullptr);

    auto vertCRSMetreDownFtUS =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(WKTParser().createFromWKT(
            "VERTCRS[\"my depth (ftUS)\",VDATUM[\"my datum\"],CS[vertical,1],"
            "AXIS[\"depth (D)\",down,LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey "
            "foot\",0.304800609601219]]]"));
    ASSERT_TRUE(vertCRSMetreDownFtUS != nullptr);

    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertCRSMetreUp), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertCRSMetreDown));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=axisswap +order=1,2,-3");
    }

    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertCRSMetreUp),
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertCRSMetreDownFtUS));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=affine +s33=-3.28083333333333");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, vertCRS_to_vertCRS_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // NGVD29 height (m)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7968"),
        // NAVD88 height (1)
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5703"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "NGVD29 height (m) to NAVD88 height (3)");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_vertcone.tif +multiplier=1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, vertCRS_to_vertCRS_New_Zealand_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // NZVD2016 height
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7839"),
        // Auckland 1946 height
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5759"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=nz_linz_auckht1946-nzvd2016.tif "
              "+multiplier=1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, projCRS_3D_to_geogCRS_3D) {

    auto compoundcrs_ft_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=merc +vunits=ft +type=crs");
    auto proj3DCRS_ft = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(compoundcrs_ft_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(proj3DCRS_ft != nullptr);

    auto geogcrs_m_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +vunits=m +type=crs");
    auto geogcrs_m = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_m_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_m != nullptr);

    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(proj3DCRS_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_FALSE(op->hasBallparkTransformation());
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +z_in=ft "
                  "+xy_out=m +z_out=m "
                  "+step +inv +proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 "
                  "+ellps=WGS84 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
                  "+xy_out=deg +z_out=m");
    }

    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(proj3DCRS_ft));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_FALSE(op->hasBallparkTransformation());
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=ft "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=ft "
                  "+xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
                  "+step +proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +z_in=m "
                  "+xy_out=m +z_out=ft");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_3D) {

    auto compoundcrs_ft_obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
        "    PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
        "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",6326]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8901]]],\n"
        "        CONVERSION[\"unknown\",\n"
        "            METHOD[\"Mercator (variant A)\",\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9804]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",1,\n"
        "                SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],\n"
        "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
        "                ORDER[1],\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
        "                ORDER[2],\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]],\n"
        "    VERTCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
        "        VDATUM[\"unknown\"],\n"
        "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048,\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9002]]]]]");
    auto compoundcrs_ft = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(compoundcrs_ft_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(compoundcrs_ft != nullptr);

    auto geogcrs_m_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +vunits=m +type=crs");
    auto geogcrs_m = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_m_obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_m != nullptr);

    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(compoundcrs_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_TRUE(op->hasBallparkTransformation());
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 "
                  "+y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                  "+z_in=ft +xy_out=deg +z_out=m");
    }

    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(compoundcrs_ft));
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_TRUE(op->hasBallparkTransformation());
        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m "
                  "+xy_out=rad +z_out=ft +step +proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 "
                  "+y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    // CompoundCRS to Geog3DCRS, with vertical unit change, but without
    // ellipsoid height <--> vertical height correction
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
                "7406"), // NAD27 + NGVD29 height (ftUS)
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
            ctxt);
        ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_TRUE(list[0]->hasBallparkTransformation());
        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                  "NAD27 to WGS 84 (79) + Transformation from NGVD29 height "
                  "(ftUS) to WGS 84 (ballpark vertical transformation, without "
                  "ellipsoid height to vertical height correction)");
        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create(
                          PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                          authFactory->databaseContext())
                          .get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                  "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step "
                  "+proj=hgridshift +grids=us_noaa_conus.tif "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert "
                  "+xy_in=rad +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=deg +z_out=m +step "
                  "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }

    // CompoundCRS to Geog3DCRS, with same vertical unit, and with
    // direct ellipsoid height <--> vertical height correction and
    // direct horizontal transform (no-op here)
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
                "5500"), // NAD83(NSRS2007) + NAVD88 height
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
            ctxt);
        ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                  "Inverse of NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAVD88 height (1) + "
                  "NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1)");
        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create(
                          PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                          authFactory->databaseContext())
                          .get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline "
                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                  "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_geoid09_conus.tif "
                  "+multiplier=1 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }

    // NAD83 + NAVD88 height --> WGS 84
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
        // NAD83 + NAVD88 height
        auto srcObj = createFromUserInput(
            "EPSG:4269+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
        auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
        auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);

        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            nnSrc,
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
            ctxt);
        ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 2U);

        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                  "NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + "
                  "Inverse of NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1) + "
                  "Inverse of NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAVD88 height (1) + "
                  "NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1)");
        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create(
                          PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                          authFactory->databaseContext())
                          .get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline "
                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                  "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_geoid09_conus.tif "
                  "+multiplier=1 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }

    // Another variation, but post horizontal adjustment is in two steps
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
        // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
        auto srcObj = createFromUserInput(
            "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
        auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
        auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);

        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            nnSrc,
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
            ctxt);
        ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 2U);

        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                  "Inverse of NAD83(2011) to NAVD88 height (3) + "
                  "Inverse of NAD83 to NAD83(2011) (1) + "
                  "NAD83 to WGS 84 (1)");
        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create(
                          PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                          authFactory->databaseContext())
                          .get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline "
                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                  "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2018u0.tif "
                  "+multiplier=1 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

        // Shows vertical step, and then horizontal step
        EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(),
                  "Inverse of NAD83(2011) to NAVD88 height (3) + "
                  "Inverse of NAD83 to NAD83(2011) (1) + "
                  "NAD83 to WGS 84 (18)");
        EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create(
                          PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                          authFactory->databaseContext())
                          .get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline "
                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                  "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2018u0.tif "
                  "+multiplier=1 "
                  "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=us_noaa_FL.tif "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_3D_with_3D_helmert_context) {
    // Use case of https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues/2225
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    // WGS84 + EGM96 height
    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5773", dbContext, false);
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src),
        // CH1903+
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4150")->promoteTo3D(
            std::string(), dbContext),
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of WGS 84 to EGM96 height (1) + "
                                  "Inverse of CH1903+ to WGS 84 (1)");
    // Check that there is no push v_3 / pop v_3
    const char *expected_proj =
        "+proj=pipeline "
        "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
        "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm96_15.tif +multiplier=1 "
        "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
        "+step +proj=helmert +x=-674.374 +y=-15.056 +z=-405.346 "
        "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=bessel "
        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
        "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1";
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create(
                      PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5, dbContext)
                      .get()),
              expected_proj);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_2D_promote_to_3D_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    // NAD83 + NAVD88 height
    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4269+5703",
                                      authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83

    auto listCompoundToGeog2D =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
                                                               ctxt);
    // The checked value is not that important, but in case this changes,
    // likely due to a EPSG upgrade, worth checking
    EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog2D.size(), 141U);

    auto listGeog2DToCompound =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, nnSrc,
                                                               ctxt);
    EXPECT_EQ(listGeog2DToCompound.size(), listCompoundToGeog2D.size());

    auto listCompoundToGeog3D =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            nnSrc,
            dst->promoteTo3D(std::string(), authFactory->databaseContext()),
            ctxt);
    EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog3D.size(), listCompoundToGeog2D.size());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_of_projCRS_to_geogCRS_2D_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    // SPCS83 California zone 1 (US Survey feet) + NAVD88 height (ftUS)
    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:2225+6360",
                                      authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        nnSrc, dst, ctxt);
    // The checked value is not that important, but in case this changes,
    // likely due to a EPSG upgrade, worth checking
    // We want to make sure that the horizontal adjustments before and after
    // the vertical transformation are the reverse of each other, and there are
    // not mixes with different alternative operations (like California grid
    // forward and Nevada grid reverse)
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 14U);

    // Check that unit conversion is OK
    auto op_proj =
        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_EQ(op_proj,
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
              "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=39.3333333333333 +lon_0=-122 "
              "+lat_1=41.6666666666667 +lat_2=40 +x_0=2000000.0001016 "
              "+y_0=500000.0001016 +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_geoid09_conus.tif "
              "+multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_from_wkt_without_id_to_geogCRS) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    auto wkt =
        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height\",\n"
        "    GEOGCRS[\"NAD83(2011)\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"NAD83 (National Spatial Reference System 2011)\",\n"
        "            ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "        CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
        "                ORDER[1],\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
        "                ORDER[2],\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
        "    VERTCRS[\"NAVD88 height\",\n"
        "        VDATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\"],\n"
        "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]]";
    auto srcObj =
        createFromUserInput(wkt, authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto dst =
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6319"); // NAD83(2011)

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
    auto srcRefObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+5703",
                                         authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto srcRef = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcRefObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcRef != nullptr);
    ASSERT_TRUE(
        src->isEquivalentTo(srcRef.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    auto listRef = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(srcRef), dst, ctxt);

    EXPECT_EQ(list.size(), listRef.size());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     compoundCRS_of_projCRS_from_wkt_without_id_or_extent_to_geogCRS) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    auto wkt =
        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"NAD83 / Pennsylvania South + NAVD88 height\",\n"
        "    PROJCRS[\"NAD83 / Pennsylvania South\",\n"
        "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"North American Datum 1983\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
        "        CONVERSION[\"SPCS83 Pennsylvania South zone (meters)\",\n"
        "            METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",39.3333333333333,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",-77.75,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard "
        "parallel\",40.9666666666667,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard "
        "parallel\",39.9333333333333,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",600000,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",0,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]],\n"
        "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"easting (X)\",east,\n"
        "                ORDER[1],\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",north,\n"
        "                ORDER[2],\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "    VERTCRS[\"NAVD88 height\",\n"
        "        VDATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\"],\n"
        "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]]";
    auto srcObj =
        createFromUserInput(wkt, authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
    // NAD83 / Pennsylvania South + NAVD88 height
    auto srcRefObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:32129+5703",
                                         authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto srcRef = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcRefObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcRef != nullptr);
    ASSERT_TRUE(
        src->isEquivalentTo(srcRef.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    auto listRef = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(srcRef), dst, ctxt);

    EXPECT_EQ(list.size(), listRef.size());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_with_vertical_unit_change) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height (ftUS)
    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+6360",
                                      authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
    auto dst =
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6319"); // NAD83(2011) 3D

    auto listCompoundToGeog =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
                                                               ctxt);
    ASSERT_TRUE(!listCompoundToGeog.empty());

    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
    auto srcObjCompoundVMetre = createFromUserInput(
        "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto srcCompoundVMetre = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObjCompoundVMetre);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCompoundVMetre != nullptr);
    auto listCompoundMetreToGeog =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            NN_NO_CHECK(srcCompoundVMetre), dst, ctxt);

    // Check that we get the same and similar results whether we start from
    // regular NAVD88 height or its ftUs variant
    ASSERT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog.size(), listCompoundMetreToGeog.size());

    EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog[0]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of NAVD88 height to NAVD88 height (ftUS) + " +
                  listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->nameStr());
    EXPECT_EQ(
        listCompoundToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
            PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                                        authFactory->databaseContext())
                .get()),
        replaceAll(listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
                       PROJStringFormatter::create(
                           PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                           authFactory->databaseContext())
                           .get()),
                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad",
                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad "
                   "+z_out=m"));

    // Check reverse path
    auto listGeogToCompound =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, nnSrc,
                                                               ctxt);
    EXPECT_EQ(listGeogToCompound.size(), listCompoundToGeog.size());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_with_vertical_unit_change_and_complex_horizontal_change) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height (ftUS)
    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+6360",
                                      authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
    auto dst =
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7665"); // WGS84(G1762) 3D

    auto listCompoundToGeog =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
                                                               ctxt);

    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
    auto srcObjCompoundVMetre = createFromUserInput(
        "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto srcCompoundVMetre = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObjCompoundVMetre);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCompoundVMetre != nullptr);
    auto listCompoundMetreToGeog =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            NN_NO_CHECK(srcCompoundVMetre), dst, ctxt);

    // Check that we get the same and similar results whether we start from
    // regular NAVD88 height or its ftUs variant
    ASSERT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog.size(), listCompoundMetreToGeog.size());

    ASSERT_GE(listCompoundToGeog.size(), 1U);

    EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog[0]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of NAVD88 height to NAVD88 height (ftUS) + " +
                  listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->nameStr());
    EXPECT_EQ(
        listCompoundToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
            PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                                        authFactory->databaseContext())
                .get()),
        replaceAll(listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
                       PROJStringFormatter::create(
                           PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                           authFactory->databaseContext())
                           .get()),
                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad",
                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad "
                   "+z_out=m"));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_with_height_depth_reversal) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 depth
    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+6357",
                                      authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
    auto dst =
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6319"); // NAD83(2011) 3D

    auto listCompoundToGeog =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
                                                               ctxt);
    ASSERT_TRUE(!listCompoundToGeog.empty());

    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
    auto srcObjCompoundVMetre = createFromUserInput(
        "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto srcCompoundVMetre = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObjCompoundVMetre);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCompoundVMetre != nullptr);
    auto listCompoundMetreToGeog =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            NN_NO_CHECK(srcCompoundVMetre), dst, ctxt);

    // Check that we get the same and similar results whether we start from
    // regular NAVD88 height or its depth variant
    ASSERT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog.size(), listCompoundMetreToGeog.size());

    EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog[0]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of NAVD88 height to NAVD88 depth + " +
                  listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->nameStr());
    EXPECT_EQ(
        listCompoundToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
            PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                                        authFactory->databaseContext())
                .get()),
        replaceAll(listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
                       PROJStringFormatter::create(
                           PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                           authFactory->databaseContext())
                           .get()),
                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad",
                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                   "+step +proj=axisswap +order=1,2,-3"));

    // Check reverse path
    auto listGeogToCompound =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, nnSrc,
                                                               ctxt);
    EXPECT_EQ(listGeogToCompound.size(), listCompoundToGeog.size());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_with_vertical_unit_change_and_height_depth_reversal) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 depth (ftUS)
    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+6358",
                                      authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
    auto dst =
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6319"); // NAD83(2011) 3D

    auto listCompoundToGeog =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
                                                               ctxt);
    ASSERT_TRUE(!listCompoundToGeog.empty());

    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
    auto srcObjCompoundVMetre = createFromUserInput(
        "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto srcCompoundVMetre = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObjCompoundVMetre);
    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCompoundVMetre != nullptr);
    auto listCompoundMetreToGeog =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            NN_NO_CHECK(srcCompoundVMetre), dst, ctxt);

    // Check that we get the same and similar results whether we start from
    // regular NAVD88 height or its depth (ftUS) variant
    ASSERT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog.size(), listCompoundMetreToGeog.size());

    EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog[0]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of NAVD88 height (ftUS) to NAVD88 depth (ftUS) + "
              "Inverse of NAVD88 height to NAVD88 height (ftUS) + " +
                  listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->nameStr());
    EXPECT_EQ(
        listCompoundToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
            PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                                        authFactory->databaseContext())
                .get()),
        replaceAll(listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
                       PROJStringFormatter::create(
                           PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                           authFactory->databaseContext())
                           .get()),
                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad",
                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                   "+step +proj=axisswap +order=1,2,-3 "
                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m"));

    // Check reverse path
    auto listGeogToCompound =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, nnSrc,
                                                               ctxt);
    EXPECT_EQ(listGeogToCompound.size(), listCompoundToGeog.size());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_of_vertCRS_with_geoid_model_to_geogCRS) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    auto wkt =
        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"NAD83 / Pennsylvania South + NAVD88 height\",\n"
        "    PROJCRS[\"NAD83 / Pennsylvania South\",\n"
        "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"North American Datum 1983\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
        "        CONVERSION[\"SPCS83 Pennsylvania South zone (meters)\",\n"
        "            METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",39.3333333333333,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",-77.75,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard "
        "parallel\",40.9666666666667,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard "
        "parallel\",39.9333333333333,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",600000,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",0,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]],\n"
        "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"easting (X)\",east,\n"
        "                ORDER[1],\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",north,\n"
        "                ORDER[2],\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "    VERTCRS[\"NAVD88 height\",\n"
        "        VDATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\"],\n"
        "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "        GEOIDMODEL[\"GEOID12B\"]]]";
    auto srcObj =
        createFromUserInput(wkt, authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83

    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_TRUE(!list.empty());
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
              "Inverse of SPCS83 Pennsylvania South zone (meters) + "
              "Ballpark geographic offset from NAD83 to NAD83(2011) + "
              "Inverse of NAD83(2011) to NAVD88 height (1) + "
              "Ballpark geographic offset from NAD83(2011) to NAD83");
    auto op_proj =
        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
    EXPECT_EQ(
        op_proj,
        "+proj=pipeline "
        "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=39.3333333333333 +lon_0=-77.75 "
        "+lat_1=40.9666666666667 +lat_2=39.9333333333333 +x_0=600000 "
        "+y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
        "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2012bu0.tif +multiplier=1 "
        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
        "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_from_WKT2_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
        "7415"); // Amersfoort / RD New + NAP height
    auto dst =
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"); // ETRS89 3D
    auto list =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
    auto wkt2 = src->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get());
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
    auto src_from_wkt2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src_from_wkt2 != nullptr);
    auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src_from_wkt2), dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), list2.size());
    for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
        const auto &op = list[i];
        const auto &op2 = list2[i];
        EXPECT_TRUE(
            op->isEquivalentTo(op2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_from_WKT2_no_id_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
        "7415"); // Amersfoort / RD New + NAP height
    auto dst =
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"); // ETRS89 3D
    auto list =
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);

    {
        auto op_proj =
            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
        EXPECT_EQ(
            op_proj,
            "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=sterea +lat_0=52.1561605555556 "
            "+lon_0=5.38763888888889 +k=0.9999079 +x_0=155000 +y_0=463000 "
            "+ellps=bessel "
            "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=nl_nsgi_rdtrans2018.tif "
            "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=nl_nsgi_nlgeo2018.tif +multiplier=1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
    }

    auto wkt2 =
        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
        "  PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
        "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"Bessel "
        "1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128]]],\n"
        "    CONVERSION[\"unknown\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"Oblique Stereographic\"],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",52.1561605555556],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",5.38763888888889],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9999079],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",155000],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",463000]],\n"
        "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north],\n"
        "    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "  VERTCRS[\"NAP height\",\n"
        "    VDATUM[\"Normaal Amsterdams Peil\"],\n"
        "    CS[vertical,1],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
        "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "    USAGE[\n"
        "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
        "        AREA[\"Netherlands - onshore\"],\n"
        "        BBOX[50.75,3.2,53.7,7.22]]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
    auto src_from_wkt2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src_from_wkt2 != nullptr);
    auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src_from_wkt2), dst, ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), list2.size());
    for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
        const auto &op = list[i];
        const auto &op2 = list2[i];
        auto op_proj =
            op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
        auto op2_proj =
            op2->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
        EXPECT_EQ(op_proj, op2_proj) << "op=" << op->nameStr()
                                     << " op2=" << op2->nameStr();
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, proj3DCRS_with_non_meter_horiz_and_vertical_to_geog) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=utm +zone=31 +datum=WGS84 +units=us-ft +vunits=us-ft +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src), authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    // Check that vertical unit conversion is done just once
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +z_in=us-ft "
              "+xy_out=m +z_out=m "
              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_non_meter_horiz_and_vertical_to_geog) {
    auto objSrc = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
        "    PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
        "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",6326]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8901]]],\n"
        "        CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "            METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",3,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,\n"
        "                SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8807]],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",16031]],\n"
        "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
        "                ORDER[1],\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9003]]],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
        "                ORDER[2],\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9003]]]],\n"
        "    VERTCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
        "        VDATUM[\"unknown\"],\n"
        "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9003]]]]]"

        );
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        NN_NO_CHECK(src), authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    // Check that vertical unit conversion is done just once
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=us-ft "
              "+xy_out=deg +z_out=m "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_compoundCRS) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@bar.gsb +geoidgrids=@bar.gtx "
        "+type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb "
              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=@bar.gtx +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=@bar.gsb "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");

    auto opInverse = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src));
    ASSERT_TRUE(opInverse != nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(opInverse->inverse()->_isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, IGNF_LAMB1_TO_EPSG_4326) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
    ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
        CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::ALWAYS);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "IGNF")
            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("LAMB1"),
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);

    EXPECT_FALSE(list[0]->hasBallparkTransformation());
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_1=49.5 +lat_0=49.5 "
              "+lon_0=0 +k_0=0.99987734 +x_0=600000 +y_0=200000 "
              "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=hgridshift "
              "+grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

    EXPECT_FALSE(list[1]->hasBallparkTransformation());
    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_1=49.5 +lat_0=49.5 "
              "+lon_0=0 +k_0=0.99987734 +x_0=600000 +y_0=200000 "
              "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 +step "
              "+proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=-168 +y=-60 "
              "+z=320 +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step "
              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");

    auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
            // NTF (Paris) / Lambert Nord France equivalent to IGNF:LAMB1
            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("27561"),
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
        ctxt);
    ASSERT_GE(list2.size(), 3U);

    EXPECT_EQ(replaceAll(list2[0]->exportToPROJString(
                             PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                         "0.999877341", "0.99987734"),
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));

    // The second entry in list2 (list2[1]) uses the
    // weird +pm=2.33720833333333 from "NTF (Paris) to NTF (2)"
    // so skip to the 3th method
    EXPECT_EQ(replaceAll(list2[2]->exportToPROJString(
                             PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                         "0.999877341", "0.99987734"),
              list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, NAD83_to_projeted_CRS_based_on_NAD83_2011) {
    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
        // NAD83
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"),
        // NAD83(2011) / California Albers
        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6414"), ctxt);
    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Ballpark geographic offset from NAD83 to "
                                  "NAD83(2011) + California Albers");
    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=aea +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-120 +lat_1=34 "
              "+lat_2=40.5 +x_0=0 +y_0=-4000000 +ellps=GRS80");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, isPROJInstantiable) {

    {
        auto transformation = Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
            1.0, 2.0, 3.0, {});
        EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->isPROJInstantiable(
            DatabaseContext::create(), false));
    }

    // Missing grid
    {
        auto transformation = Transformation::createNTv2(
            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
            "foo.gsb", std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
        EXPECT_FALSE(transformation->isPROJInstantiable(
            DatabaseContext::create(), false));
    }

    // Unsupported method
    {
        auto transformation = Transformation::create(
            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
            nullptr, OperationMethod::create(
                         PropertyMap(), std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{}),
            std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr>{},
            std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{});
        EXPECT_FALSE(transformation->isPROJInstantiable(
            DatabaseContext::create(), false));
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, createOperation_on_crs_with_canonical_bound_crs) {
    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto crs = boundCRS->baseCRSWithCanonicalBoundCRS();
    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            crs, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_TRUE(op->isEquivalentTo(boundCRS->transformation().get()));
        {
            auto wkt1 = op->exportToWKT(
                WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
                    .get());
            auto wkt2 = boundCRS->transformation()->exportToWKT(
                WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
                    .get());
            EXPECT_EQ(wkt1, wkt2);
        }
    }
    {
        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, crs);
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        EXPECT_TRUE(
            op->isEquivalentTo(boundCRS->transformation()->inverse().get()));
        {
            auto wkt1 = op->exportToWKT(
                WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
                    .get());
            auto wkt2 = boundCRS->transformation()->inverse()->exportToWKT(
                WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
                    .get());
            EXPECT_EQ(wkt1, wkt2);
        }
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings) {
    auto objDest = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +geoc +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
    auto dest = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(objDest);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dest != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=longlat +geoc +datum=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_regular_with_datum_to_projliteral) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD27 +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);

    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD27 "
              "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_proj_NAD83_to_projliteral) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD83 +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);

    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=11 +ellps=GRS80 "
              "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_geog_NAD83_to_projliteral) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +datum=NAD83 +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);

    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_regular_with_nadgrids_to_projliteral) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=utm +zone=11 +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=@conus +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);

    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=11 +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=@conus "
              "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_projliteral_to_projliteral) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD27 +over +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);

    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD27 +over "
              "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(
    operation,
    createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_regular_to_projliteral_with_towgs84) {
    auto objSrc =
        createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326", DatabaseContext::create(), false);
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);

    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=1,2,3 +over +type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=1,2,3 +over");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, createOperation_on_crs_with_bound_crs_and_wktext) {
    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=utm +zone=55 +south +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 "
        "+units=m +no_defs +nadgrids=@GDA94_GDA2020_conformal.gsb +ignored1 "
        "+ignored2=val +wktext +type=crs");
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);

    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=utm +zone=55 +south +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 "
        "+units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=55 +south "
              "+ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=hgridshift "
              "+grids=@GDA94_GDA2020_conformal.gsb +step +proj=utm +zone=55 "
              "+south +ellps=GRS80");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, createOperation_ossfuzz_18587) {
    auto objSrc =
        createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326", DatabaseContext::create(), false);
    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);

    // Extremely weird string ! We should likely reject it
    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "type=crs proj=pipeline step proj=merc vunits=m nadgrids=@x "
        "proj=\"\nproj=pipeline step\n\"");
    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);

    // Just check that we don't go into an infinite recursion
    try {
        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
    } catch (const std::exception &) {
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, mercator_variant_A_to_variant_B) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createMercatorVariantA(PropertyMap(), Angle(0), Angle(1),
                                           Scale(0.9), Length(3), Length(4)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto conv = projCRS->derivingConversion();
    auto sameConv =
        conv->convertToOtherMethod(EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_A);
    ASSERT_TRUE(sameConv);
    EXPECT_TRUE(sameConv->isEquivalentTo(conv.get()));

    auto targetConv =
        conv->convertToOtherMethod(EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_B);
    ASSERT_TRUE(targetConv);

    auto lat_1 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
        EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_1ST_STD_PARALLEL, UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
    EXPECT_EQ(lat_1, 25.917499691810534) << lat_1;

    EXPECT_EQ(targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
                  EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LONGITUDE_OF_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
                  UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE),
              1);

    EXPECT_EQ(targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
                  EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_FALSE_EASTING, UnitOfMeasure::METRE),
              3);

    EXPECT_EQ(targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
                  EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_FALSE_NORTHING, UnitOfMeasure::METRE),
              4);

    EXPECT_FALSE(
        conv->isEquivalentTo(targetConv.get(), IComparable::Criterion::STRICT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->isEquivalentTo(targetConv.get(),
                                     IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(targetConv->isEquivalentTo(conv.get(),
                                           IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, mercator_variant_A_to_variant_B_scale_1) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createMercatorVariantA(PropertyMap(), Angle(0), Angle(1),
                                           Scale(1.0), Length(3), Length(4)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_B);
    ASSERT_TRUE(targetConv);

    auto lat_1 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
        EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_1ST_STD_PARALLEL, UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
    EXPECT_EQ(lat_1, 0.0) << lat_1;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, mercator_variant_A_to_variant_B_no_crs) {
    auto targetConv =
        Conversion::createMercatorVariantA(PropertyMap(), Angle(0), Angle(1),
                                           Scale(1.0), Length(3), Length(4))
            ->convertToOtherMethod(EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_B);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, mercator_variant_A_to_variant_B_invalid_scale) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createMercatorVariantA(PropertyMap(), Angle(0), Angle(1),
                                           Scale(0.0), Length(3), Length(4)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_B);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static GeographicCRSNNPtr geographicCRSInvalidEccentricity() {
    return GeographicCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
            PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::createFlattenedSphere(
                               PropertyMap(), Length(6378137), Scale(0.1)),
            optional<std::string>(), PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, mercator_variant_A_to_variant_B_invalid_eccentricity) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), geographicCRSInvalidEccentricity(),
        Conversion::createMercatorVariantA(PropertyMap(), Angle(0), Angle(1),
                                           Scale(1.0), Length(3), Length(4)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_B);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, mercator_variant_B_to_variant_A) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createMercatorVariantB(PropertyMap(),
                                           Angle(25.917499691810534), Angle(1),
                                           Length(3), Length(4)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_A);
    ASSERT_TRUE(targetConv);

    EXPECT_EQ(targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
                  EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_OF_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
                  UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE),
              0);

    EXPECT_EQ(targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
                  EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LONGITUDE_OF_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
                  UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE),
              1);

    auto k_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
        EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_SCALE_FACTOR_AT_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
        UnitOfMeasure::SCALE_UNITY);
    EXPECT_EQ(k_0, 0.9) << k_0;

    EXPECT_EQ(targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
                  EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_FALSE_EASTING, UnitOfMeasure::METRE),
              3);

    EXPECT_EQ(targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
                  EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_FALSE_NORTHING, UnitOfMeasure::METRE),
              4);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, mercator_variant_B_to_variant_A_invalid_std1) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createMercatorVariantB(PropertyMap(), Angle(100), Angle(1),
                                           Length(3), Length(4)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_A);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, mercator_variant_B_to_variant_A_invalid_eccentricity) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), geographicCRSInvalidEccentricity(),
        Conversion::createMercatorVariantB(PropertyMap(), Angle(0), Angle(1),
                                           Length(3), Length(4)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_A);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_to_lcc1sp) {
    // equivalent to EPSG:2154
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, // something using GRS80
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
            PropertyMap(), Angle(46.5), Angle(3), Angle(49), Angle(44),
            Length(700000), Length(6600000)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto conv = projCRS->derivingConversion();
    auto targetConv = conv->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP);
    ASSERT_TRUE(targetConv);

    {
        auto lat_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_OF_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
            UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lat_0, 46.519430223986866, 1e-12) << lat_0;

        auto lon_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LONGITUDE_OF_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
            UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lon_0, 3.0, 1e-15) << lon_0;

        auto k_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_SCALE_FACTOR_AT_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
            UnitOfMeasure::SCALE_UNITY);
        EXPECT_NEAR(k_0, 0.9990510286374692, 1e-15) << k_0;

        auto x_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_FALSE_EASTING, UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(x_0, 700000, 1e-15) << x_0;

        auto y_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_FALSE_NORTHING, UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(y_0, 6602157.8388103368, 1e-7) << y_0;
    }

    auto _2sp_from_1sp = targetConv->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_2SP);
    ASSERT_TRUE(_2sp_from_1sp);

    {
        auto lat_0 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_FALSE_ORIGIN, UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lat_0, 46.5, 1e-15) << lat_0;

        auto lon_0 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LONGITUDE_FALSE_ORIGIN, UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lon_0, 3, 1e-15) << lon_0;

        auto lat_1 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_1ST_STD_PARALLEL,
            UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lat_1, 49, 1e-15) << lat_1;

        auto lat_2 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_2ND_STD_PARALLEL,
            UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lat_2, 44, 1e-15) << lat_2;

        auto x_0 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_EASTING_FALSE_ORIGIN, UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(x_0, 700000, 1e-15) << x_0;

        auto y_0 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_NORTHING_FALSE_ORIGIN, UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(y_0, 6600000, 1e-15) << y_0;
    }

    EXPECT_FALSE(
        conv->isEquivalentTo(targetConv.get(), IComparable::Criterion::STRICT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->isEquivalentTo(targetConv.get(),
                                     IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(targetConv->isEquivalentTo(conv.get(),
                                           IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_to_lcc1sp_phi0_eq_phi1_eq_phi2) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, // something using GRS80
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
            PropertyMap(), Angle(46.5), Angle(3), Angle(46.5), Angle(46.5),
            Length(700000), Length(6600000)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto conv = projCRS->derivingConversion();
    auto targetConv = conv->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP);
    ASSERT_TRUE(targetConv);

    {
        auto lat_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_OF_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
            UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lat_0, 46.5, 1e-15) << lat_0;

        auto lon_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LONGITUDE_OF_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
            UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lon_0, 3.0, 1e-15) << lon_0;

        auto k_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_SCALE_FACTOR_AT_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
            UnitOfMeasure::SCALE_UNITY);
        EXPECT_NEAR(k_0, 1.0, 1e-15) << k_0;

        auto x_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_FALSE_EASTING, UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(x_0, 700000, 1e-15) << x_0;

        auto y_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_FALSE_NORTHING, UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(y_0, 6600000, 1e-15) << y_0;
    }

    auto _2sp_from_1sp = targetConv->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_2SP);
    ASSERT_TRUE(_2sp_from_1sp);

    {
        auto lat_0 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_FALSE_ORIGIN, UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lat_0, 46.5, 1e-15) << lat_0;

        auto lon_0 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LONGITUDE_FALSE_ORIGIN, UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lon_0, 3, 1e-15) << lon_0;

        auto lat_1 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_1ST_STD_PARALLEL,
            UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lat_1, 46.5, 1e-15) << lat_1;

        auto lat_2 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_2ND_STD_PARALLEL,
            UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lat_2, 46.5, 1e-15) << lat_2;

        auto x_0 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_EASTING_FALSE_ORIGIN, UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(x_0, 700000, 1e-15) << x_0;

        auto y_0 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_NORTHING_FALSE_ORIGIN, UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(y_0, 6600000, 1e-15) << y_0;
    }

    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->isEquivalentTo(targetConv.get(),
                                     IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(targetConv->isEquivalentTo(conv.get(),
                                           IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_to_lcc1sp_phi0_diff_phi1_and_phi1_eq_phi2) {

    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, // something using GRS80
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
            PropertyMap(), Angle(46.123), Angle(3), Angle(46.4567),
            Angle(46.4567), Length(700000), Length(6600000)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto conv = projCRS->derivingConversion();
    auto targetConv = conv->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP);
    ASSERT_TRUE(targetConv);

    {
        auto lat_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_OF_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
            UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lat_0, 46.4567, 1e-14) << lat_0;

        auto lon_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LONGITUDE_OF_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
            UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lon_0, 3.0, 1e-15) << lon_0;

        auto k_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_SCALE_FACTOR_AT_NATURAL_ORIGIN,
            UnitOfMeasure::SCALE_UNITY);
        EXPECT_NEAR(k_0, 1.0, 1e-15) << k_0;

        auto x_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_FALSE_EASTING, UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(x_0, 700000, 1e-15) << x_0;

        auto y_0 = targetConv->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_FALSE_NORTHING, UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(y_0, 6637093.292952879, 1e-8) << y_0;
    }

    auto _2sp_from_1sp = targetConv->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_2SP);
    ASSERT_TRUE(_2sp_from_1sp);

    {
        auto lat_0 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_FALSE_ORIGIN, UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lat_0, 46.4567, 1e-14) << lat_0;

        auto lon_0 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LONGITUDE_FALSE_ORIGIN, UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lon_0, 3, 1e-15) << lon_0;

        auto lat_1 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_1ST_STD_PARALLEL,
            UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lat_1, 46.4567, 1e-14) << lat_1;

        auto lat_2 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_2ND_STD_PARALLEL,
            UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(lat_2, 46.4567, 1e-14) << lat_2;

        auto x_0 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_EASTING_FALSE_ORIGIN, UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(x_0, 700000, 1e-15) << x_0;

        auto y_0 = _2sp_from_1sp->parameterValueNumeric(
            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_NORTHING_FALSE_ORIGIN, UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_NEAR(y_0, 6637093.292952879, 1e-8) << y_0;
    }

    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->isEquivalentTo(targetConv.get(),
                                     IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(targetConv->isEquivalentTo(conv.get(),
                                           IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_TRUE(_2sp_from_1sp->isEquivalentTo(
        targetConv.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(targetConv->isEquivalentTo(_2sp_from_1sp.get(),
                                           IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->isEquivalentTo(_2sp_from_1sp.get(),
                                     IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc1sp_to_lcc2sp_invalid_eccentricity) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), geographicCRSInvalidEccentricity(),
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_1SP(PropertyMap(), Angle(40),
                                                    Angle(1), Scale(0.99),
                                                    Length(3), Length(4)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_2SP);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc1sp_to_lcc2sp_invalid_scale) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_1SP(
            PropertyMap(), Angle(40), Angle(1), Scale(0), Length(3), Length(4)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_2SP);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc1sp_to_lcc2sp_invalid_lat0) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_1SP(PropertyMap(), Angle(100),
                                                    Angle(1), Scale(0.99),
                                                    Length(3), Length(4)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_2SP);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc1sp_to_lcc2sp_null_lat0) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_1SP(PropertyMap(), Angle(0),
                                                    Angle(1), Scale(0.99),
                                                    Length(3), Length(4)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_2SP);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_to_lcc1sp_invalid_lat0) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
            PropertyMap(), Angle(100), Angle(3), Angle(44), Angle(49),
            Length(700000), Length(6600000)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_to_lcc1sp_invalid_lat1) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
            PropertyMap(), Angle(46.5), Angle(3), Angle(100), Angle(49),
            Length(700000), Length(6600000)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_to_lcc1sp_invalid_lat2) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
            PropertyMap(), Angle(46.5), Angle(3), Angle(44), Angle(100),
            Length(700000), Length(6600000)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_to_lcc1sp_invalid_lat1_opposite_lat2) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
            PropertyMap(), Angle(46.5), Angle(3), Angle(-49), Angle(49),
            Length(700000), Length(6600000)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_to_lcc1sp_invalid_lat1_and_lat2_close_to_zero) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
            PropertyMap(), Angle(46.5), Angle(3), Angle(.0000000000000001),
            Angle(.0000000000000002), Length(700000), Length(6600000)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, lcc2sp_to_lcc1sp_invalid_eccentricity) {
    auto projCRS = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), geographicCRSInvalidEccentricity(),
        Conversion::createLambertConicConformal_2SP(
            PropertyMap(), Angle(46.5), Angle(3), Angle(44), Angle(49),
            Length(700000), Length(6600000)),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    auto targetConv = projCRS->derivingConversion()->convertToOtherMethod(
        EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP);
    EXPECT_FALSE(targetConv != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, three_param_equivalent_to_seven_param) {

    auto three_param = Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, {});

    auto seven_param_pv = Transformation::createPositionVector(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, {});

    auto seven_param_cf = Transformation::createCoordinateFrameRotation(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, {});

    auto seven_param_non_eq = Transformation::createPositionVector(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, {});

    EXPECT_TRUE(three_param->isEquivalentTo(
        seven_param_pv.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_TRUE(three_param->isEquivalentTo(
        seven_param_cf.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_TRUE(seven_param_cf->isEquivalentTo(
        three_param.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_TRUE(seven_param_pv->isEquivalentTo(
        three_param.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_FALSE(three_param->isEquivalentTo(
        seven_param_non_eq.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, position_vector_equivalent_coordinate_frame) {

    auto pv = Transformation::createPositionVector(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, {});

    auto cf = Transformation::createCoordinateFrameRotation(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, -4 + 1e-11, -5.0, -6.0, 7.0, {});

    auto cf_non_eq = Transformation::createCoordinateFrameRotation(
        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, 1.0,
        2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, {});

    EXPECT_TRUE(
        pv->isEquivalentTo(cf.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_TRUE(
        cf->isEquivalentTo(pv.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_FALSE(pv->isEquivalentTo(cf_non_eq.get(),
                                    IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, conversion_missing_parameter) {

    auto wkt1 = "PROJCS[\"NAD83(CSRS98) / UTM zone 20N (deprecated)\","
                "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83(CSRS98)\","
                "        DATUM[\"NAD83_Canadian_Spatial_Reference_System\","
                "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,"
                "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6140\"]],"
                "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],"
                "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9108\"]],"
                "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4140\"]],"
                "    PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-63],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],"
                "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,"
                "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],"
                "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],"
                "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],"
                "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"2038\"]]";
    auto obj1 = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt1);
    auto crs1 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj1);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs1 != nullptr);

    // Difference with wkt1: latitude_of_origin missing, but false_northing
    // added to 0
    auto wkt2 = "PROJCS[\"NAD83(CSRS98) / UTM zone 20N (deprecated)\","
                "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83(CSRS98)\","
                "        DATUM[\"NAD83_Canadian_Spatial_Reference_System\","
                "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,"
                "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6140\"]],"
                "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],"
                "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9108\"]],"
                "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4140\"]],"
                "    PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-63],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],"
                "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,"
                "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],"
                "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],"
                "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],"
                "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"2038\"]]";
    auto obj2 = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
    auto crs2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj2);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs2 != nullptr);

    // Difference with wkt1: false_northing added to 0
    auto wkt3 = "PROJCS[\"NAD83(CSRS98) / UTM zone 20N (deprecated)\","
                "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83(CSRS98)\","
                "        DATUM[\"NAD83_Canadian_Spatial_Reference_System\","
                "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,"
                "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6140\"]],"
                "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],"
                "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9108\"]],"
                "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4140\"]],"
                "    PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-63],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],"
                "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,"
                "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],"
                "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],"
                "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],"
                "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"2038\"]]";
    auto obj3 = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt3);
    auto crs3 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj3);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs3 != nullptr);

    // Difference with wkt1: UNKNOWN added to non-zero
    auto wkt4 = "PROJCS[\"NAD83(CSRS98) / UTM zone 20N (deprecated)\","
                "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83(CSRS98)\","
                "        DATUM[\"NAD83_Canadian_Spatial_Reference_System\","
                "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,"
                "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6140\"]],"
                "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],"
                "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9108\"]],"
                "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4140\"]],"
                "    PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-63],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"UNKNOWN\",13],"
                "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,"
                "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],"
                "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],"
                "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],"
                "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"2038\"]]";
    auto obj4 = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt4);
    auto crs4 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj4);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs4 != nullptr);

    // Difference with wkt1: latitude_of_origin missing, but false_northing
    // added to non-zero
    auto wkt5 = "PROJCS[\"NAD83(CSRS98) / UTM zone 20N (deprecated)\","
                "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83(CSRS98)\","
                "        DATUM[\"NAD83_Canadian_Spatial_Reference_System\","
                "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,"
                "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6140\"]],"
                "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],"
                "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,"
                "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9108\"]],"
                "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4140\"]],"
                "    PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-63],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",-99999],"
                "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,"
                "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],"
                "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],"
                "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],"
                "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"2038\"]]";
    auto obj5 = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt5);
    auto crs5 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj5);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs5 != nullptr);

    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs1->isEquivalentTo(crs2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs2->isEquivalentTo(crs1.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs1->isEquivalentTo(crs3.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs3->isEquivalentTo(crs1.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs2->isEquivalentTo(crs3.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs3->isEquivalentTo(crs2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_FALSE(
        crs1->isEquivalentTo(crs4.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_FALSE(
        crs4->isEquivalentTo(crs1.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_FALSE(
        crs1->isEquivalentTo(crs5.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_FALSE(
        crs5->isEquivalentTo(crs1.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, conversion_missing_parameter_scale) {

    auto wkt1 = "PROJCS[\"test\",\n"
                "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                "        DATUM[\"WGS 1984\",\n"
                "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
                "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
                "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                "    PROJECTION[\"Mercator_1SP\"],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",-1],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",1],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4],\n"
                "    UNIT[\"metre\",1]]";

    auto obj1 = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt1);
    auto crs1 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj1);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs1 != nullptr);

    // Difference with wkt1: scale_factor missing
    auto wkt2 = "PROJCS[\"test\",\n"
                "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                "        DATUM[\"WGS 1984\",\n"
                "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
                "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
                "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                "    PROJECTION[\"Mercator_1SP\"],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",-1],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4],\n"
                "    UNIT[\"metre\",1]]";

    auto obj2 = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
    auto crs2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj2);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs2 != nullptr);

    // Difference with wkt1: scale_factor set to non-1
    auto wkt3 = "PROJCS[\"test\",\n"
                "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                "        DATUM[\"WGS 1984\",\n"
                "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
                "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
                "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                "    PROJECTION[\"Mercator_1SP\"],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",-1],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",2],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",-1],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3],\n"
                "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",4],\n"
                "    UNIT[\"metre\",1]]";
    auto obj3 = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt3);
    auto crs3 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj3);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs3 != nullptr);

    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs1->isEquivalentTo(crs2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs2->isEquivalentTo(crs1.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_FALSE(
        crs1->isEquivalentTo(crs3.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_FALSE(
        crs3->isEquivalentTo(crs1.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_FALSE(
        crs2->isEquivalentTo(crs3.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_FALSE(
        crs3->isEquivalentTo(crs2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     hotine_oblique_mercator_variant_A_export_equivalent_modulo_360) {
    auto conv1 = Conversion::createHotineObliqueMercatorVariantA(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(-3), Angle(-4), Scale(5),
        Length(6), Length(7));
    auto conv2 = Conversion::createHotineObliqueMercatorVariantA(
        PropertyMap(), Angle(1), Angle(2), Angle(-3 + 360), Angle(-4 + 360),
        Scale(5), Length(6), Length(7));

    EXPECT_TRUE(
        conv1->isEquivalentTo(conv2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, createChangeVerticalUnit) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createChangeVerticalUnit(PropertyMap(), Scale(1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, createGeographicGeocentric) {
    auto conv = Conversion::createGeographicGeocentric(PropertyMap());
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->validateParameters().empty());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, validateParameters) {
    {
        auto conv = Conversion::create(
            PropertyMap(),
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unknown"), {}, {});
        auto validation = conv->validateParameters();
        EXPECT_EQ(validation, std::list<std::string>{"Unknown method unknown"});
    }

    {
        auto conv = Conversion::create(
            PropertyMap(), PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                                             "change of vertical unit"),
            {}, {});
        auto validation = conv->validateParameters();
        auto expected = std::list<std::string>{
            "Method name change of vertical unit is equivalent to official "
            "Change of Vertical Unit but not strictly equal",
            "Cannot find expected parameter Unit conversion scalar"};
        EXPECT_EQ(validation, expected);
    }

    {
        auto conv = Conversion::create(
            PropertyMap(), PropertyMap()
                               .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                                    EPSG_NAME_METHOD_CHANGE_VERTICAL_UNIT)
                               .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, Identifier::EPSG)
                               .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, "1234"),
            {}, {});
        auto validation = conv->validateParameters();
        auto expected = std::list<std::string>{
            "Method of EPSG code 1234 does not match official code (1069)",
            "Cannot find expected parameter Unit conversion scalar"};
        EXPECT_EQ(validation, expected);
    }

    {
        auto conv = Conversion::create(
            PropertyMap(),
            PropertyMap()
                .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "some fancy name")
                .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, Identifier::EPSG)
                .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY,
                     EPSG_CODE_METHOD_CHANGE_VERTICAL_UNIT),
            {}, {});
        auto validation = conv->validateParameters();
        auto expected = std::list<std::string>{
            "Method name some fancy name, matched to Change of Vertical Unit, "
            "through its EPSG code has not an equivalent name",
            "Cannot find expected parameter Unit conversion scalar"};
        EXPECT_EQ(validation, expected);
    }

    {
        auto conv = Conversion::create(
            PropertyMap(),
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                              EPSG_NAME_METHOD_CHANGE_VERTICAL_UNIT),
            {OperationParameter::create(PropertyMap().set(
                IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unit conversion scalar"))},
            {ParameterValue::create(Measure(1.0, UnitOfMeasure::SCALE_UNITY))});
        auto validation = conv->validateParameters();
        auto expected = std::list<std::string>{
            "Parameter name unit conversion scalar is equivalent to official "
            "Unit conversion scalar but not strictly equal"};
        EXPECT_EQ(validation, expected);
    }

    {
        auto conv = Conversion::create(
            PropertyMap(),
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                              EPSG_NAME_METHOD_CHANGE_VERTICAL_UNIT),
            {OperationParameter::create(
                PropertyMap()
                    .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "fancy name")
                    .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, Identifier::EPSG)
                    .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY,
                         EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_UNIT_CONVERSION_SCALAR))},
            {ParameterValue::create(Measure(1.0, UnitOfMeasure::SCALE_UNITY))});
        auto validation = conv->validateParameters();
        auto expected = std::list<std::string>{
            "Parameter name fancy name, matched to Unit conversion scalar, "
            "through its EPSG code has not an equivalent name"};
        EXPECT_EQ(validation, expected);
    }

    {
        auto conv = Conversion::create(
            PropertyMap(),
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                              EPSG_NAME_METHOD_CHANGE_VERTICAL_UNIT),
            {OperationParameter::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "extra param"))},
            {ParameterValue::create(Measure(1.0, UnitOfMeasure::SCALE_UNITY))});
        auto validation = conv->validateParameters();
        auto expected = std::list<std::string>{
            "Cannot find expected parameter Unit conversion scalar",
            "Parameter extra param found but not expected for this method"};
        EXPECT_EQ(validation, expected);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation, normalizeForVisualization) {

    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");

    // Source(geographic) must be inverted
    {
        auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326");
        auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631");
        auto op =
            CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(src, dst);
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        auto opNormalized = op->normalizeForVisualization();
        EXPECT_FALSE(opNormalized->_isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
        EXPECT_EQ(opNormalized->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                  "+step +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
    }

    // Target(geographic) must be inverted
    {
        auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631");
        auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326");
        auto op =
            CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(src, dst);
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        auto opNormalized = op->normalizeForVisualization();
        EXPECT_FALSE(opNormalized->_isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
        EXPECT_EQ(opNormalized->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline "
                  "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
    }

    // Source(geographic) and target(projected) must be inverted
    {
        auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326");
        auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("3040");
        auto op =
            CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(src, dst);
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        auto opNormalized = op->normalizeForVisualization();
        EXPECT_FALSE(opNormalized->_isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
        EXPECT_EQ(opNormalized->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                  "+step +proj=utm +zone=28 +ellps=GRS80");
    }

    // No inversion
    {
        auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631");
        auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32632");
        auto op =
            CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(src, dst);
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        auto opNormalized = op->normalizeForVisualization();
        EXPECT_TRUE(opNormalized->_isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
    }

    // Source(compoundCRS) and target(geographic 3D) must be inverted
    {
        auto ctxt =
            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
        ctxt->setUsePROJAlternativeGridNames(false);
        auto src = CompoundCRS::create(
            PropertyMap(),
            std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{
                authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
                // EGM2008 height
                authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("3855")});
        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
            src,
            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84 3D
            ctxt);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
        auto op = list[1];
        auto opNormalized = op->normalizeForVisualization();
        EXPECT_FALSE(opNormalized->_isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
        EXPECT_EQ(
            opNormalized->exportToPROJString(
                PROJStringFormatter::create(
                    PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                    authFactory->databaseContext())
                    .get()),
            "+proj=pipeline "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
            "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
    }

    // Source(boundCRS) and target(geographic) must be inverted
    {
        auto src = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
            GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
        auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326");
        auto op =
            CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(src, dst);
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        auto opNormalized = op->normalizeForVisualization();
        EXPECT_FALSE(opNormalized->_isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
        EXPECT_EQ(opNormalized->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                  "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
                  "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
                  "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
                  "+convention=position_vector "
                  "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
                  "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(operation,
     export_of_Geographic3D_to_GravityRelatedHeight_gtx_unknown_grid) {

    auto wkt =
        "COORDINATEOPERATION[\"bla\",\n"
        "    SOURCECRS[\n"
        "        GEOGCRS[\"ETRS89\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"European Terrestrial Reference System 1989\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "            CS[ellipsoidal,3],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
        "                    ORDER[1],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
        "                    ORDER[2],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height (h)\",up,\n"
        "                    ORDER[3],\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",4937]]],\n"
        "    TARGETCRS[\n"
        "        VERTCRS[\"bar\",\n"
        "            VDATUM[\"bar\"],\n"
        "            CS[vertical,1],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]],\n"
        "    METHOD[\"Geographic3D to GravityRelatedHeight (gtx)\",\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",9665]],\n"
        "    PARAMETERFILE[\"Geoid (height correction) model "
        "file\",\"foo.gtx\"]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<Transformation>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    // Test that even if the .gtx file is unknown, we export in the correct
    // direction
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}
